民勤温性荒漠草原拟步甲昆虫多样性调查

为明确民勤温性荒漠草原拟步甲昆虫群落多样性及其时间动态，于2021年4—10月采用巴氏罐诱法对甘肃省民勤县砾质、沙质与盐土荒漠草地拟步甲科昆虫群落进行系统调查。（1）本次调查共捕获拟步甲科昆虫8492头，分属于8属10种，其中姬小胸鳖甲（Microdera elegans）和多毛宽漠甲（Sternoplax setosa setosa）为优势种，分别占总个体数的26.88%和25.07%，波氏真土甲（Eumylada potanini）为砾质荒漠草地的特有种。（2）3个亚类荒漠草地拟步甲昆虫物种数和个体数在7月达到峰值，10月降到最低。（3）砾质荒漠草地和沙质荒漠草地的拟步甲群落多度和香农多样性指数显著高于盐土荒漠草地（P<0.05）；盐土荒漠草地的拟步甲群落丰富度显著高于沙质荒漠草地（P<0.05）。（4）相关性分析表明，拟步甲群落的丰度指数与植被群落高度、土壤含水量和植被盖度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）；拟步甲丰度指数与植被香农多样性指数和植被丰富度呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。荒漠草原的植被组成单一，促使拟步甲群落组成简单；相对于盐土荒漠草地和沙质荒漠草地...     

黑河中游沙质荒漠地面节肢动物群落组成及多样性季节变异

地面节肢动物是荒漠生态系统的重要组分之一,在维持荒漠生态系统的结构与功能方面起着关键作用.但至今尚缺乏对黑河中游沙质荒漠地面节肢动物群落组成及多样性季节变异规律的研究.文中以黑河中游沙质荒漠生态系统为研究对象,在5月上旬、7月和9月中旬三个典型时期采用陷阱法对地面节肢动物群落进行了系统调查,并利用多元方差分析和群落排序等方法定量研究了沙质荒漠地面节肢动物群落的季节变异规律.主要结果如下:(1)黑河中游沙质荒漠生态系统主要的地面节肢动物群落存在明显的季节变异,7月和9月地面节肢动物群落较为相似.(2)从5月到9月,地面节忮动物群落活动密度逐渐降低,而均匀度指数逐渐增加;地面节肢动物类群丰富度和多样性指数变化规律接近,7月和9月显著高于5月,优势度指数变化规律刚好相反.(3)不同地面节肢动物类群的季节变异规律不同.如从5月到9月拟步甲科活动密度逐渐降低,蚁科活动密度在7月显著高于9月,而9月蚁科的活动密度又显著高于5月.     

不同立地条件柠条灌丛内外地面节肢动物群落结构分布特征

以宁夏盐池沙地柠条(Caragana korshinskii)灌丛林地为研究对象,于2012年春、夏、秋季,利用陷阱诱捕法调查了有无流沙覆盖两种立地条件下灌丛内外微生境中地面节肢动物群落组成与多样性分布特征。结果表明:(1)灌丛内外地面节肢动物优势类群有鳃金龟科、拟步甲科和蚁科类群的个体数分布,在不同季节不同立地条件生境中均差异较大。(2)春季和秋季,相同立地条件中灌丛内外地面节肢动物个体数分布呈现出相似性,而不同立地条件间灌丛内外的分布则存在显著差异性(P0.05)。但是在夏季,两种立地条件间灌丛内外地面节肢动物个体数呈现出相反的分布规律。(3)地面节肢动物类群数和Shannon指数分布在夏季和秋季两种立地条件均表现为灌丛内外无显著差异性(P0.05),而在春季不同立地条件灌丛内外类群数分布呈现出较大变化。不同季节两种立地条件对灌丛内外地面节肢动物优势度指数分布格局均影响较大。(4)随季节变化,灌丛内外地面节肢动物群落相似性指数在有流沙覆盖和无流沙覆盖的柠条林地呈现出相反变化趋势。(5)立地条件、灌丛微生境和季节变化不仅对地面节肢动物类群个体数产生深刻影响,而且影响到了地面节肢动物群落总个体数和优势度的时空分布。灌丛微生境对地面节肢动物多样性具有聚集作用,同时受到立地条件和季节的调控。     

