植物对蝗虫行为及种群的调控作用

蝗虫食性广,取食量大,对植物的破坏作用极大。植物不仅是蝗虫食物的直接来源,还为其提供栖息场所,对蝗虫个体行为和种群动态均有重要影响。植物挥发物和次生代谢物质对蝗虫的取食、求偶、繁殖、产卵行为和个体生长发育等具有明显的调控作用。植被覆盖度能够直接影响蝗群的聚集度和迁移距离,同时蝗虫对产卵地的植被覆盖度也有严格要求,特别对蝗虫群集产卵行为影响明显。本文综述了植物对蝗虫行为及种群动态的影响,讨论了植被与蝗灾发生的关系,以期为蝗虫综合治理提供更广泛的思路。     

短时高低温胁迫对南亚实蝇生长发育及繁殖的影响

南亚实蝇Bactrocera tau(Walker)是一种重要的入侵性农业害虫。主要分布在我国云南、广东、四川和河南等地,南亚实蝇的为害严重降低了蔬菜和水果的品质。短时极端温度是影响南亚实蝇种群的重要因子。为了明确短时高低温对南亚实蝇的影响,通过选择12 h的短时低温(-4、0、4、8℃)及12 h的短时高温(34、38、42、46℃),在实验室条件下系统研究短时高低温胁迫对南亚实蝇种群生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,在短时高/低温处理后,南亚实蝇各虫态的存活率随着处理温度的升高/降低逐渐下降;随着处理短时高/低温的升高/降低,南亚实蝇发育历期、产卵前期和后代性比逐渐增加;随着短时高温处理温度的升高,雌雄成虫的寿命先延长后缩短,单雌产卵量逐渐减少;随着短时低温处理温度的降低,雌雄成虫的寿命逐渐缩短,单雌产卵量先增加后减少。短时高温和短时低温均对南亚实蝇的生长发育和繁殖有着不利的影响,但一定的低温(8℃)处理后对雌成虫繁殖力有一定的促进作用。     

不同温度锻炼对高温胁迫下Q型烟粉虱存活及生殖的影响

［目的］ 明确不同温度锻炼对高温胁迫下Q型烟粉虱存活及生殖的影响。［方法］ 将Q型烟粉虱成虫在45 ℃下暴露1 h直接进行高温胁迫,及温度锻炼后再胁迫,即在不同温度(10、33、39 ℃)下暴露0.5 h,再45 ℃处理1 h,然后在26 ℃条件下饲养,观察其存活率、寿命及产卵量。 ［结果］ 在产卵量无明显变化时,低温锻炼后雌雄虫寿命缩短,以存活率升高的方式维持其种群。高温锻炼后存活率降低,以延长雌虫寿命的方式,使其种群数量维持在一定水平。［结论］ 不同温度锻炼后,Q型烟粉虱的种群动态与存活率、寿命、产卵量的变化之间存在着权衡。     

二化螟寄主选择行为与种群消长机制的研究进展

二化螟[Chilo suppressalis(Walker)]是一种钻蛀性害虫,具有食性杂、越冬场所多、转株为害等特点,其种群数量近年来呈回升趋势,危害逐年加重。二化螟对寄主存在明显的选择行为,其主要寄主之一水稻由于品种更替、耕作制度变更及气候变化等因素对二化螟种群发生规律产生了一些新的影响,给害虫防治工作带来了许多新问题。研究和了解二化螟的寄主选择规律及其机制,以及影响其种群动态的因素是有效调控二化螟种群的重要前提。本文就二化螟寄主选择行为与机制及其在水稻上种群消长影响因素等的研究概况进行综述报道,旨在更好地为二化螟的综合防治提供指导。     

主要蝗虫生态治理策略在我国的实践应用

蝗灾是全球性的重大自然灾害。20世纪末,由于全球气候变化和人类对自然资源的不合理开发利用,蝗灾呈持续加重趋势。2020年初,沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria大面积暴发,席卷了从西非到东非、从西亚至南亚的20多个国家,给农牧业生产带来巨大损失,严重威胁全球粮食安全。高效、长久的控制蝗灾成为人类面临的一个重大课题。本文主要总结蝗虫生态治理策略的概念以及草场改良、放牧调节、天敌招引等不同治理措施对蝗虫种群的影响,并指出蝗虫生态治理策略面临的一些问题,并对未来应用情况进行了展望。     

