模拟增温、施氮对荒漠草原土壤中小型动物群落的影响

为了解全球气候变化对内蒙古荒漠草原土壤动物的影响,以四子王旗短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,采用野外增温、施氮、增温施氮和对照处理,观测土壤中小型动物群落的变化。结果表明,荒漠草原土壤动物不同类群对增温、施氮的响应不同:1)增温显著降低短花针茅荒漠草原鞘翅目幼虫类群数,对其它土壤动物无显著影响;施氮显著提高弹尾目昆虫的密度以及中气门亚目昆虫的密度和类群数,对其它土壤动物无显著影响;增温施氮显著降低鞘翅目幼虫密度和类群数,对其它土壤动物无显著影响。2)短花针茅荒漠草原土壤中小型动物有明显表聚性,其中增温施氮0-10cm密度显著高于10-20cm;施氮0-10cm密度和类群数均显著高于10-20cm。研究表明,气候变暖和氮沉降有可能影响土壤动物的群落组成和垂直结构。     

荒漠草原地区不同载畜率对功能群特征及其多样性的影响

采用随机区组试验研究了内蒙古高原荒漠草原亚带短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)草原群落不同载畜率对草原功能群特征及其多样性的影响,结果表明:不同载畜率水平下,功能群组成结构没有改变,功能群内物种组成及其群落学特征随着载畜率的增加发生了相应的变化。灌木类和多年生禾草特性比较稳定,多年生杂类草随着载畜率的增加物种组成下降幅度较大,使得群落结构和组成随载畜率的增加趋于简单化。丰富度指数和多样性指数重牧区最低,均匀度变化有所不同,因为中度放牧提高草地群落的植物多样性,更主要地是通过改变群落物种均匀性来实现的。     

围栏封育对新疆山地退化草原植物群落特征的影响

围栏封育作为一种有效的退化草原管理措施,近年来在我国退化草原恢复中得到极为广泛的应用。以新疆巴里坤县退化温性荒漠草原为研究对象,通过连续4 a围栏封育样地和自由放牧样地的植被调查资料,对比分析围栏封育样地和自由放牧样地的植被群落组成和地上生物量的动态特征。结果表明:(1)通过围栏封育措施,退化草原的物种多样性和群落生态优势度与自由放牧样地相比略有提高,群落均匀度略有降低,但通过t检验,差异均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。(2)随着封育措施的实施,总体上草原群落优势种为沙生针茅和伊犁绢蒿,反映出西部内陆半干旱地区温性荒漠草原特有的特征;自由放牧样地,沙生针茅和伊犁绢蒿在群落中的优势地位发生变化。(3)围栏封育措施提高了植物群落的平均高度、地上生物量。随着围封时间的延长,群落地上生物量增加,且显著高于自由放牧区,然而4 a围栏封育并不能使温性荒漠草原产草量达到最高水平,也不能使植物群落的多样性指标与自由放牧样地形成显著差异。     

民勤温性荒漠草原拟步甲昆虫多样性调查

为明确民勤温性荒漠草原拟步甲昆虫群落多样性及其时间动态，于2021年4—10月采用巴氏罐诱法对甘肃省民勤县砾质、沙质与盐土荒漠草地拟步甲科昆虫群落进行系统调查。（1）本次调查共捕获拟步甲科昆虫8492头，分属于8属10种，其中姬小胸鳖甲（Microdera elegans）和多毛宽漠甲（Sternoplax setosa setosa）为优势种，分别占总个体数的26.88%和25.07%，波氏真土甲（Eumylada potanini）为砾质荒漠草地的特有种。（2）3个亚类荒漠草地拟步甲昆虫物种数和个体数在7月达到峰值，10月降到最低。（3）砾质荒漠草地和沙质荒漠草地的拟步甲群落多度和香农多样性指数显著高于盐土荒漠草地（P<0.05）；盐土荒漠草地的拟步甲群落丰富度显著高于沙质荒漠草地（P<0.05）。（4）相关性分析表明，拟步甲群落的丰度指数与植被群落高度、土壤含水量和植被盖度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）；拟步甲丰度指数与植被香农多样性指数和植被丰富度呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。荒漠草原的植被组成单一，促使拟步甲群落组成简单；相对于盐土荒漠草地和沙质荒漠草地...     