乌拉特荒漠草原群落物种多样性和生物量关系对放牧强度的响应

以内蒙古乌拉特荒漠草原灌丛和草本植物群落为对象,研究这2种植物群落的物种组成、物种多样性及其与地上生物量关系对不同放牧处理(对照、中牧、重牧)的响应。结果表明:①随着放牧强度的增加,灌丛群落中红砂(Reaumuria songarica)和碱韭(Allium polyrhizum)的优势度增大,沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)的优势度减小;重牧降低草本群落中沙生针茅的优势度,增加了蒙古韭(Allium mongolicum)和碱韭的优势度。②不同放牧处理显著降低了灌丛和草本群落的盖度、高度以及灌丛群落的密度,消除了灌丛和草本群落之间盖度的差异(P> 0. 05)。中牧降低灌丛群落的Pielou均匀度指数,重牧降低灌丛群落的物种丰富度,灌丛和草本群落的其他多样性指数在放牧处理之间无显著差异(P> 0. 05)。除物种丰富度外,其他多样性指数在灌丛和草本群落之间差异显著(P <0. 05)。③不同放牧处理降低了灌丛和草本群落的地上生物量和凋落物量,导致灌丛和草本群落之间地上生物量的显著差异(P <0. 05)。④地上生物量与Simpson优势度指数负相关,与Shannon-Wienner多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数正相关;放牧处理下地上生物量与密度、物种丰富度正相关。放牧处理改变了荒漠草原植物群落组成、结构和功能,进而改变了群落结构和功能的重要关系。     

宁夏草原蝗虫多样性及其对环境因子的响应

为明确宁夏四类主要草原的蝗虫物种组成、多样性和对天敌、植被、土壤及其气候等生物和非生物因子的响应,2019-2020年在宁夏温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原和温性草原化荒漠四类草原对蝗虫及天敌物种进行了调查采集,通过物种数、个体数、多样性指数、优势度指数、丰富度指数及均匀性指数分析蝗虫、天敌和昆虫的多样性,并就草原蝗虫优势种和多样性对天敌、植被、土壤及气候等生物和非生物因子的响应进行分析。结果表明,共采集鉴定草原蝗虫和天敌个体数分别有743头和3592头,物种数分别有27种和24种;温性草原上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最多,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为23种和21种,数量分别为432头和1682头;温性草原化荒漠上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最少,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为8种和7种,数量分别为34头和132头。蝗虫优势种有白纹雏蝗Chorthippus albonemus、短星翅蝗Calliptamus abbreviatus和亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus三种,天敌优势种有直角通缘步甲Pterostichus gebleri、麻步甲Carabus brandti和短翅伪葬步甲Pseudotaphoxenus brevipennis三种。温性草原无论是在草原蝗虫群落中,还是整个昆虫和天敌群落中,其丰富度指数均显著高于其他三类草原;草原蝗虫多样性指数和丰富度指数与天敌多样性指数和丰富度指数间均存在极显著正相关关系,与天敌优势度指数间存在极显著负相关关系;短星翅蝗和亚洲小车蝗发生均与天敌直角通缘步甲呈显著正相关关系,白纹雏蝗与禾本科植被盖度、高度、生物量,菊科植被盖度、生物量、频度、高度、土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、海拔和降水量间均呈显著正相关关系,与土壤容重、pH、平均气温和最高气温间均呈极显著负相关关系。     

宁夏六盘山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶多样性调查

为明确宁夏六盘山国家自然保护区蝴蝶群落结构的多样性及其与季节变化特征的关系,采用样线法于2017年4—9月对该保护区内3种不同生境中的蝴蝶群落结构及其多样性时间动态进行调查,并对蝴蝶群落的多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数及优势度指数的变化进行分析。结果显示,在该保护区内共记录蝴蝶标本1 030号,隶属7科38属54种。在不同生境中,眼蝶科Satyridae为优势类群,相对多度为31.55%,绢蝶科Parnassiidae为稀有类群,相对多度为0.10%;蛱蝶科Nymphalidae蝴蝶群落的多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数均最高,分别为1.52、3.53和0.96;凤蝶科Papilionidae蝴蝶群落的优势度指数最高,为0.67;绢蝶科蝴蝶群落的丰富度指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数最低,均为0。在不同调查时间内,粉蝶科Pieridae蝴蝶群落的优势度指数和多样性指数均最高,分别为0.80和2.30;蛱蝶科蝴蝶群落的丰富度指数最高,为3.53;绢蝶科蝴蝶群落的均匀度指数最高,为1.00,但多样性指数、丰富度指数和优势度指数均最低,为0。6月记录到的蝴蝶个体数最多,为384只,9月记录到的个体数最少,仅21只。在物种的时间相似性方面,9月与其它各月的相似性最低,相似系数仅为0.13,处于极不相似水平;6月和7月的相似性最高,相似系数为0.57,处于中等相似水平,其它调查时间的相似性均处于中等不相似水平。表明不同生境和季节的蝴蝶优势种可以作为对生境状况进行评估的指示类群,生境差异性和干扰与蝴蝶群落的物种多样性密切相关,保护六盘山国家自然保护区植被的生境异质性和维持适度干扰是保护蝴蝶多样性的关键。     

