江淮丘陵季节性干旱区灌溉与施氮量对土壤肥力和水稻水分利用效率的影响

采用防雨棚池栽试验,研究灌溉模式和施氮量对水稻土壤肥力和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,灌溉模式与施氮量对土壤化学特性、土壤微生物学特性、产量及水分利用效率有着显著影响.与常规灌溉相比,控制灌溉条件土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、全钾含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量、细菌数量、真菌数量和水分利用效率增加,碱解氮含量和放线菌数量降低.随着施氮量增加,土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、碱解氮含量、放线菌和真菌数量增加,而全磷含量、全钾含量、速效磷和速效钾含量降低,产量和水分利用效率呈现先增加后降低的趋势.在本研究条件下,以控制灌溉模式,施氮量180 kg·hm-2,产量达到11 495 kg·hm-2,节本增效效应最佳.     

河套灌区春小麦高产栽培水氮高效利用研究

在内蒙古河套灌区解放闸灌域沙壕渠实验站,通过田间试验,对节水灌溉模式(拔节+抽穗2水)和常规充分灌溉模式(分蘖+拔节+抽穗+灌浆4水)下,不同施氮量对春小麦产量形成、水分利用和氮素利用等方面进行了研究.结果表明:2水与4水处理间小麦产量及其构成因素均无显著差异,而水分利用效率(WUE)比4水处理提高7.8%.在较低施氮...     

灌水量及减氮模式对冬小麦产量及水氮利用的影响

为探究关中平原冬小麦合理的减氮模式及相应的灌水量,以灌水量为主处理、减氮模式为副处理开展冬小麦田间裂区试验,灌水量设90 mm和150 mm,参照本地习惯施氮(尿素CO,施氮量210 kg·hm~(-2))设置减氮模式,施氮量为150 kg·hm~(-2),有3种施氮类型:尿素+硝化抑制剂(DMPP)、控释氮肥和尿素掺施(PCU)和控释复合肥(SF),另以不施氮肥(N0)为对照,对小麦产量、水分和氮肥利用效率及土壤硝态氮残留状况进行分析。结果表明:灌水量和减氮模式两因素及其交互作用对冬小麦有效穗数、千粒重、籽粒产量、土壤硝态氮残留量及水分和氮肥利用效率均有显著影响;灌水量对冬小麦产量的影响随减氮模式而变,与灌水90 mm相比, PCU150和DMPP150处理在灌水量150 mm时产量降低,SF150和N0处理产量有所增大;灌水90 mm时,减氮模式PCU150和DMPP150较习惯施氮CO210减少施氮28.6%,籽粒产量和有效穗数显著增加,分别增产17.4%和11.6%,水分利用效率提高17.5%和13.5%,氮肥利用效率增加64.3%和58.4%, 0～200 cm土层硝态氮残留量减少57.8%和45.6%。关中平原在冬小麦全生育期灌水90 mm,采用尿素加硝化抑制剂基施、树脂包膜尿素基施60%+尿素拔节期追施40%两种减氮模式,冬小麦可维持较高产量和水肥利用效率。     

不同水氮处理对滴灌冬小麦生长、产量和耗水特性的影响

通过滴灌小麦大田试验,研究了不同灌水下限(灌水下限为田间持水量的45%、60%、75%)和施氮处理(45、111、146 kg·hm~(-2))对田间冬小麦生长、产量和耗水特性的影响。结果表明:灌水下限对小麦株高、叶面积指数和干物质的影响是显著的,且比施氮量影响更大。W3(灌水下限为田间持水量45%)和N3(施氮量45 kg·hm~(-2))处理不利于小麦株高、叶面积的增长。在小麦生长后期,增加灌水量和施氮量有利于小麦株高的生长。小麦的产量随着灌水下限的增大而增加;施氮量在0~111 kg·hm~(-2)时,冬小麦产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,超过111 kg·hm~(-2)时不再显著增加甚至抑制产量的增长;灌水下限和施氮量相对较小的处理有利于提高水分利用效率。不同水肥处理,小麦各生育期内耗水量和耗水模数都表现为灌浆完熟抽穗扬花期拔节孕穗期返青起身期。在此试验条件下,W2N2的处理(灌水下限为田间持水量的60%,灌溉定额为290 mm,施氮量为111 kg·hm~(-2))的干物质、产量和水分利用效率最大,是产量和效益兼优的最佳组合。     

