生物结皮对荒漠草本植物群落结构的影响

通过人工去除生物结皮试验,分析古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮对常见荒漠草本植物群落结构的影响。根据人为去除生物结皮的试验结果,结合生物结皮对种子萌发、幼苗存活以及土壤养分和水分等影响,综合分析生物结皮对草本植物多样性的影响。结果表明:尖喙牻牛儿苗(Erodium oxyrrhynchum)、条叶庭荠(Alyssum linifolium)、琉苞菊(Hyalea pulchella)、荒漠庭荠(Alyssum desertorum)及旱麦草(Eremopyrum triticeum)的生物量总和占总生物量的90%以上,是该沙漠的优势草本植物。去除生物结皮后,草本植物的植被高度、物种丰富度和多样性指数都显著提高;但是,植被盖度、密度和群落生物量却显著降低。说明生物结皮的存在改变了古尔班通古特沙漠南缘荒漠草本植物的群落结构,植被盖度和群落生物量提高,这对于防风固沙、稳定沙面具有重要的生态意义。     

乌拉特荒漠草原群落物种多样性和生物量关系对放牧强度的响应

以内蒙古乌拉特荒漠草原灌丛和草本植物群落为对象,研究这2种植物群落的物种组成、物种多样性及其与地上生物量关系对不同放牧处理(对照、中牧、重牧)的响应。结果表明:①随着放牧强度的增加,灌丛群落中红砂(Reaumuria songarica)和碱韭(Allium polyrhizum)的优势度增大,沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)的优势度减小;重牧降低草本群落中沙生针茅的优势度,增加了蒙古韭(Allium mongolicum)和碱韭的优势度。②不同放牧处理显著降低了灌丛和草本群落的盖度、高度以及灌丛群落的密度,消除了灌丛和草本群落之间盖度的差异(P> 0. 05)。中牧降低灌丛群落的Pielou均匀度指数,重牧降低灌丛群落的物种丰富度,灌丛和草本群落的其他多样性指数在放牧处理之间无显著差异(P> 0. 05)。除物种丰富度外,其他多样性指数在灌丛和草本群落之间差异显著(P <0. 05)。③不同放牧处理降低了灌丛和草本群落的地上生物量和凋落物量,导致灌丛和草本群落之间地上生物量的显著差异(P <0. 05)。④地上生物量与Simpson优势度指数负相关,与Shannon-Wienner多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数正相关;放牧处理下地上生物量与密度、物种丰富度正相关。放牧处理改变了荒漠草原植物群落组成、结构和功能,进而改变了群落结构和功能的重要关系。     

准噶尔盆地南缘梭梭群落春季融雪期的土壤呼吸动态

积雪对温带中高纬度地区早春土壤温度和水分具有调控作用,并对土壤呼吸具有重要影响。利用箱式法观测2012年早春积雪融化阶段古尔班通古特沙漠南缘典型温带荒漠梭梭群落内土壤呼吸的动态变化。结果表明：春季融雪期梭梭群落土壤呼吸变异极大,变化范围为0.2~1.2 μmol•m-²•s^-1,日平均土壤呼吸速率变化呈先增后减趋势,但土壤最大呼吸速率随土壤含水量的减少而减少。融雪期灌丛内外土壤呼吸变化规律相同,梭梭灌丛内土壤呼吸速率显著高于灌丛外。融雪期土壤含水量与最大土壤呼吸具有显著的相关关系,但在日尺度上土壤温度与土壤呼吸具有显著的相关关系。研究表明：积雪融化对土壤呼吸具有显著的激发效应,早春积雪变化对土壤呼吸速率将产生重要影响。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘拟步甲的物种多样性