宁夏麻黄山草原蝗虫及天敌对土壤含水量及坡度的响应特征

为明确宁夏麻黄山蝗虫种群、天敌种群与土壤含水量及坡度之间的关系,于2012年在麻黄山蝗区设置3个样点进行2次调查,使用土壤水分温度速测仪测量不同深度土壤含水量,通过数字高程模型获取坡度数据,以网捕目测法对蝗虫及天敌进行采集,并利用典型性相关分析法分析不同深度土层土壤含水量、坡度与蝗虫物种多样性及种群密度的关系。结果显示,在能够影响蝗虫种群的20~40 cm土层上,首次调查中土壤含水量都体现出坡顶最高、坡底最低的相似趋势;第2次调查中则在不同地形上呈现出多样化。蝗虫物种多样性与20、30 cm土层含水量关系不明显,相关系数仅为0.1306和-0.0157;蝗虫种群密度与20、30 cm土壤含水量关系也不明显,相关系数为0.0077和-0.0118。随着坡度的增加,蝗虫物种多样性与种群密度都有所下降,相关系数分别为0.7223和0.4315;坡度在30°以内的蝗虫物种多样性与种群密度都比较高,超过30°后二者急剧下降。表明在西部干旱、半干旱草原地区,土壤含水量对蝗虫种群的空间分布没有决定性影响,而坡度是影响蝗虫分布的重要因素。     

我国及毗邻国家重要蝗虫迁飞规律

蝗虫灾害是国际性的自然生物灾害,涉及多个国家和地区,大发生时对全球经济和环境造成严重影响。该文列举出中国及毗邻国家对我国产生影响的主要迁飞蝗虫种类,分析东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen)、亚洲飞蝗Locusta migratoria migratoria(L.)、西藏飞蝗Locusta migratoria tibetensis Chen、亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus(Bey-Bienko)、意大利星翅蝗Calliptamus italicus(L.)和黄脊竹蝗Ceracris kiangsu Tsai共6种重要蝗虫种群的迁飞动态,重点介绍境外蝗虫入境的迁飞路线,揭示蝗虫主要借助低空气流进行迁飞,发现群居型蝗虫迁飞现象普遍存在,迁飞是导致其猖獗为害、暴发成灾的重要因子,并就如何开展迁飞蝗虫监测和防治工作提出建议。     

典型草原三种蝗虫种群竞争关系的研究

为探讨典型草原优势蝗虫种内、种间竞争模式,以及栖境对蝗虫种间竞争的影响,设计田间罩笼及正交试验分析研究了内蒙古典型草原3种优势蝗虫-亚洲小车蝗(Oedaleus asiaticus)、毛足棒角蝗(Dasyhippus barbipes)和鼓翅皱膝蝗(Angaracris barabensis)的种群竞争关系。结果表明,亚洲小车蝗和毛足棒角蝗的种内竞争随着密度的增加而加大,并随着栖境食物量的减少而加大;鼓翅皱膝蝗由于栖境不适,种内竞争与密度没有相关性;混合种群正交试验结果显示,亚洲小车蝗有较强的种间竞争能力,而栖境对毛足棒角蝗竞争能力的影响较大。表明栖境和种群密度影响蝗虫群落动态。栖境适合时,亚洲小车蝗种间竞争力大于其他两种蝗虫。     

昆虫共生菌调控宿主温度适应性研究进展

昆虫普遍会感染多种共生菌,共生菌在其宿主的生理、生态及进化等方面发挥着至关重要的作用。近年来大量研究表明,昆虫与共生菌的共生关系易受环境温度变化的影响;同时,共生菌直接或间接参与调控昆虫宿主对温度胁迫的响应。该文综述了温度对昆虫与共生菌共生关系的影响和昆虫共生菌在宿主温度适应中的作用、潜在机制及其生态学意义;并基于当前共生菌调控昆虫温度适应性方面的研究进展,建议后续可聚焦于自然条件下变温胁迫对昆虫与共生菌互作的影响、共生菌调控昆虫适应性进化的行为及分子机制和基于共生菌的害虫防治新手段开发与应用等方面开展研究。该文可为全球气候变化和极端温度频发背景下昆虫与共生菌的协同进化研究以及利用共生菌进行害虫防控工作提供参考。     

莲草直胸跳甲热激蛋白90基因的分子特征、表达模式及对温度胁迫的响应

莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila是世界性入侵杂草空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides的专食性天敌,冬季低温和夏季高温会影响其种群数量从而降低防控效果。为进一步探讨莲草直胸跳甲对温度胁迫适应性的分子生态机制,本研究对其热激蛋白90(AhHSP90)进行了蛋白结构、磷酸化修饰及系统发育等生物信息学分析,并采用荧光定量PCR检测了AhHSP90基因的时空表达动态及不同温度胁迫后的表达。RT-qPCR结果显示,AhHSP90在莲草直胸跳甲整个生活史及雌成虫各组织中均有表达;高温(30、35和40℃)、低温(-5、0、5、10、15和20℃)胁迫2 h后,AhHSP90在高温40℃下表达显著升高,但在其他温度下无显著差异。根据对AhHSP90分子特征、表达模式以及对温度胁迫的响应等方面的综合分析,推测其可能在莲草直胸跳甲发育及抵抗高温过程中发挥着重要的作用。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.