施氮量对复播青贮玉米光合特性和产量的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了一管两行(80+40)行距模式下灌溉量为288 mm时,不同施氮量(CK~14.04 kg·hm~(-2),F1~97.56 kg·hm~(-2),F2~167.16 kg·hm~(-2),F3~236.76 kg·hm~(-2),F4~306.36 kg·hm~(-2),F5~375.96 kg·hm~(-2))对复播青贮玉米光合特性的影响,观测了拔节期(08.20)和抽雄吐丝期(09.13)光合特性指标及生育期末期的干物质量、叶面积,计算叶片水平的水分利用效率、光合势及净同化率。施氮量为236.76 kg·hm~(-2),青贮玉米产量最大;拔节期光合有效辐射为1 500~2 000μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、施氮量为236.76 kg·hm~(-2)时,青贮玉米的光合指标较大;抽雄吐丝期,光合有效辐射为800~1 900μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、施氮量为236.76 kg·hm~(-2)时,水分利用效率较大;施氮量为236.76~306.36 kg·hm~(-2)时,青贮玉米的光合势和净同化率均达到最大,施氮量进一步增加,光合势和净同化率降低显著。因此,石河子地区青贮玉米适宜的光合有效辐射为1 500~2 000μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),施氮量为236.76 kg·hm~(-2),青贮玉米产量及水分利用效率达到最大。     

水肥一体膜下滴灌对玉米产量与氮素利用的影响

为探讨水肥一体滴灌对玉米产量与氮素利用的影响,以玉米杂交种‘桂单688’为材料,列区设计,设4个灌水量(A1,A2,A3,A4)和4个施肥水平(B1,B2,B3,B4)进行田间试验。结果表明,灌水量由A4(1237.5 m3·hm-2)提高到A1(2 250 m3·hm-2)时,玉米产量由7 682.2 kg·hm-2提高到8 640.7 kg·hm-2,A1灌水量(2 250m3·hm-2)与B2施肥水平(纯N 191.25 kg·hm-2、P2O576.5 kg·hm-2和K2O 153.0 kg·hm-2)组合可获玉米产量9016.9 kg·hm-2,是最优水、肥配合选择。随着灌水量由A4提高到A1,玉米籽粒蛋白质由9.01%提高到9.92%;同一灌水量下,玉米籽粒蛋白质含量B1B2B3B4;随灌水量增加,氮素利用率、氮素农学效率、氮素生理效率均有所增加,随施氮量增加氮素利用率、氮素农学效率、氮素生理效率均有所降低,同一施肥水平随密度增加氮吸收利用率、氮农学效率、氮生理效率均有所提高。合理的水肥协同优化组合可以提高水分、养分利用效率,是提高产量的关键。     

水限制环境CO2与施氮交互作用对春小麦水分利用效率的影响

在模拟大气CO₂浓度升高环境条件下,进行了不同施氮处理对春小麦水分利用效率的影响试验,探索水资源限制地区提高春小麦水分利用率及其产量的途径。结果表明,CO₂浓度升高与施氮交互作用对小麦产量水分利用率有显著影响。在CO₂浓度升高90μmol·mol^-1环境条件下,135 kg·hm^-2和315 kg·hm^-2施氮处理春小麦产量的水分利用率与对照相比分别下降了5.8%和15.1%;225 kg·hm^-2和405 kg·hm^-2施氮处理春小麦产量的水分利用率与对照相比分别增加了9.3%和8.9%;225 kg·hm^-2和405 kg·hm^-2施氮处理使春小麦生物量水分利用率与对照相比分别提高了10.4%和10.8%;而135 kg·hm^-2和315 kg·hm^-2施氮处理造成春小麦生物量水分利用率不同程度地下降。90μmol·mol...     