于2010年5-7月利用陷阱法抽样技术,调查研究了古尔班通古特沙漠南缘不同生境中拟步甲的活动密度和群落多样性。结果表明：① 在景观尺度上,拟步甲科的物种多样性整体比较低,活动密度、物种丰富度、多样性指数、优势度指数等群落特征值在不同景观间变化显著,拟步甲更倾向于分布在荒漠边缘;② 拟步甲科多数优势种对微生境的选择表现出明显的倾向性,同属物种对微生境的选择表现出类似的倾向性;③ 重大农业工程的干扰,使得物种丰富度和均匀度指数有所下降,但差异不显著。多样性指数的下降及优势度指数的升高达到显著水平(P<0.05);不同物种的活动密度均表现为下降(库氏东鳖甲和光滑胖漠甲除外)。表明拟步甲对荒漠生境有指示意义。     

古尔班通古特沙漠的积雪及雪融水储存特征

通过在中国科学院阜康荒漠生态站北沙窝试验区布置野外定位试验,对古尔班通古特沙漠地区积雪物理特征变化、沙垄坡地以及稀疏梭梭林地的积雪分布、融雪水分在土壤中的转化储存效率及其成因进行研究.结果表明:古尔班通古特沙漠地区的积雪属低密度的"干寒型"雪,平均雪密度在0.14～0.27g/cm<'3>之间,积雪分布存在较大的空间分异特性;融雪水文过程以垂直入渗储存为主,没有明显的洼地积水和地表汇流过程;雪融水转化为土壤水分的比例高达78.8%～92%,为春季荒漠植被的生长提供了很好的水分条件.除了起伏的沙垄地形、冬季的低气温、多雾天气外,有限的积雪量、积雪融化前极低的土壤含水量以及高渗透率的沙地是古尔班通古特沙漠雪融水以垂直人渗为主并具有高的转化储存效率的主要原因.     

云南省六个国家级自然保护区外来入侵草本植物与本地植物的关系

为明确不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物及其与本地植物多样性之间的关系,以我国生物多样性丰富的云南省为研究对象,于2014年对云南省6个国家级自然保护区的82个1 m2小样方(78个100 m2大样方)中外来入侵草本植物和本地植物物种丰富度和密度进行调查,并分析外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度与本地草本植物物种丰富度、外来入侵草本植物密度与本地草本植物密度的关系及对不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度的差异进行分析。结果显示,共调查发现22种外来入侵草本植物,其中纳板河流域国家级自然保护区种类最多,达14种,金平分水岭国家级自然保护区仅有2种;6个国家级自然保护区本地草本植物的物种丰富度与外来入侵草本植物的物种丰富度之间、本地草本植物密度与外来入侵草本植物密度之间均呈现正、负2种相关关系,其中哀牢山国家级自然保护区本地草本植物的物种丰富度与外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度呈显著负相关,其它5个国家级自然保护区的相关性均不显著。简单回归分析表明自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度与本地草本植物物种丰富度、本地草本植物盖度、本地乔灌木物种丰富度呈显著负相关,多元回归分析结果表明乔灌木物种丰富度和经纬度是造成不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种多样性差异的主要原因。     

短花针茅荒漠草原土壤种子库对不同放牧强度的响应

在内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原,采用野外随机定点取样与室内萌发相结合的方法,对不同放牧强度下围封草地土壤种子库的密度、垂直结构、多样性、丰富度、均匀度、以及种子库与地上植被的相似性进行了研究。结果表明,在各试验区土壤种子库主要分布在0～20cm土层,占种子库总密度的87%～96%;随着放牧强度的增加,土壤种子库总密度减少,同时地上植被与土壤种子库的相似物种数减少,种子库组成的相异性增加;轻度放牧对土壤种子库中一二年生草本所占比例影响较小,而中度和重度放牧使土壤种子库中一二年生草本所占比例增加;土壤种子库的物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度均随放牧强度的增加而减小。     