微地形变化对沙质荒漠拟步甲科昆虫分布的影响

干旱荒漠微地形变化影响小尺度植被和土壤的分布特征,然而,如何影响拟步甲科昆虫分布的认识仍不够。以甘肃省临泽县绿洲边缘流动沙地(丘)为研究对象,采用样方法调查了丘间低地及沙丘不同部位拟步甲科昆虫的种类组成、数量及生境条件。研究发现:(1)丘间低地拟步甲科昆虫群落结构与沙丘不同并存在季节变化,5月丘间低地拟步甲科昆虫数量、多样性指数和鳖甲属昆虫数量显著高于沙丘,而8月仅有拟步甲科昆虫的数量在丘间低地显著高于沙丘;(2)5月沙丘迎风坡和背风坡拟步甲科昆虫的数量均高于坡顶,宽漠王属和东鳖甲属昆虫主要选择在沙丘迎风坡活动,而鳖甲属昆虫主要选择在沙丘背风坡活动;(3)灌木覆盖度是影响拟步甲科昆虫在丘间低地和沙丘间分布的主要环境因子,而土壤含水量是影响拟步甲科昆虫在沙丘不同部位分布的主要环境因子。总之,拟步甲科昆虫对沙丘微地形变化具有明显的选择性,而这种选择与不同拟步甲科昆虫的生理生态特征密切相关。     

天山云杉林草本层物种多样性及季节动态研究

在天山西部根据生境特点设置90个1m×1m草本样方,研究了天山云杉林草本植物的物种多样性季节动态。结果表明:共调查到162种草本植物,隶属于34科、110属。草本植物多样性季节变化明显,生长季内物种数、Gleason丰富度指数、Simpson和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均呈单峰型分布,即6、7月最高,4、9月最低。不同生境草本植物多样性变化明显,阴坡和林缘生境草本植物多样性最高,林冠干扰明显的生境中物种多样性最低。因此,草本植物多样性季节变化受微生境和人为干扰影响。     

白龙江林区云杉苗圃地下害虫及天敌昆虫群落结构

应用多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度和群落相似性指数对白龙江林区内不同生境下的云杉苗圃地下害虫及天敌昆虫的群落结构进行了研究。结果表明,3种生境下的云杉苗圃地下害虫优势种群明显,迭部安子沟苗圃以小云斑鳃金电、云杉树叶象、粗绿彩丽金龟为优势种;舟曲沙滩苗圃、白水江中路河苗圃以小云斑鳃金龟、云杉树叶象、蓝边矛丽金龟、大云斑鳃金龟为优势种。主要天敌有中华疱步甲、步甲。休闲1年后的苗圃地多样性指数、均匀度相对较大。     

漫溢补水干扰下骆驼刺+黑果枸杞群落的波动分析

以群落结构特征、物种多样性和优势种为群落波动的表征值,采用代表性样地法,对漫溢补水与非漫溢干扰下塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林中骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)+黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)群落的波动进行对比研究。结果表明:漫溢补水干扰下,骆驼刺+黑果枸杞群落物种组成变化明显,群落物种数和层片结构呈现增加趋势,群落结构由简单向复杂转化;群落物种多样性指数变化较大;物种丰富度和多样性增加,均匀度指数略有下降;群落中优势种的数量及种类发生改变,而黑果枸杞、盐生草(Halogeton glom eratus)和骆驼刺种群始终有较高的优势度。骆驼刺+黑果枸杞群落对人工漫溢补水这种植被修复措施发生了正向波动响应。     