内蒙古主要草原植物群落地上生物量和理论载畜量及其与气候的关系

本文应用除趋势对应分析方法（ＤＣＡ）对内蒙古草原中东部草原植被１２０个群落样地的分析表明：该区六种主要的草原群落类型在生境干燥度梯度上的顺序依次为：小针茅草原→短花针茅草原→克氏针茅草原→大针茅草原→贝加尔针茅草原和羊草草原。在上述分析基础上，研究了每种草原的群落组成、地上生物量及其种群结构，以及各类草原的理论载畜量。六种草原群落的地上生物量介于１１２Ｋｇ．ＤＭ．ｍ￣（－２）──１６２０Ｋｇ。ＤＭ．ｍ￣（－２）之间；相应地，理论载畜量变化于０．１０─１．５７羊单位／公顷。研究地区草原地上生物量（Ｂ）与年降水量（Ｐ）、年平均气温（Ｔ）和与≥１０℃的积温（Ｔａｃ）的关系分别为：Ｂ＝－１３４．９２＋０．８４Ｐ，Ｂ＝１３６．３７－２５．６８Ｔ，Ｂ＝３５１．６１－０．１２Ｔａｃ；与气候干燥度（依Ｐｅｎｍａｎ方法计算）的关系为Ｂ＝０．２６＋４．３３ｅ．     

不同放牧制度对荒漠草原短花针茅空间异质性的影响

在不同放牧制度下,以荒漠草原短花针茅植物种群为研究对象,采用GS＋软件和地统计学分析方法对其空间异质性分布进行了研究。结果显示：对照区和划区轮牧区或自由放牧区都表现出很强的空间自相关性,且结构是导致短花针茅空间变异的主要因素。对照区、划区轮牧区和自由放牧区,短花针茅空间格局的分形维数相近,都接近于2。不同放牧制度下短花...     

西鄂尔多斯草原化荒漠植物群落多样性

西鄂尔多斯位于我国阿拉善—鄂尔多斯生物多样性中心的核心区域,是生物多样性研究的关键地带。由于自然和人为因素的影响,目前区域生境破碎化程度高、群落多样性受到严重威胁,为了修复破碎生境、合理建植植被,采用样方法,对12个主要群系,共53个样地进行了详细的调查和分析。结果表明:1西鄂尔多斯荒漠植被中含有单种属和寡种属植物,如四合木属(Tetraena)、绵刺属(Potaninia)、沙冬青属(Ammopiptanthus)等;2在生活型谱组成上,灌木比相邻荒漠化草原高出13.1%,并在不同生境中成为群落的建群种或优势种;3在水分生态类型谱中,虽以典型旱生植物占优势,但强旱生植物比相邻荒漠化草原高15.9%;4典型的草原化荒漠群落〔如霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon)、绵刺(Potaninia mongolica)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)、四合木(Tetraena mongolica)群落〕的物种多样性在草本层片与灌木层片的相互作用下,群落具有更高的多样性和稳定性;5与荒漠化草原相比,西鄂尔多斯草原化荒漠群落之间具有更高的β多样性,能容纳更多的群落共同存在。     

荒漠草原不同植被类型土壤微生物群落功能多样性

利用Biolog EcoplateTM技术通过对荒漠草原生态系统中沙米、白沙蒿、柠条、沙冬青和人工乔木林5种植被类型土壤微生物群落功能多样性分析,以探讨不同植被类型对土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性的影响.结果表明,5种植被类型土壤微生物群落代谢活性有显著的差异(P＜0.01),5种植被类型土壤微生物群落利用碳源的种类也存在差异,氨基酸类、羧酸类和糖类是其主要的碳源利用类型.在Biolog ECO板培养基接种培养96 h后,5种植被类型土壤微生物群落多样性显示,物种丰富度指数(R)和均匀度指数(EH)差异显著,Shannon 指数(H′)差异不显著.     

