华北西北半干旱偏旱区胡麻新品种筛选及利用研究

１９８７－１９９２年对全国旱地胡麻品种进行区域试验，入选了旱地优良品种“定亚１７号”与“８４９３”，合计推广面积１９０多万亩，是当前在半干旱偏旱区，具有应用推广价值及前景的主要良种。     

保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地地表土壤理化性状的影响

在5种保护性耕作法与传统耕作法连续4a的田间对比试验研究的基础上，对比分析了不同耕作措施对黄土高原旱地表层土壤理化性状的影响，结果表明：免耕秸秆覆盖与其它处理相比，具有降低表层土壤容重、增加土壤总孔隙度、提高土壤饱和导水率、提高土壤有机质的作用，可作为保水保肥、改良土壤的耕作措施，在黄土旱地大力推广。     

不同降水年型施肥对旱地春小麦生产力的影响初探

根据不同年型旱地春小麦田区定位试验的对比分析，认为水分供应不足仍是影响旱地作物生产力的主要因子。通过施肥虽可降低土壤水分的无效消耗，提高作物的产量和水分利用率，但这一措施在旱年收效甚微。试验表明，水分供应正常年与水分供应严重不足之旱年相比，前者产量、耗水量和水分利用效率分别为后者的１６．７、２．５和４．８倍，而施氮的边际产量、边际水分利用效率之最大值和边际值〉０的施肥量前者为后者的５倍和１．９倍。     

旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培技术研究

针对甘肃中部半干旱旱作区春季降水少、土壤墒情差、胡麻保全苗难等问题探讨旱地胡麻地膜栽培模式对胡麻产量的影响。试验结果表明,旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培可防止胡麻出苗板结,有效提高胡麻出苗率,明显减少土壤水分的无效蒸发,增加土壤水分含量,胡麻生长的前期地温明显提高,胡麻的经济性状明显改善,增产效果明显,经济效益显著;旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培水分生产率,比全膜平铺覆土穴播栽培、旱地胡麻半膜膜侧穴播和露地穴播栽培分别提高28.28%、40.33%和116.17%;比全膜平铺覆土穴播栽培、旱地胡麻半膜膜侧穴播和露地穴播栽培分别增产22.04%、28.74%和53.74%,是目前旱地胡麻增产稳产高产的最佳的栽培模式。     

使用乙草胺旱地除草剂应注意的几点

使用乙草胺旱地除草剂应注意的几点李军涛（浙江岱山县农林局植保站，３１６２００）５０％乙草胺旱地除草剂，自１９９１年引进我县以来，先后在花生、玉米、番薯、油菜、四季豆等旱地作物上试验推广，表现出较好的除草增产效果，深受广大农户欢迎。但在推广过程中，发现...     

旱地小麦覆盖栽培高产机理研究

设置黑色液膜、白色液膜、普通地膜、小麦秸秆4种覆盖物的旱地冬小麦覆盖栽培试验，研究覆盖对土壤环境及小麦产量因素的影响。结果表明，覆盖对土壤环境和小麦产量影响差异明显。与露地对照相比，4种覆盖处理除白色液膜外，小麦产量差异达到极显著水平。其中普通地膜和黑色液膜影响最大，其次为小麦秸秆，白色液膜影响最小。旱地小麦覆盖栽培产量显著提高，是由于覆盖可以提高土层温度和土壤含水量，提高水分生产效率；改善土壤物理环境和促进小麦生产发育；提高小麦灌浆高峰期灌浆速度和功能叶光合速率所致。     

山旱地冬小麦地膜覆盖沟穴播接纳雨水试验研究初报

试验结果表明，山旱地冬小麦全生育期覆膜沟穴播技术，产量分别较对照覆膜穴播和常规露地条播增产１５．６４％和６５．９８％，且有较好的地表增温和土壤耕层保水作用，能明显提高农艺经济性状和经济效益。     

旱地玉米垄沟周年覆膜栽培增产效应研究

针对陇东旱作农业区年降水量少、季节分布不均,特别是玉米生产中干旱和苗期低温等问题,从改善旱地玉米生长环境和栽培条件、提高降水利用率入手,将小垄沟集水和覆膜增温保墒技术有机地结合在一起,进行了旱地玉米垄沟周年覆膜栽培新模式试验研究。结果使旱地玉米水热条件明显改善,增产效果显著,是陇东旱地玉米自然降水高效利用,实现高产稳产的最佳栽培方式。     