宁夏草原蝗虫多样性及其对环境因子的响应

为明确宁夏四类主要草原的蝗虫物种组成、多样性和对天敌、植被、土壤及其气候等生物和非生物因子的响应,2019-2020年在宁夏温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原和温性草原化荒漠四类草原对蝗虫及天敌物种进行了调查采集,通过物种数、个体数、多样性指数、优势度指数、丰富度指数及均匀性指数分析蝗虫、天敌和昆虫的多样性,并就草原蝗虫优势种和多样性对天敌、植被、土壤及气候等生物和非生物因子的响应进行分析。结果表明,共采集鉴定草原蝗虫和天敌个体数分别有743头和3592头,物种数分别有27种和24种;温性草原上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最多,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为23种和21种,数量分别为432头和1682头;温性草原化荒漠上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最少,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为8种和7种,数量分别为34头和132头。蝗虫优势种有白纹雏蝗Chorthippus albonemus、短星翅蝗Calliptamus abbreviatus和亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus三种,天敌优势种有直角通缘步甲Pterostichus gebleri、麻步甲Carabus brandti和短翅伪葬步甲Pseudotaphoxenus brevipennis三种。温性草原无论是在草原蝗虫群落中,还是整个昆虫和天敌群落中,其丰富度指数均显著高于其他三类草原;草原蝗虫多样性指数和丰富度指数与天敌多样性指数和丰富度指数间均存在极显著正相关关系,与天敌优势度指数间存在极显著负相关关系;短星翅蝗和亚洲小车蝗发生均与天敌直角通缘步甲呈显著正相关关系,白纹雏蝗与禾本科植被盖度、高度、生物量,菊科植被盖度、生物量、频度、高度、土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、海拔和降水量间均呈显著正相关关系,与土壤容重、pH、平均气温和最高气温间均呈极显著负相关关系。     

转G2-EPSPS和GAT基因抗草甘膦大豆对土壤微环境的影响

转基因大豆的环境安全性评价对我国转基因大豆产业发展具有重要的理论和实践生产意义。本研究以转入G2-EPSPS和GAT双价基因抗草甘膦大豆ZH10-6及其非转基因大豆中黄10为研究试材，利用生物测定方法，连续3年跟踪调查各生育期土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性变化，旨在明确转基因和非转基因大豆的土壤微环境安全性。试验结果表明，ZH10-6与中黄10通过连续三年比较，不同年份和不同生育期的土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量变化势态相似，对微生物数量影响一致且二者之间差异不显著（P>0.05）；虽然土壤脲酶、蔗糖转化酶和脱氢酶活性随生长期不同而发生变化，但二者对3种酶活性的影响不存在差异（P>0.05）。这说明转外源基因G2-EPSPS和GAT的抗草甘膦ZH10-6与非转基因不抗草甘膦中黄10拥有相似的土壤微环境，具有相同的环境安全性。     

河北丰宁坝上孤石牧场土壤种子库与地上植被的关系

通过研究孤石牧场退耕地和非退耕地地上植被与种子库的变化特征,结果表明：（1）退耕地地上植被与土壤种子库物种多样性高于非退耕地,从地上植被和种子库组成分析得出,退耕地正处于一年生草本植物向多年生草本植物恢复演替阶段;（2）退耕地地上植被与土壤种子库的物种丰富度（25,20）及数量（2970,593）大于非退耕地地上植被与土壤种子库的丰富度（16,17）和数量（1806,120）;（3）地上植被与土壤种子库共有种数在退耕地上较多（8种）。在非退耕地上较少（3种）,从而导致了地上植被与土壤种子库群落组成之间的相异性增大。     

Impact of great gerbils(Rhombomys opimus) on desert plant communities

Great gerbil(Rhombomys opimus) colonies, with bare soil and herbaceous plants, are conspicuous to the background environment throughout their range area. In order to quantify the engineer role of great gerbils, we investigated the plant communities of 20 active colonies in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China. In areas without disturbance, desert plant communities were dominated by the shrubs with low level species richness. In burrow areas and surrounding intermediate areas, which were disturbed by great gerbils, the shrubs were suppressed with the decrease of vegetation cover and aboveground biomass. As a result, "niche gaps" were created in disturbed areas and worked as a refuge for herbaceous annuals and perennials. So the existence of great gerbils increased the overall species richness of the desert. Furthermore, herbaceous annuals and perennials are the major food source for great gerbils in spring, indicating that great gerbils have a mutually beneficial relationship with herbaceous plants.     