短花针茅草原优势种群特征对不同放牧制度的响应

在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟苏尼特右旗荒漠草原,通过划区轮牧与自由放牧的比较试验,研究了不同放牧制度对短花针茅荒漠草原优势种群的影响,结果表明:自由放牧区短花针茅高度、盖度、密度、重要值、相对现存量均高于划区轮牧区。划区轮牧区无芒隐子草和碱韭的盖度、密度、重要值、地上现存量和相对现存量均高于自由放牧区。     

短花针茅荒漠草原土壤种子库对不同放牧强度的响应

在内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原,采用野外随机定点取样与室内萌发相结合的方法,对不同放牧强度下围封草地土壤种子库的密度、垂直结构、多样性、丰富度、均匀度、以及种子库与地上植被的相似性进行了研究。结果表明,在各试验区土壤种子库主要分布在0～20cm土层,占种子库总密度的87%～96%;随着放牧强度的增加,土壤种子库总密度减少,同时地上植被与土壤种子库的相似物种数减少,种子库组成的相异性增加;轻度放牧对土壤种子库中一二年生草本所占比例影响较小,而中度和重度放牧使土壤种子库中一二年生草本所占比例增加;土壤种子库的物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度均随放牧强度的增加而减小。     

Water utilization of typical plant communities in desert steppe,China

Water is a limiting factor in the restoration and construction of desert steppe. Exploring plant water sources is necessary to understand soil-plant interactions and species coexistence; however, water sources of major plant communities within the desert steppe of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the water uptake of plants in four typical communities: Agropyron mongolicum Keng.; Sophora alopecuroids Linn.; Stipa breviflora Griseb., and Achnatherum splendens (Trin.) Nevski communities. Stable isotopes δD and δ¹⁸O in the xylem of plant and soil water at different soil depths were analyzed. An IsoSource model was used to determine the soil depths from which plants obtained water. Results showed that A. mongolicum community obtained water predominantly from 0-20 and 40-80 cm depth, S. alopecuroids community from 0-20 cm depth, S. breviflora community from 0-40 cm depth, and A. splendens community from 0-20 and 80-140 cm depths. S. alopecuroides had a wider range of soil depths for water extraction, i.e., utilizing different water sources depending on habitat, and the plasticity of its water uptake pattern determined its role in different communities. Water source of plants relayed heavily on the distribution of their roots. Competition for soil water exists between different plant life forms in the sierozem habitat (A. mongolicum, S. alopecuroids, and S. breviflora communities), and in the sandy soil habitat (A. splendens community). The use of soil water by A. splendens community is more spatially differentiated, and shrubs and herbs can coexist stably. Under the pattern of extended drought period in the future, sierozem habitat may be more favorable for the formation of a dominant monoculture community type of perennial fibrous plants. In aeolian sandy soil habitat, A. splendens had a strong competitive advantage, and the growth of shallow-rooted plants was easily suppressed.     

Seasonal changes in the water-use strategies of three herbaceous species in a native desert steppe of Ningxia,China

Frequent periods of drought conditions are known to limit plant performance,primary production,and ecosystem stability in arid and semi-arid desert steppe environments.Plants often avoid competition by shifting their water use seasonally,which affects the water-use patterns of dominant species as well as the composition and structure of plant communities.However,the water-use strategies of dominant herbaceous species,which grow under natural field conditions in the desert steppe region of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China,are poorly known.Here,we explored the possible sources of water uptake and water-use efficiency(WUE)of three dominant herbaceous plant species(Stipa breviflora,Agropyron mongolicum,and Glycyrrhiza uralensis)in a native desert steppe in the semi-arid area of Ningxia through an analysis of multiple parameters,including(1)the stable isotopic oxygen and hydrogen(δ18O andδ2H)compositions of precipitation,soil water,and stem water,(2)the carbon isotope(13C)composition of leaves,and(3)the soil water contents,based on field sampling across varying water conditions from June to September,2017.Frequent small precipitation events replenished shallow soil water,whereas large events only percolated down to the deep soil layers.Changes in soil water availability affected the water-use patterns of plants.Generally,during light precipitation periods,the deep root system of G.uralensis accessed deeper(>80 cm)soil water,whereas S.breviflora and A.mongolicum,which only have shallow roots,primarily absorbed water from the shallow and middle soil layers.As precipitation increased,all three plant species primarily obtained water from the shallow soil layers.Variation in soil water uptake between the dry and wet seasons enabled plants to make better use of existing satoil water.In addition,theδ13C values of G.uralensis and S.breviflora were higher than those of A.mongolicum.Theδ13C values of the three plant species were significantly negatively correlated with soil water content.Therefore,G.uralensis and S.breviflora maintained a higher WUE through their conservative and water-saving strategies across the entire growing season.In contrast,A.mongolicum,with a relatively low WUE in the wet season but a high WUE in the dry season,exhibited a more flexible water-use strategy.The different water-use strategies of these dominant plant species demonstrated the mechanisms by which plant communities can respond to drought.     