优质谷子陇谷6号旱地丰产栽培研究

1997－2000年分别进行的优质谷子陇谷6号旱地密度、播期、地膜覆盖及谷粒黑粉病防治试验结果表明，陇谷6号旱地春播的适宜密度是37．5万株／hm^2，适宜播期是4月20日，覆膜栽培能显著提高陇谷6号产量，增产率达50％以上，用种子量0．3％的速保利和0．15％的拌种双拌种能有效防治陇谷6号粒黑粉病。     

旱地组合型微垄全膜不同覆盖时期对土壤水分及胡麻生长的影响

春夏干旱是榆中县旱作区胡麻产量的主要限制因素。进一步减少旱地冬春季土壤水分的无效蒸发、提高土壤含水量,为胡麻前期生长创造良好的土壤条件是实现该区胡麻高产稳产的必须步骤。2011—2012年连续两年在地处甘肃省中部半干旱雨养农业区的榆中县石头沟旱作农业示范点进行了组合型微垄全膜覆盖不同覆膜时期对旱地胡麻生长影响的试验。本试验设组合型微垄全膜秋覆盖垄侧栽培、组合型微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培和露地穴播三个处理,分别对其土壤水分、经济性状、生育期、产量结果进行分析。结果表明,旱地胡麻组合型微垄全膜秋覆盖垄侧栽培可明显减少冬春季土壤水分的无效蒸发,增加土壤水分含量,0~60 cm的土壤平均含水量,分别比旱地胡麻微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培和旱地胡麻露地穴播栽培高31.9 g·kg-1和45.3 g·kg-1;胡麻的经济性状明显改善,株高分别比旱地胡麻微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培和旱地胡麻露地穴播栽培高3.8 cm和14.7 cm、单株蒴果数分别增加8.5个和11.5个、蒴果粒数分别增加0.6个和1.65个、千粒重分别提高0.05 g和0.31g。旱地胡麻组合型微垄全膜秋季覆盖垄侧栽培比胡麻露地栽培增产1 471.2 kg·hm-2,增幅129.54%,比旱地胡麻微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培增产378.22 kg·hm-2,增幅17.41%,增产效果十分明显。     

陇东旱地冬小麦新品种丰产稳产性分析

采用回归系数法、稳定性参数法和高稳系数法对参加甘肃省2002～2004年度陇东片冬小麦区域试验的11个品种(系)进行丰产稳产性综合分析。结果表明:高稳系数法是一种简便有效评价作物品种丰产稳产性的好方法,较其他两种方法客观、可靠;陇育215、陇鉴301丰产稳产,是陇东旱地极具推广前景的品种。     

北部冬麦区旱地小麦新品种产量稳定性分析

运用高稳系数法、变异系数法和适定性参数法对2001～2002年度北部冬麦区旱地组区试参试的7个品种的丰产稳产性进行综合分析。结果表明:高稳系数法较其它两种方法分析可靠、客观;参试品种中多数产量较对照种高,其中晋太170、长6878、陇原935丰产稳产性好。同时,长6878产量三要素变异系数较小,抗旱性也好;晋太170为强筋小麦,二者将成为北部冬麦区旱地主要推广品种。     

旱地土壤水渗透深度预测模型研究

为深入了解旱地土壤水渗透规律,以2000~2001年田间试验资料为基础,分析研究长治县过程降水量与不同类型土壤水渗透深度的关系,并根据满溢渗透理论建立了旱地土壤水渗透深度预测模型。该模型简便适用,准确率高,为各类旱地土壤水渗透深度预测提供了新的方法,在山西各县农业气象科技服务中收到较好的效果。     

Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities

In this study,we analyzed the hydrological and meteorological data from the Syr Darya River Basin during the period of 1930–2015 to investigate variations in river runoff and the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff.The Syr Darya River,which is supplied by snow and glacier meltwater upstream,is an important freshwater source for Central Asia,as nearly half of the population is concentrated in this area.River runoff in this arid region is sensitive to climate change and human activities.Therefore,estimation of the climatic and hydrological changes and the quantification of the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff are of great concern and important for regional water resources management.The long-term trends of hydrological time series from the selected 11 hydrological stations in the Syr Darya River Basin were examined by non-parametric methods,including the Pettitt change point test and Mann-Kendall trend tests.It was found that 8 out of 11 hydrological stations showed significant downward trends in river runof f.Change of river runoff variations occurred in the year around 1960.Moreover,during the study period(1930–2015),annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and annual potential evapotranspiration in the river basin increased substantially.We employed hydrological sensitivity method to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.It was estimated that human activities accounted for over 82.6%–98.7%of the reduction in river runoff,mainly owing to water withdrawal for irrigation purpose.The observed variations in river runoff can subsequently lead to adverse ecological consequences from an ecological and regional water resources management perspective.     