绿洲生态条件下氮磷肥配施对冬小麦干物质分配及产量的影响

在西北绿洲生态条件下,设165 kg·hm-2(N1),225 kg·hm-2(N2)两个氮素(纯氮)水平和105 kg·hm-2(P1)、165 kg·hm-2(P2)两个磷素(P2O5)水平共4个处理,研究了氮磷配施对冬小麦产量及干物质积累及分配、灌浆特性的影响。结果表明:N2P1、N2P2具有较高的籽粒产量,分别为7 644.73、7 686.25 kg·hm-2,同时,水分利用效率(WUE)也较高,分别为11.67、11.49 kg·hm-2·mm-1;千粒重和穗粒数随施氮量增加而提高,磷对籽粒产量构成要素影响不显著;氮、氮和磷互作对籽粒平均灌浆速率(V)、最大灌浆速率(Vmax)、有效灌浆持续期粒重增加值(Ws)和有效灌浆持续期灌浆速率(Vs)均有显著影响,但影响籽粒重量的主要因素是Vmax;氮、磷及氮和磷互作对不同器官干物质积累及其分配影响在不同生育时期表现不一。     

北疆滴灌玉米施氮量估算及减氮增铵效应

根据产量与施氮量函数模型计算滴灌玉米施氮量,并通过减氮增铵改善滴灌玉米氮素营养,探索滴灌水氮一体化下优化施氮策略。2013—2014年两年田间试验表明:玉米产量、干物质量及氮素吸收量均随施氮量的增加显著升高,当施氮量大于435 kg·hm-2时,则呈下降趋势,表现为N435N540N330N225N0;减氮增铵处理的上述指标表现为N375+CPN37575%N375+CPN0,当施氮量在330~435 kg·hm-2时,不同处理的玉米氮素吸收量与氮素收获指数差异均不显著,说明在此范围内减氮增铵对玉米干物质积累、玉米氮素营养及产量无负面影响;根据产量与施氮量间函数关系可得天山北坡滴灌玉米经济最佳产量17 049 kg·hm-2下的施氮量为402.5kg·hm-2;施氮和增铵处理可显著增加玉米穗粒数、单穗重;氮肥偏生产力和氮肥利用率均随施氮量增加而下降,氮肥利用率表现为N225(46.6%)N330(45.8%)N435(43.6%)N540(34.6%);滴灌玉米氮肥偏生产力和氮肥利用率均以75%N375+CP处理最高,分别比施氮量在330~435 kg·hm-2之间其他处理的平均值增加了31.4%、27.9%和5.8%、6.4%,说明减氮增铵可显著提高滴灌玉米氮素养分利用效率;天山北坡滴灌玉米优化施氮量为402.5kg·hm-2,通过施用硝化抑制剂与尿素水氮一体化分次施入可实现减氮93.8 kg·hm-2,并显著提高氮肥利用率。     

不同灌水水平下少耕地膜覆盖对玉米农田土壤温度和水分利用效率的影响

以大田玉米为研究对象,在少耕地膜覆盖和不同灌水水平下,研究了一膜两年用地膜覆盖、秋免耕春覆膜和传统耕作覆膜对玉米农田土壤温度和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明:与传统耕作覆膜和秋免耕春覆膜两种新膜覆盖处理相比,一膜两年用处理在玉米播种到拔节期的增温效果显著低于新膜覆盖,农田0~25 cm土壤平均温度较传统覆膜处理低13.35%,而对玉米拔节期到成熟期的土壤温度无明显影响,且农田0~25 cm土层土壤积温差异也不显著,相同覆膜方式下不同灌水水平间有显著差异,随着灌水水平的降低土壤积温增加;一膜两年用地膜覆盖方式下玉米籽粒产量和WUE与两种新膜覆盖方式相当,中灌水水平下WUE最高,达到17.89kg·mm-1,且在低灌水水平下获得籽粒产量显著高于传统覆膜处理,一膜两年用覆盖、灌溉定额5 700 m3·hm-2较传统耕作覆膜、灌水定额5 700 m3hm-2处理的玉米产量高出16.39%。说明,一膜两年用地膜覆盖在玉米播种到拔节期的增温效应低于新膜覆盖,但并不影响籽粒产量的形成,且在存在水分胁迫的低灌水水平下一膜两年用覆盖模式可减缓干旱胁迫,提高作物籽粒产量,是适于西北绿洲灌区的具有较好经济效益和生态效益的覆膜农田管理新技术。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.