Biocrust-induced partitioning of soil water between grass and shrub in a desert steppe of Northwest China

Maintaining the stability of exotic sand-binding shrub has become a large challenge in arid and semi-arid grassland ecosystems in northern China. We investigated two kinds of shrublands with different BSCs (biological soil crusts) cover in desert steppe in Northwest China to characterize the water sources of shrub (Caragana intermedia Kuang et H. C. Fu) and grass (Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit.) by stable ¹⁸O isotopic. Our results showed that both shrublands were subject to persistent soil water deficiency from 2012 to 2017, the minimum soil depth with CV (coefficient of variation) <15% and SWC (soil water content) <6% was 1.4 m in shrubland with open areas lacking obvious BSC cover, and 0.8 m in shrubland covered by mature BSCs. For C. intermedia, a considerable proportion of water sources pointed to the surface soil. Water from BSCs contributed to averages 22.9% and 17.6% of the total for C. intermedia and A. scoparia, respectively. C. intermedia might use more water from BSCs in rainy season than dry season, in contrast to A. scoparia. The relationship between shrub (or grass) and soil water by δ¹⁸O shown significant differences in months, which partly verified the potential trends and relations covered by the high variability of the water source at seasonal scale. More fine roots at 0-5 cm soil layer could be found in the surface soil layer covered by BSCs (8000 cm/m³) than without BSCs (3200 cm/m³), which ensured the possibility of using the surface soil water by C. intermedia. The result implies that even under serious soil water deficiency, C. intermedia can use the surface soil water, leading to the coexistence between C. intermedia and A. scoparia. Different with the result from BSCs in desert areas, the natural withdrawal of artificial C. intermedia from desert steppe will be a long-term process, and the highly competitive relationship between shrubs and grasses also determines that its habitat will be maintained in serious drought state for a long time.     

Shrub modulates the stoichiometry of moss and soil in desert ecosystems,China

Desert mosses, which are important stabilizers in desert ecosystems, are distributed patchily under and between shrubs. Mosses differ from vascular plants in the ways they take up nutrients. Clarifying their distribution with ecological stoichiometry may be useful in explaining their mechanisms of living in different microhabitats. In this study, Syntrichia caninervis, the dominant moss species of moss crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China, was selected to examine the study of stoichiometric characteristics in three microhabitats (under living shrubs, under dead shrubs and in exposed ground). The stoichiometry and enzyme activity of rhizosphere soil were analyzed. The plant function in the above-ground and below-ground parts of S. caninervis is significantly different, so the stoichiometry of the above-ground and below-ground parts might also be different. Results showed that carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents in the below-ground parts of S. caninervis were significantly lower than those in the above-ground parts. The highest N and P contents of the two parts were found under living shrubs and the lowest under dead shrubs. The C contents of the two parts did not differ significantly among the three microhabitats. In contrast, the ratios of C:N and C:P in the below-ground parts were higher than those in the above-ground parts in all microhabitats, with significant differences in the microhabitats of exposed ground and under living shrubs. There was an increasing trend in soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN), soil available phosphorous (SAP), and C:P and N:P ratios from exposed ground to under living shrubs and to under dead shrubs. No significant differences were found in soil total phosphorous (STP) and soil available nitrogen (SAN), or in ratios of C:N and SAN:SAP. Higher soil urease (SUE) and soil nitrate reductase (SNR) activities were found in soil under dead shrubs, while higher soil sucrase (STC) and soil β-glucosidase (SBG) activities were respectively found in exposed ground and under living shrubs. Soil alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity reached its lowest value under dead shrubs, and there was no significant difference between the microhabitats of exposed ground and under living shrubs. Results indicated that the photosynthesis-related C of S. caninervis remained stable under the three microhabitats while N and P were mediated by the microhabitats. The growth strategy of S. caninervis varied in different microhabitats because of the different energy cycles and nutrient balances. The changes of stoichiometry in soil were not mirrored in the moss. We conclude that microhabitat could change the growth strategy of moss and nutrients cycling of moss patches.     