新疆玉米种植区瓢虫资源调查及多样性分析

新疆特有天敌资源丰富，具有重要的开发潜力和利用前景。本文通过开展新疆这一特殊生态区内玉米田主要瓢虫资源的系统调查，旨在为该地区天敌资源的保护与利用提供科学指导。本文采用网捕法结合目测法探明新疆11个地州41个县/市/区玉米种植区瓢虫群落组成。共获得1503号瓢虫标本，隶属3亚科，13属，20种，其中多异瓢虫、深点食螨瓢虫等种类为新疆玉米种植区优势种瓢虫，团聚丽瓢虫为新疆新纪录种。各玉米种植区瓢虫资源种类及个体数量间存在显著差异，其中伊犁州伊宁县最为丰富，达11种，而阿克苏地区阿拉尔市瓢虫种类最少，仅为1种。瓢虫群落多样性分析表明，伊犁州的多样性、丰富度指数和均匀度指数较高，但优势度指数较低；巴音郭楞蒙古州的多样性指数最低，且均匀度指数较低，但优势度指数最高。相似性分析表明，地州间相似性程度较高，32个地州组相似性程度相对较高，相似性系数≥ 0.5，占58.2%，其中巴音郭楞蒙古州与和田地区，所采集瓢虫相似性系数最高（0.83）。新疆玉米田间瓢虫种类和数量整体较为丰富，自然控制能力较强，这为充分保护与利用当地天敌资源，促进绿色农业的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Shrub presence and shrub species effects on ground beetle assemblages (Carabidae,Curculionidae and Tenebrionidae) in a sandy desert,northwestern China

Shrub presence has an important effect on the structuring of ground beetles in desert ecosystems. In this study, in order to determine how shrubs and different species influence ground beetle assemblages in a sandy desert scrubland dominated by two different shrub species, namely Calligonum mongolicum and Nitraria sphaerocarpa, we sampled the ground beetles using pitfall traps during spring, summer and autumn in 2012. At the community level, the activity density of the ground beetles was shown to be significantly higher under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring; but an opposite pattern occurred in autumn, suggesting the presence of season-specific shrub effects on the activity density of the ground beetles. Meanwhile, at the trophic group level, the activity density and species richness of predators were significantly greater under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring, whereas an opposite trend occurred on the activity density in autumn. N. sphaerocarpa shrubs had a positive effect on the activity density of herbivores in the three seasons, and C. mongolicum shrubs had a positive effect on the activity density of detritivores in spring and autumn. At the species level, more Microdera sp. was captured under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring. During the same time, we also found that C. mongolicum shrubs had a positive effect on Blaps gobiensis in spring, Carabus sp. in autumn, and Tentyria sp. in spring and autumn, and N. sphaerocarpa shrubs had a positive effect on Cyphogenia chinensis, Sternoplax setosa in spring and summer, and Curculionidae sp. 1 in summer and autumn. The study results suggest that shrub presence, shrub species and season variation are important factors for ground beetle assemblages in this desert ecosystem, but the responses of beetles differed among trophic and taxonomic levels.     

Effects of shrub presence and shrub species on ground beetle assemblages (Carabidae,Curculionidae and Tenebrionidae) in a sandy desert,northwestern China

Shrub presence has an important effect on the structuring of ground beetles in desert ecosystems. In this study, in order to determine how shrubs and different species influence ground beetle assemblages in a sandy desert scrubland dominated by two different shrub species, namely Calligonum mongolicum and Nitraria sphaerocarpa, we sampled the ground beetles using pitfall traps during spring, summer and autumn in 2012. At the community level, the activity density of the ground beetles was shown to be significantly higher under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring; but an opposite pattern occurred in autumn, suggesting the presence of season-specific shrub effects on the activity density of the ground beetles. Meanwhile, at the trophic group level, the activity density and species richness of predators were significantly greater under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring, whereas an opposite trend occurred on the activity density in autumn. N. sphaerocarpa shrubs had a positive effect on the activity density of herbivores in the three seasons, and C. mongolicum shrubs had a positive effect on the activity density of detritivores in spring and autumn. At the species level, more Microdera sp. was captured under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring. During the same time, we also found that C. mongolicum shrubs had a positive effect on Blaps gobiensis in spring, Carabus sp. in autumn, and Tentyria sp. in spring and autumn, and N. sphaerocarpa shrubs had a positive effect on Cyphogenia chinensis, Sternoplax setosa in spring and summer, and Curculionidae sp. 1 in summer and autumn. The study results suggest that shrub presence, shrub species and season variation are important factors for ground beetle assemblages in this desert ecosystem, but the responses of beetles differed among trophic and taxonomic levels.     

