基于GIS的锡尔河中游生态敏感性分析与评价

以锡尔河中游为研究区,选择高程、坡度、坡向、积温、降水、土地覆盖、植被覆盖度、水域缓冲区及土壤9个生态敏感性指标,构建锡尔河中游生态敏感性评价指标体系,结合层次分析法和GIS空间分析,研究锡尔河中游生态敏感性空间分布特征。结果表明:锡尔河中游生态敏感性总体上表现出中部高、四周低的空间分异特点。研究区生态敏感性分为极度敏感、高度敏感、中度敏感、轻度敏感和不敏感5个等级,各敏感区面积占总面积的4. 39%、10. 48%、29. 97%、31. 26%和23. 90%;研究区生态敏感性程度受植被覆盖度及水体因子影响较大,以恰尔达拉水库和锡尔河干流为代表的极度敏感区和高度敏感区生态系统敏感性最高;受气候因素影响显著,积温和降水因子导致生态敏感性程度具有一定方向性;土地覆盖类型和土壤类型的不同,造成锡尔河中游生态敏感性程度各异,生态敏感性较高的地区主要分布在水库和河流及周围地区,土地覆盖类型以农田用地为主,土壤类型以松软潜育土为主;锡尔河中游生态敏感性与高程、坡度因子呈正相关关系,与坡向呈南(坡向)高北(坡向)低的分布规律。综合评价结果以各敏感区面积叠加统计的形式成图,为锡尔河中游生态环境保护及土地开发利用提供参考。     

2000—2020年黄土高原NEP时空格局与驱动力

黄土高原是中国重要的生态屏障。在全球变化的背景下，黄土高原的碳收支平衡备受关注。本研究基于MOD17A3HGF数据，通过GSMSR模型、趋势分析、差异分析以及地理探测器等方法，分析2000—2020年黄土高原的碳源/汇特征，揭示2000—2020年该区域生态系统净生产力(NEP)的时空格局及其驱动因素。同时，将研究区按经度方向划分为西、中、东三个子区域，比较不同区域内驱动因素的差异性。结果表明：(1)近20 a黄土高原49.69%的区域从碳源向碳汇转变；NEP随时间波动上升，在东南部高于西北部，多年平均值为12 g C·m^-2·a^-1。(2)水分条件是影响NEP空间分布的主要自然因素，而土地利用类型则是影响NEP空间分布的主要人为因素；不同因子间的交互作用对NEP的影响普遍大于单个因子。(3)西、中、东三个子区域NEP的驱动因子存在明显的空间分异特征，中、西部地区受气候影响较多，以降水、湿度等水分条件为主；东部地区受地形、气候、人类活动等因素综合影响，其中，以土地利用类型为代表的人为干扰最强。     

胶莱平原县域表土有机碳空间变异特征研究及自相关分析

土壤有机碳是土地质量的重要指标，其含量多少直接影响土地生产力。胶莱平原是山东半岛重要的粮食产地，对其土壤有机碳空间变异的研究可以为区域农田土壤养分评估以及土地可持续利用管理提供参考。文中以胶莱平原典型县域腹地安丘市为研究区，综合运用变异函数和空间自相关分析方法，从土壤有机碳空间变异性、自相关性等角度揭示土壤有机碳的空间分布特征。结果表明，安丘市土壤有机碳含量均值为7.42g·kg^-1,处于中等水平；变异系数为37.47%,属于中等程度变异。土壤有机碳空间分布整体呈现西低东高的趋势，空间自相关分析显示该区域土壤有机碳空间分布具有聚集性，并非呈现随机分布特点。土壤有机碳在该地理空间上具有正相关性，以高值聚类和低值聚类为主，分别分布在东部冲积平原地带和西南山区。土壤有机碳与环境因子的灰色关联分析表明，土壤质地和人类活动是影响高值聚类区形成的主导因素，较低的NDVI是影响西南山区低值聚类的主导因素。研究结果为胶莱平原土壤资源管理和双碳战略实施提供重要的技术参考。     