宁夏草原蝗虫多样性及其对环境因子的响应

为明确宁夏四类主要草原的蝗虫物种组成、多样性和对天敌、植被、土壤及其气候等生物和非生物因子的响应,2019-2020年在宁夏温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原和温性草原化荒漠四类草原对蝗虫及天敌物种进行了调查采集,通过物种数、个体数、多样性指数、优势度指数、丰富度指数及均匀性指数分析蝗虫、天敌和昆虫的多样性,并就草原蝗虫优势种和多样性对天敌、植被、土壤及气候等生物和非生物因子的响应进行分析。结果表明,共采集鉴定草原蝗虫和天敌个体数分别有743头和3592头,物种数分别有27种和24种;温性草原上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最多,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为23种和21种,数量分别为432头和1682头;温性草原化荒漠上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最少,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为8种和7种,数量分别为34头和132头。蝗虫优势种有白纹雏蝗Chorthippus albonemus、短星翅蝗Calliptamus abbreviatus和亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus三种,天敌优势种有直角通缘步甲Pterostichus gebleri、麻步甲Carabus brandti和短翅伪葬步甲Pseudotaphoxenus brevipennis三种。温性草原无论是在草原蝗虫群落中,还是整个昆虫和天敌群落中,其丰富度指数均显著高于其他三类草原;草原蝗虫多样性指数和丰富度指数与天敌多样性指数和丰富度指数间均存在极显著正相关关系,与天敌优势度指数间存在极显著负相关关系;短星翅蝗和亚洲小车蝗发生均与天敌直角通缘步甲呈显著正相关关系,白纹雏蝗与禾本科植被盖度、高度、生物量,菊科植被盖度、生物量、频度、高度、土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、海拔和降水量间均呈显著正相关关系,与土壤容重、pH、平均气温和最高气温间均呈极显著负相关关系。     

核盘菌菌核围微生物群落分析及其对盾壳霉重寄生的影响

 重寄生真菌盾壳霉(Coniothyrium minitans)是核盘菌的一种生防菌,它通过寄生核盘菌菌核,减少初侵染来源,从而达到防病效果。但在田间自然土壤中,核盘菌菌核围微生物对盾壳霉寄生菌核的影响还不清楚。本研究对核盘菌菌核围微生物进行了分离鉴定,并评估了菌核围细菌对盾壳霉重寄生的影响。结果表明,不同取样时间和不同深度的核盘菌菌核围土壤中,均存在可培养微生物富集的“菌核围效应”,即菌核围土壤中可培养细菌数量和真菌数量均高于非菌核围土壤。从菌核围土壤中共分离获得了253株细菌和180株真菌,并对其中的代表菌株进行了分子鉴定,发现假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)是菌核围细菌的优势种群,青霉属(Penicillium)是菌核围真菌的优势种群。通过平板对峙,从菌核围细菌中筛选到25个菌株对核盘菌有拮抗活性,22个菌株对盾壳霉具有拮抗活性。砂皿寄生菌核试验证实,7株菌核围细菌对盾壳霉寄生菌核有显著的抑制作用。核盘菌菌核围细菌对盾壳霉重寄生的抑制作用,可能是导致盾壳霉田间生防效果不稳定的原因之一。     

Grazing exclusion-induced shifts,the relative importance of environmental filtering,biotic interactions and dispersal limitation in shaping desert steppe communities,northern China

Grazing exclusion is one of the most efficient approaches to restore degraded grassland but may negatively affects the recovery of species diversity. Changes in plant species diversity should be a consequence of the ecological assembly process. Local community assembly is influenced by environmental filtering, biotic interactions, and dispersal. However, how these factors potentially contribute to changes to species diversity is poorly understood, especially in harsh environments. In this study, two management sites within a Stipa breviflora desert steppe community(typical natural steppe) were selected in northern China. In one of the two management sites, grazing has been excluded since 2010 and in the other with open grazing by sheep. In August 2016, three plots were established and 100 sampling units were created within each plot in a 5 m×5 m area at the two management sites. To assess the effects of grazing exclusion on S. breviflora steppe, we analyzed the vegetation biomass, species diversity,soil organic carbon, and soil particle size distribution using paired T-tests. In addition, variation partitioning was applied to determine the relative importance of environmental filtering and dispersal limitation. Null mode analysis was used to quantify the influence of biotic interactions in conjunction with Eco Sim niche overlap and co-occurrence values. Our results demonstrated that(1) species diversity significantly decreased and the main improvements in soil quality occurred in the topsoil 0–10 cm after the grazing exclusion;(2) environmental filtering was important for community assembly between grazed and fenced grassland and this appears particularly true for soil particle size distribution, which may be well correlated with soil hydrological processes; and(3) however, competitive exclusion may play a significant role within the exclusion. The multiple pathways of assembly may collectively determine negative effects on the restoration of species diversity. Therefore, designers should be aware of the risk of reducing grazing exclusion-induced species diversity and account for manipulating processes. This in turn will reduce dominant species and promote environmental heterogeneity to maximize species diversity in semi-arid regions.     