Combined effects of snow depth and nitrogen addition on ephemeral growth at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert, China

Water and nitrogen(N) inputs are considered as the two main limiting factors affecting plant growth.Changes in these inputs are expected to alter the structure and composition of the plant community,thereby influencing biodiversity and ecosystem function.Snowfall is a form of precipitation in winter,and snow melting can recharge soil water and result in a flourish of ephemerals during springtime in the Gurbantunggut Desert,ChinaA bi-factor experiment was designed and deployed during the snow-covering season from 2009 to 2010.The experiment aimed to explore the effects of different snow-covering depths and N addition levels on ephemerals.Findings indicated that deeper snow cover led to the increases in water content in topsoil as well as density and coverage of ephemeral plants in the same N treatment;by contrast,N addition sharply decreased the density of ephemerals in the same snow treatment.Meanwhile,N addition exhibited a different effect on the growth of ephemeral plants:in the 50% snow treatment,N addition limited the growth of ephemeral plants,showing that the height and the aboveground biomass of the ephemeral plants were lower than in those without N addition;while with the increases in snow depth(100% and 150% snow treatments),N addition benefited the growth of the dominant individual plants.Species richness was not significantly affected by snow in the same N treatment.However,N addition significantly decreased the species richness in the same snow-covering depth.The primary productivity of ephemerals in the N addition increased with the increase of snow depth.These variations indicated that the effect of N on the growth of ephemerals was restricted by water supply.With plenty of water(100% and 150% snow treatments),N addition contributed to the growth of ephemeral plants;while with less water(50% snow treatment),N addition restricted the growth of ephemeral plants.     

Snow cover has variable effects on persistence of fungicides and their suppression of microdochium patch on amenity turfgrass

Fungicides applied to turfgrass in temperate climates prior to snowfall are expected to suppress fungal diseases such as microdochium patch (Microdochium nivale) until infection conditions become unfavourable the following spring. However, mild winters with inconsistent snow cover may alter fungicide persistence and render the turf more susceptible to fungal infection. This study was conducted to determine the effect of snow cover on the persistence of the fungicides chlorothalonil and iprodione applied to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), maintained as a golf course fairway. The fungicides were applied 1 day prior to the first accumulating snowfall in Madison, Wisconsin, for four consecutive winters, beginning in 2009/10. Fungicide treatments were kept under continuous snow cover or maintained free of snow cover the entire winter to determine the effect of snow cover on fungicide persistence (2010/11 to 2012/13) and microdochium patch development in a controlled environment chamber (2009/10 to 2012/13). Iprodione concentration was not impacted by snow cover in 2010/11 but was reduced under snow cover relative to bare turf in 2011/12 and 2012/13. Chlorothalonil concentration was not impacted by snow cover in 2011/12 but was greater under snow cover in 2012/13. Microdochium patch severity in the controlled environment chamber was not impacted by snow cover with either fungicide in 2009/10 or 2011/12 but was slightly reduced under snow cover with both fungicides during 2010/11 and 2012/13. The majority of fungicide depletion occurred shortly after rainfall or snowmelt events, except in 2010/11 when both fungicides rapidly depleted during a warming trend without rainfall.     

古尔班通古特沙漠不同类型生物结皮对草本植物多样性影响

选择古尔班通古特沙漠的北部(一号点)、中部(二号点)、南部(三号点)3个不同样点的裸沙和藻结皮、地衣结皮与苔藓结皮3种生物结皮类型,对比研究了草本植物多样性的差异性及其主要环境影响因素。结果表明:(1)不同生物结皮类型的土壤理化性质有明显差异,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量以及黏粒、粉粒和细沙的含量随生物结皮演替显著上升,而中沙和粗沙的含量呈显著下降趋势,在沙漠不同区域呈现明显的空间异质性,二号样点中裸沙和藻结皮的养分含量和pH明显低于一号点和三号点。(2)草本植物的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数随生物结皮发育呈明显上升趋势,草本植物的物种组成、群落结构在不同类型生物结皮和沙漠不同区域均具有显著差异。(3)在土壤理化特征中,有机质、速效P和全K含量,以及pH和粉粒含量是影响草本植物分布的关键因子。(4)不同类型生物结皮之间的微地形和种类组成差异、种子生物学特性以及生物结皮在不同尺度下的土壤环境异质性共同影响草本植物在生物结皮中的物种组成和丰度,最终导致草本植物群落结构在生物结皮中的演替变化。     