2000-2010年黄河源区植被覆盖率时空变化及其影响因素

黄河源区是对环境变化敏感的重要冻土区,监测黄河源区内植被的动态变化,并分析其对相关环境影响因子的响应机制,对了解该区近年来冻土及水资源变化机理有着重要意义.基于2000-2010年的MOD44B植被盖度(Vegetation Continuous Field-MOD44B)产品对黄河源区内植被覆盖率的变化进行分段线性回归及趋势转折分析,从时间和空间角度揭示植被覆盖率的变化特征,探讨降水、坡度、高程等因素对植被覆盖率变化的影响,并选择主要影响因素建立模型对黄河源区内的植被覆盖率进行预测.结果表明:2000-2010年黄河源区内植被覆盖率呈现较强的纬度地带性,并在年际间表现出波动上升趋势;植被改善区域主要分布在扎陵湖和鄂陵湖以南地区,退化区域则主要分布在两湖以北,空间上存在明显的分界线;研究时间段的气温和降水均呈波动上升趋势,线性增长率分别为0.09℃·a-1和8.9 mm·a-1,整个区域内植被变化对于气温更加敏感.与植被改善区相比,植被退化区平均坡度和海拔更低,表明人类活动可能对植被退化产生了影响.     

基于NDVI的柴达木盆地植被空间分异规律及影响因素

利用1982-2006年的GIMMS/NDVI资料,分析柴达木盆地植被的空间分异规律,并结合盆地的地形、降水、水系、土地利用和植被分布图等资料,通过叠加分析,进一步研究了植被空间分异的影响因素。结果表明:柴达木盆地的植被覆盖总体偏低,由东南向西北呈明显的三层半环状结构;在局部地区由于河流、湖泊和地下水等水文条件的影响,上述半环状结构成非连续状态而形成突出亮斑和线状特征;柴达木盆地植被覆盖的影响因素主要包括降水、地表地下水文条件、海拔高度和人类活动4个方面;降水和海拔有一定的关联性,从总体上决定了盆地植被分布的基本格局;水体和人类活动对植被分布的作用主要体现在局部地区,并且往往打破降水和海拔作用下的植被分布格局。     

农牧交错区土地利用重心迁移研究——以河北省沽源县为例

基于Landsat TM数据和GIS技术，通过土地利用变化和重心迁移理论对农牧交错区河北省沽源县30多年土地利用的空间演变情况进行分析。结果表明：研究区农业用地和草地占主要地类，1980—2013年土地利用重心有明显迁移；农业用地重心向东北迁移，迁移距离为4 595.79 m；林地重心向东南方迁移，迁移距离为3 820.62 m；草地和建设用地重心向西北方迁移，迁移距离分别为5 294.75、1 220.91 m；水域重心迁移距离较小；未利用土地重心向西南方迁移，迁移距离为4 552.13 m。自然因素对沽源县土地利用空间变化起到一定的推动作用，政策推动等人类活动干扰则是主要驱动因素。     

变化环境中土壤盐渍化过程研究-以洮儿河中下游地区为例

变化环境中土壤盐渍化过程是流域内物质、能量和信息体系综合作用的结果。本文着重分析了影响土壤盐渍化过程的气候因子(蒸发、降水等)、土地利用/土地覆被动态变化及流域水文过程的演化,并借助ARC/INFO 8.3等软件支持分析了土壤盐渍化动态变化与水域、草地的空间关系。分析结果表明气候因子并不是近年来土壤盐渍化加重的主要驱动因子。人类无序的活动导致地表土地利用/土地覆被变化及其对地表水文过程调节造成中下游地区干旱化是近年来土壤盐渍化过程主要驱动因子。     

黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化特征及其剖面类型分析

通过主成分分析和Q型聚类方法,研究了黄河三角洲地区典型地块土壤盐渍化特征,并对该地区土壤盐分剖面构型的分类进行了探讨。结果表明:研究区土壤含盐量普遍较高,总体上盐分分布呈较强的表聚性和变异性;土壤积盐可由盐分含量、离子组成特征、碱化特征以及外源影响因子4个主成分来反映,其累计贡献率达86.21%。聚类分析结果表明,研究区土壤盐分剖面可以明显分为表聚型、底聚型和平均型3类,在数量上以表聚型和底聚型为主;其中表聚型分布于研究区东部和南部,底聚型分布在西部和西北部;不同盐分剖面类型反映了植被类型和土地利用方式的差异,人为农业措施是形成底聚型和平均型盐分剖面的最直接因素。该研究结果为黄河三角洲地区盐渍土地的分区、改良、管理以及合理利用提供了理论基础和实践依据。     