贺兰山西坡草地植物多样性与其叶片C∶N∶P计量比的关系

植物生态化学计量学特征的地理学分布规律及其影响因素的研究是生态学研究的热点问题之一。以贺兰山西坡不同海拔高度7个群落为对象,研究群落物种多样性与植物叶片碳（C）[JP20]∶[JP]氮(N)[JP20]∶[JP]磷(P)计量特征的关系。结果表明：贺兰山低海拔区域,植物群落物种丰富度与群落植物叶片N[JP20]∶[JP]P及其变异系数间无显著相关关系,没有支持“群落植物叶片N[JP20]∶[JP]P介于14～16时,群落植物丰富度最高;N[JP20]∶[JP]P＜14或N[JP20]∶[JP]P＞16时,群落植物丰富度均较少”的模型,以及“群落植物丰富度与群落植物叶片N[JP20]∶[JP]P变异系数正相关”的假设。其原因在于所调查样地群落植物丰富度均较低,且各样地物种丰富度相对集中,梯度较小（9～16种）。     

巴丹吉林沙漠植被群落特征与土壤水分关系研究

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠周边及腹地进行野外调查采样,归纳出该区植被的生活型和群落类型,分析其植被多样性、优势度及均匀度指数,进而探讨该地区植被群落特征对土壤水分的响应。结果表明:(1)本次调查共记录到20科52属56种植物,分属于乔木、小乔木、灌木、小灌木、半灌木、草质藤本、多年生草本、一年生草本8类生活型,群落多以灌木和多年生草本植物为主,且多为沙漠旱生或超旱生多年生植物;(2)巴丹吉林沙漠群落整体生物多样性指数偏低,沙漠腹地湖泊周围物种丰富度和多样性指数相对较高,边缘地区较低,且灌木层在群落中占优势且分布均匀,草本层植被种类多样;(3)巴丹吉林沙漠土壤含水量普遍较低,超过61%的区域土壤含水量不足5%;土壤含水量与Simpson优势度指数(C)为极显著负相关,与Shannon-Winner多样性指数(H′)、Simpson多样性指数(D)、Alatato均匀度指数(Ea)均为极显著正相关,且Simpson优势度指数(C)、Shannon-Winner多样性指数(H′)、Simp?son多样性指数(D)对土壤水分的响应关系中均为立方函数拟合效果最好。     

Spatial pattern of plant species diversity and the influencing factors in a Gobi Desert within the Heihe River Basin,Northwest China

Understanding the spatial pattern of plant species diversity and the influencing factors has important implications for the conservation and management of ecosystem biodiversity. The transitional zone between biomes in desert ecosystems, however, has received little attention in that regard. In this study, we conducted a quantitative field survey(including 187 sampling plots) in a 40-km~2 study area to determine the spatial pattern of plant species diversity and analyze the influencing factors in a Gobi Desert within the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China. A total of 42 plant species belonging to 16 families and 39 genera were recorded. Shrub and semi-shrub species generally represented the major part of the plant communities(covering 90% of the land surface), while annual and perennial herbaceous species occupied a large proportion of the total recorded species(71%). Patrick richness index(R), Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H'), Simpson's dominance index(D), and Pielou's evenness index(J) were all moderately spatially variable, and the variability increased with increasing sampling area. The semivariograms for R and H' were best fitted with Gaussian models while the semivariograms for D and J were best fitted with exponential models. Nugget-to-still ratios indicated a moderate spatial autocorrelation for R, H', and D while a strong spatial autocorrelation was observed for J. The spatial patterns of R and H' were closely related to the geographic location within the study area, with lower values near the oasis and higher values near the mountains. However, there was an opposite trend for D. R, H', and D were significantly correlated with elevation, soil texture, bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and total porosity(P0.05). Generally speaking, locations at higher elevations tended to have higher species richness and diversity and the higher elevations were characterized by higher values in sand and gravel contents, bulk density, and saturated hydraulic conductivity and also by lower values in total porosity. Furthermore, spatial variability of plant species diversity was dependent on the sampling area.     

荒漠草原不同放牧制度群落多样性研究

在内蒙古苏尼特右旗荒漠草原,通过划区轮牧与自由放牧的比较试验,研究不同放牧制度下群落α多样性和β多样性。结果表明:①对照区、轮牧区和自由放牧区的植物种类丰富度和多样性均较前一年均有所增加,优势度指数除对照区有所增加,轮牧区和自由放牧区基本不变化;均匀度指数轮牧区和自由放牧区均略有下降。②物种丰富度指数与均匀度指数呈负相关,荒漠草原植物群落多样性更多地受丰富度的影响。③对照区、轮牧区和自由放牧区群落β多样性指数随取样面积增加而降低;荒漠草原在不放牧、自由放牧和划区轮牧下,轮牧区β多样性指数最高,其次为对照区和自由放牧区;④2004年轮牧区与自由放牧区的相似性系数为最高,其次为轮牧区与对照区;自由放牧区与对照区差异最大。到了2005年,除轮牧区与自由区的相似性系数降低外,轮牧区与对照区、自由区与对照区的相似性系数均有所增加。