防护林下草本植物层片物种多样性与环境因子的关系

沿塔里木沙漠公路防护林白北向南设置了10个调查样地,对草本植物的多度、盖度、丰富度进行调查,记录和测定各样地内地下水的埋深、电导率、矿化度,土壤电导率、灌木平均冠幅、灌木层郁闭度等环境因子.分析各样地物种多样性、样地间相似性的差异,以及草本植物层片物种多样性与环境因子的关系.结果表明:塔里木沙漠公路防护林下草本植物层片...     

Herbaceous diversity and composition in mixed Juniperus Pinchotii-Prosopis Glandulosa communities in Southern mixed-grass prairie

Herbaceous biomass and composition were measured across a continuum of increasing cover of mixed Prosopis glandulosa and Juniperus pinchotii woody plant from 1996 to 2003. The study site in northwest Texas had no history of woody plants treatment and comprised trees up to 6 m tall with cover averaging 65%. A strong, negative, linear relationship between woody plant cover and herbaceous biomass was measured (p = 0.0001). Precipitation differences resulted in 2.7 fold variation in herbaceous biomass between years (p = 0.003) and affected the slope of the decline of herbaceous biomass associated with increasing woody plant cover (p = 0.034). Within any year the slope of decline of herb biomass was parallel for Prosopis and Juniperus cover (p = 0.843). Relative to zero woody cover, 100% Prosopis cover reduced herbaceous biomass by 56% (p = 0.0001) while 100% Juniperus cover reduced herbaceous biomass 73% (p = 0.0001). At 100% cover Prosopis had twice the herbaceous biomass compared to Juniperus (p = 0.0021) but both species reduced herbaceous biomass by ± 1300 kg ha^?1. Warm season herb biomass decreased with increasing Prosopis or Juniperus cover while cool season herbaceous biomass was minimally influenced by increases of either species. Multivariate analysis indicated vegetation associations differed between tree species. Vegetation differed (p = 0.001) between low (<25%) and high (>75%) Prosopis cover (dissimilarity R = 0.98), between low and high Juniperus cover (R = 0.81). Ten herbaceous species consistently decreased and 2 consistently increased with increasing woody plant cover.     

沙地植物幼苗生长对降水和风速变化的响应

为研究沙地植物幼苗生长对降水和风速变化的响应过程，于2016年4月中旬利用40个2 m×2 m×2 m的混凝土样方池，通过人工增雨及遮风网降低风速的方法开展模拟控制实验。结果表明：①风速、降水以及两者的协同作用对萌发物种数无显著影响(P>0.05)。风速降低20%和降水增加60%使种子萌发物种数与对照相比分别增加4.9%和1.3%；风速降低20%条件下，自然降水和降水增加60%均可使种子萌发物种数增加7.2%。②不同降水处理会使植物幼苗密度大幅度降低、高度波动变化；风速降低可以较显著地促进沙地植物幼苗生长高度，特别是优势植物猪毛菜(Salsola collina)、大果虫实(Corispermum macrocarpum)的生长高度(P<0.01)。在自然风速条件下，降水增加30%明显促进猪毛菜幼苗高度生长，降水增加60%则相反；风速降低20%条件下，降水增加60%可以大幅度的促进雾冰黎(Bassia dasyphylla)幼苗的生长高度；风速降低40%与降水增加30%和60%的协同作用使雾冰黎、猪毛菜和大果虫实幼苗的生长高度均明显降低。③不同风速和降水处理对植被的Simpson优势度指数(D)、香浓–威纳多样性指数(H)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)无显著影响(P>0.05)。以上研究结果表明：降水增加30%对种子萌发阶段物种丰富度的抑制作用较大；与降水相比，风速是沙地植物幼苗生长高度的主要影响因素，并且自然降水条件下，风速降低40%可以使沙地植物幼苗生长高度最大限度地增加；沙地植被物种多样性指数对降水及风速的变化不敏感，这说明科尔沁沙地生态系统群落结构相对较为稳定。     