旱作玉米提高降水利用率的覆膜模式研究

通过对旱作玉米几种不同覆膜栽培模式降水利用率、玉米整个生育期的土壤水分监测、生育时期观测、经济性状及产量分析证明,旱作玉米双垄面全膜覆盖集雨沟播技术是一项充分接纳和利用天然降水、最大限度保蓄土壤水分、显著提高降水利用率、提早成熟、增产效果明显、经济效益显著的旱作玉米栽培模式。     

Homogeneity analysis of streamflow records in arid and semi-arid regions of northwestern Iran

Homogeneity analysis of the streamflow time series is essential to hydrological modeling, water resources management and climate change studies. In this study, five absolute homogeneity tests and one clustering approach were used to determine the homogeneity status of the streamflow time series(over the period 1960–2010) in 14 hydrometric stations of three important basins(i.e., Aras River Basin, Urmia Lake Basin and Sefid-Roud Basin) in northwestern Iran. Results of the Buishand range test, von Neumann ratio test, cumulative deviation test, standard normal homogeneity test and Pettitt test for monthly streamflow time series detected that about 42.26%, 38.09%, 33.33%, 39.28% and 68.45% of the streamflow time series were inhomogeneous at the 0.01 significance level, respectively. Streamflow time series of the stations located in the eastern parts of the study area or within the Urmia Lake Basin were mostly homogeneous. In contrast, streamflow time series in the stations of the Aras River Basin and Sefied-Roud Basin showed inhomogeneity at annual scales. Based on the overall classification for the monthly and annual streamflow series, we determined that about 45.60%, 11.53% and 42.85% of the time series were categorized into the 'useful', 'doubtful' and 'suspect' classes according to the five absolute homogeneity tests. We also found the homogeneity patterns of the streamflow time series by using the clustering approach. The results suggested the effectiveness of the clustering approach for homogeneity analysis of the streamflow time series in addition to the absolute homogeneity tests. Moreover, results of the absolute homogeneity tests and clustering approach indicated obvious decreasing change points of the streamflow time series in the 1990 s over the three basins, which were mostly related to the hydrological droughts.     

新疆天山地区日照时数的气候特征

基于1961-2008年新疆天山地区23站日照时数的逐日资料,使用一元线性方程和M-K检验等统计方法,分析天山地区日照时数的时空变化特征。结果表明：①日照时数的气候分布存在明显的空间差异,呈东多西少,南多北少的分布特征。②区域平均日照时数均呈减少趋势,尤其在冬季和夏季。③四季除春季外日照时数均存在明显的年代际变化特征,...     

植物生长调节剂Z-S对高产旱稻花后光合及产量的影响

对高产旱稻北农大65在三叶一心、拔节期和孕穗期叶面喷施植物生长调节剂Z-S,研究Z-S对高产旱稻花后光合及产量的影响。结果表明:随Z-S喷施浓度的增加,蒸腾速率、光合速率及气孔导度与对照比较均有所增加,穗数、千粒重及产量也有显著上升,均以低浓度最高。低浓度在灌浆中期光合有效辐射利用率显著提高,说明喷施适宜浓度的Z-S可以提高光能利用率,进而提高产量。     

陕西秦岭南北旱涝灾害时空变化趋势分析

根据1961-2009年秦岭南北57个站点的月降水资料,采用区域旱涝指标和Z指数,运用Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析、Kriging插值等方法,对秦岭南北旱涝时空变化趋势进行分析。结果表明：①关中地区年平均气温倾向率大于陕南,气温突变年均为1996年。②近49年来,关中地区暖干化及春旱、夏涝的趋势较陕南显著。气...     

旱地油菜蚜虫负趋性特性利用研究

蚜虫对金黄色具有正趋性,对银灰色具有负趋性。利用蚜虫的负趋性,设置一定银灰色标志,能起到驱避蚜虫的作用。连续4a对旱地油菜蚜虫试用银粉带进行防蚜研究,结果表明:银灰色标志制作简单,使用方便,成本低廉,能有效地控制旱地蚜虫及其传播的病毒病,增产作用显著,值得推广。