新疆棉花膜下滴灌技术的发展与完善

新疆棉花膜下滴灌技术发展经历了试验研究、示范推广和大面积应用三个阶段。"密、早、膜、矮、壮、高"栽培体系的建立等阶段性成果有力地保证了棉花膜下滴灌技术的应用推广;因地制宜、多种毛管田间布置模式的发展适应了棉花种植方式的多样性;对棉花膜下滴灌水分蒸散特征、干旱诊断技术的深入研究为制定灌溉制度和进行科学的水分管理提供了依据,保证了膜下滴灌技术的高效应用;施肥推荐系统和水分自动控制系统的应用增强了棉花膜下滴灌管理的目标性;各级职能部门的重视有力地推动了膜下滴灌技术的发展。当前棉花膜下滴灌技术需解决主要问题有:加快膜下滴灌技术普及与培训;加大对膜下滴灌技术推广的政策扶持力度,调整水价,努力实现经济效益、社会效益和生态效益的统一;继续深入研究棉花膜下滴灌灌溉制度和施肥技术,提高肥水利用效率;加强地下滴灌技术研究。     

麦盖提垦区膜下滴灌棉田棉蚜发生特点及治理对策

棉蚜是麦盖提垦区棉田主要害虫之一,其发生为害影响棉花生产发展。特别是对膜下滴灌棉田产量及品质造成极大为害。自2002年推广膜下滴灌节水技术以来,棉蚜始终处于持续高发态势。本区病虫中心测报站经6年调查,对膜下滴灌棉田棉蚜消长动态及特点有了全面了解。为减轻棉蚜对棉花为害,使棉花生产可持续发展,生产部门在总结大     

膜下滴灌棉花水肥耦合效应研究初报

对膜下滴灌棉花的水肥耦合效应进行了田间试验。结果表明 :在灌水量不足、农业资源未能充分发挥条件下 ,棉花产量与灌水量及耗水量呈线性关系 ;膜下滴灌棉花的水肥耦合效应明显 ,水肥都具有增产效果 ,但过多的水肥投入并不有利于棉花增产。最后对进一步完善膜下滴灌棉花水肥耦合试验提出了建议。     

膜下滴灌布置方式对土壤水盐运移和产量的影响

以棉花主要根系层各生育期保持适宜土壤含水率为灌水目标,设置一膜单管四行和一膜双管四行两种毛管布置方式,以TRIME-T3管式TDR测定土壤含水率指示灌水,开展膜下滴灌大田试验,研究了干旱区膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐运移规律及分布特征,并对不同滴灌模式下的棉花产量和灌溉水生产效率进行评价。结果表明:膜下滴灌单、双管布置棉花生育期内灌溉定额分别为390、550 mm;双管布置在10~40 cm棉花主要根系层形成适宜作物生长的淡化脱盐区,生育期内棉花主要根系层土壤含水率处于适宜的范围,灌水均匀度高,控盐效果好,棉花生长不受水盐胁迫;单管布置盐分随水分运移至湿润锋边缘至外行,棉花主要根系层有积盐的趋势,加上滴头流量大,不利于淡化脱盐区的形成。膜下滴灌毛管布置方式决定土壤水盐分布特征,进而影响植株对水分和养分的吸收,单、双管布置棉花产量分别为5 355、6 075 kg·hm~(-2),灌溉水生产效率分别为1.38、1.11 kg·m~(-3),单管布置灌溉水生产效率较高。     

膜下滴灌条件下不同矿化度水对土壤水盐动态及棉花产量的影响

塔里木盆地分布着相当大面积矿化度在3~5 g/L之间的浅层地下咸水,有很大的开发利用潜力。通过微区测坑试验,采用膜下滴灌技术,用不同矿化度的咸水灌溉棉花,探求其对土壤水盐动态和棉花产量的影响。研究表明:(1)土壤盐分和水分二者的动态变化是紧密相关的,其中,土壤盐分动态变化主要受大气和灌溉水的影响,土壤水分的动态变化主要受棉花生长阶段和灌溉水的影响;(2)咸水膜下滴灌与淡水膜下滴灌同样具有淋洗和压盐效果;(3)通过棉花产量分析发现:与采用淡水灌溉相比,咸水灌溉对产量,单株铃数和单铃重具有一定的影响,对衣分没有影响;(4)当灌溉水矿化度大于3.24 g/L时,不利于塔里木盆地进行农业生产。     

滴灌棉田的害虫防治措施

棉花膜下滴灌节水技术的推广,改变了大水淹灌条件下的棉花生产方式和棉田的生态环境,提高了棉花的产量、品质.但是,增加了棉花害虫防治工作的难度.     

塔里木河孔雀河中下游地区棉花膜下滴灌节水技术研究

以合理利用和节约有限的水资源为目标,2002年在尉犁县孔雀农场进行了棉花膜下滴灌节水试验。得出:该区棉花膜下滴灌适宜的灌溉量为3 931.5 m3/hm2,最佳产量为皮棉2 997.75kg/hm2。与当地农民大水漫灌方式比较,节约水量8 070~14 070 m3/hm2,增产皮棉747.75 kg/hm2,膜下滴灌是该区目前最节水的棉花灌溉方式之一。     

水分胁迫条件下膜下滴灌作物蒸发蒸腾量计算模式的研究

研究了充分供水和水分胁迫条件下膜下滴灌棉花的需水规律,确定了膜下滴灌棉花作物系数Kc的分布规律,根据作物水分胁迫指标CWSI的物理意义,建立了水分胁迫条件下CWSI和作物实际蒸发蒸腾量ETa的函数关系。依据实测的ET0、Kc以及不同水分处理各生育阶段的CWSI值,计算出干旱缺水条件下膜下滴灌棉花的ETa,同实测值相比单生育阶段的计算值相对误差在16%以下,全生育期相对误差不到4%。     

棉花膜下滴灌两种布设方式的试验研究

阐述了棉花膜下滴灌技术宽膜覆盖“一管四行”与“二管四行”两种毛管滴灌带布设方式。试验研究结果表明,膜宽1．1m,棉花行距为20cm/40cm/20cm,“一管四行”可满足棉花生长发育各阶段对土壤水分的要求,且比“二管四行”节省投资960元／hm^2,年运行费节约750元/hm^2,产量提高4．0％,适宜在新疆广大棉区大面积推广。     

南疆膜下滴灌棉花耗水规律以及灌溉制度研究

2004年在南疆尉犁县进行了棉花膜下滴灌耗水规律以及灌溉制度的研究,通过设置三个灌水处理:345 mm、420 mm、505 mm,并连续监测每次灌前棉花全生育期土壤含水量变化,得出以下结论:在花期(7月4日)滴灌定额45 mm,灌水只能影响到土壤0~40 cm,灌后第一天,土壤水分损失可达到20 mm;灌后四天,0~40 cm含水量已降至60%以下,棉花已受到水分胁迫。在南疆,在充分满足棉花对水分需求的条件下,膜下滴灌棉花耗水量为625 mm,505 mm的灌溉量可满足棉花对水分的需求。根据实验的灌水安排以及棉花各生育阶段的耗水率,南疆膜下滴灌棉花的灌溉制度为:蕾期每次灌水定额35 mm,每5天灌一次;花铃期每次灌水定额为50 mm,7天灌一次,盛铃期后,灌水定额逐渐降低至35 mm。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.