Competition between Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima seedlings under simulated high groundwater availability

Desert riparian plants experience high variability in water availability due to hydrological fluctuations. How riparian plants can survive with low water availability has been well studied, however, little is known about the effects of high water availability on plant community structuring. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to test whether seedling competition under simulated high groundwater availability can explain the shift of co-dominance of Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima in early communities to P. euphratica dominance in mature ones along the Tarim River in northwestern China. Seedlings of these two plant species were grown in monoculture and mixture pools with high groundwater availability. Results indicated that the above-ground biomass and relative yield of T. ramosissima were higher than those of P. euphratica. The competitive advantages of T. ramosissima included its rapid response in growth to groundwater enrichment and its water spender strategy, as evidenced by the increased leaf biomass proportion and the inert stomatal response to leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit(VPD). In comparison, P. euphratica showed a conservative strategy in water use, with a sensitive response to leaf-to-air VPD. Result of the short-term competition was inconsistent with the long-term competition in fields, suggesting that competition exclusion is not the mechanism structuring the desert riparian plant communities. Thus, our research highlights the importance of mediation by environmental fluctuations(such as lessening competition induced by disturbance) in structuring plant communities along the Tarim riparian zones.     

民勤荒漠区植被退化动态定位研究

白刺、沙蒿、麻黄是民勤荒漠区的主要植物种类,梭梭是当地主要固沙造林树种。定位监测表明:民勤5月下旬土壤含水率与灌木、草本植物和优势种密度及植被总盖度之间呈正相关关系。6~7月的降水量与灌木密度和植被总盖度之间呈正相关关系。5~7月的降水量和土壤水分是限制当地荒漠植被密度、盖度的关键因子。从群落类型看,深根性的麻黄和梭梭盖度比较稳定。从地貌看,流动沙丘和半固定沙丘上的植被较稳定,固定沙丘植被普遍严重退化。设置黏土沙障易形成沙面结皮,阻止降水下渗,不利于接收和保存有限的天然降水。     

An ultrasonic humidification fluorescent tracing method for detecting unsaturated atmospheric water absorption by the aerial parts of desert plants

Atmospheric water absorption by plants has been explored for more than two centuries, and the aerial parts of plants, particularly the leaves of certain species, have been demonstrated to have an ability to absorb and utilize saturated atmospheric water such as fog, dew and condensed water. So far, however, there have been few studies on the aerial parts of desert plants in their absorption of unsaturated water from the atmosphere. This study presents an ultrasonic humidification fluorescent tracing method of detecting unsaturated atmospheric water absorption by the aerial parts of desert plants. We constructed an organic glass room based on the sizes of field plants. Then, the aboveground parts of the plants were humidified in the sealed glasshouse using an ultrasonic humidifier containing fluorescent reagents. The humidity and wetting time were controlled by turning on or off the humidifier according to the reading of a thermo-hygrometer suspended in the glasshouse. Fluorescence microscopy was employed to observe these plant samples. This method can generate unsaturated atmospheric water vapor and incorporate other fluorescent reagents or water-soluble chemical reagents for gasified humidification. In addition, it can identify plant parts that absorb unsaturated atmospheric water from the air, detect water absorption sites on the surface of leaves or tender stems, and determine the ability of tissues or microstructure of aerial parts to absorb water. This method provides a direct visual evidence for the inspection of leaf or tender stem microstructure in response to unsaturated atmospheric water absorption. Moreover, this method shows that aqueous pores in the cuticles of leaves or tender stems of desert plants are large enough to allow the passage of ionic fluorescent brightener with a molecular weight of up to 917 g/mol. Thus, this paper provides an important approach that explores the mechanism by which desert plants utilize unsaturated atmospheric water.