马铃薯块茎和土壤样品中粉痂病菌快速检测方法的建立

 马铃薯粉痂菌(Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea)是引起马铃薯粉痂病的病原。本研究根据粉痂菌内部转录间隔区和线粒体DNA的保守区域,分别设计了2对适用于普通PCR的引物A5/A9、C3/C8和1对适用于荧光定量PCR的引物QF/QR,用于检测块茎和土壤样品中的粉痂菌。特异性检测结果表明:引物对A5/A9和C3/C8,以马铃薯粉痂菌DNA为模板,能分别扩增出264和367 bp大小的单一条带,而对其他非靶标DNA无扩增;引物对QF/QR对马铃薯粉痂菌有单一的熔解峰,说明三对引物特异性良好。灵敏性检测结果表明:荧光定量PCR灵敏度为13.8 fg·μL^-1,是普通PCR灵敏度的1 000倍。进一步建立循环域值(Ct)与质粒DNA含量的曲线关系,获得标准曲线y=-3.893 9 x+35.228,R² = 0.9966,呈良好线性关系。通过对不同地区采集的18份带菌种薯和18份带菌土壤进行普通PCR和荧光定量PCR检测,引物A5/A9、C3/C8和QF/QR对带菌种薯检测率均为100%,对带菌土壤的检测率分别为44.44%、66.67%和100%。本研究建立的马铃薯粉痂病菌快速检测方法,能及时、准确地检测带菌种薯和土壤,为马铃薯粉痂病的早期诊断和防治提供依据。     

不同草地类型土壤有效态微量元素含量特征

以贺兰山西坡不同草地类型土壤为对象,研究了土壤中微量元素Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu有效态含量特征及土壤有机碳、pH值、黏粉粒含量与气候因素之间的相互关系。结果表明:土壤有效态Fe,Mn,Zn的含量随着海拔的降低而逐渐降低,有效态Cu含量的积累顺序为:山地草原>荒漠化草原>高山草甸>草原化荒漠。4种元素在各种草地类型的积累量变化为:高山草甸Fe>Mn>Zn和Cu;山地草原和荒漠化草原Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn,草原化荒漠土壤中Fe和Mn含量差异不大,并大于Zn和Cu。土壤有效态Fe,Mn,Zn的含量与年均降水量、土壤有机碳、<0.05 mm黏粉粒含量都呈显著正相关,而与年均温度和土壤pH值呈显著负相关。土壤有效态Cu含量与年降水量、年均温度、土壤有机碳含量和<0.05 mm黏粉粒含量基本呈二次多项式,而与土壤pH相关性不显著。影响土壤有效态Fe和Mn含量的关键因素,0~20 cm土层为有机碳、年降水量和年均温,而20~40 cm土层土壤有机碳是其最重要的影响因素。0~20 cm土层土壤有效态Zn主要受土壤pH、黏粉粒含量和年降水量的影响。     

新疆博尔塔拉蒙古自治州草原蝗虫多样性及群落结构特征

2015―2018年,利用百网和“Z”形取样法系统调查了博尔塔拉蒙古自治州草原七个草地类型的蝗虫群落多样性,明确其蝗虫的群落结构特征和多样性组成。经过调查分类鉴定,确定博州草原蝗虫有 65种,隶属于5科30属,优势种为黑腿星翅蝗、黑条小车蝗和小米纹蝗。在博州,黑条小车蝗垂直海拔分布的范围最广（257～2382 m）,亚洲飞蝗和绿纹蝗垂直海拔的分布范围最为狭窄,仅为187～195 m;小翅曲背蝗和西伯利亚蝗多分布于高海拔地区（2000～2200 m）,红斑翅蝗则多分布于低海拔区域（750～1200 m）。温性荒漠的特有种为简蚍蝗、红翅瘤蝗和红斑翅蝗,低地草甸的特有种为亚洲飞蝗、小垫尖翅蝗和绿纹蝗。蝗虫群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在温性荒漠、温性草原化荒漠和温性荒漠草原要显著高于低地草甸;Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数在七个草地类型间无显著性差异。温性荒漠草原和温性草原的蝗虫群落最为相似,两者Jaccard相似系数为0.56。