气候及土地利用变化对大通河源区水文要素空间分布的影响

水资源短缺已成为人类社会主要的资源环境问题，气候和土地利用变化使得水文要素的演变呈现出复杂性与不确定性，探讨变化情景下水文要素空间分布特征对区域经济社会可持续发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。基于1960—2019年大通河源区气象水文数据，通过模型模拟及情景分割方法定量分析了气候和土地利用变化情景下水文要素空间分布特征。结果表明：（1）SWAT模型经过校准与验证后，模型决定系数、纳什系数和百分比偏差（PBIAS）均达到模型要求，其在率定期内分别为0.81%、0.79%和-0.8%，在验证期内分别为0.81%、0.75%和15.8%，表明模型在大通河源区具有较好的适用性。（2）大通河源区各水文要素空间异质性明显，不能用单一的水文要素代表整体的空间分布情况；降水、潜在蒸散发与土壤含水量随海拔的升高而降低，地表径流与产水量随海拔的升高而增加。（3）3种情景下各水文要素的空间分布大体一致，产水量的空间分布受土地利用变化情景的影响比较大。气候变化情景使得实际蒸散发和土壤含水量呈现下降趋势，地表径流和产水量呈现增加趋势，土地利用变化情景下各水文要素的变化与之相反。     

新疆的土地资源评价问题

土地是地球陆地表面部分,它是地表某一地段的地质、地貌、气候、水文、土壤、植被等全部自然因素在内的自然综合体,也包括过去和现在人类活动对自然环境的作用在内。每个自然因素在整个自然地理环境之中以及工农业生产之中各有其重要作用,但是只有全部自然因素的综合才是最重要的。土地的性质也是取全部自然因素的综合特点,而不从属于其中任何一个独立因素。土地要比最广泛的土壤还要广泛得多。土壤从发生学观点看,它把气候、地形、母岩和生物看成它形成的环境因素,土地刚把这些因素,包括土壤在内,都看成是它本身的组成部分,称土地组成因素。     

Quantitative distinction of the relative actions of climate change and human activities on vegetation evolution in the Yellow River Basin of China during 1981-2019

Under the combined influence of climate change and human activities, vegetation ecosystem has undergone profound changes. It can be seen that there are obvious differences in the evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of vegetation ecosystem in different historical periods. Therefore, it is urgent to identify and reveal the dominant factors and their contribution rates in the vegetation change cycle. Based on the data of climate elements (sunshine hours, precipitation and temperature), human activities (population intensity and GDP intensity) and other natural factors (altitude, slope and aspect), this study explored the spatial and temporal evolution patterns of vegetation NDVI in the Yellow River Basin of China from 1989 to 2019 through a residual method, a trend analysis, and a gravity center model, and quantitatively distinguished the relative actions of climate change and human activities on vegetation evolution based on Geodetector model. The results showed that the spatial distribution of vegetation NDVI in the Yellow River Basin showed a decreasing trend from southeast to northwest. During 1981-2019, the temporal variation of vegetation NDVI showed an overall increasing trend. The gravity centers of average vegetation NDVI during the study period was distributed in Zhenyuan County, Gansu Province, and the center moved northeastwards from 1981 to 2019. During 1981-2000 and 2001-2019, the proportion of vegetation restoration areas promoted by the combined action of climate change and human activities was the largest. During the study period (1981-2019), the dominant factors influencing vegetation NDVI shifted from natural factors to human activities. These results could provide decision support for the protection and restoration of vegetation ecosystem in the Yellow River Basin.     

Spatial distribution of vegetation and the influencing factors in Qaidam Basin based on NDVI

The spatial distribution of vegetation in Qaidam Basin was analyzed using GIMMS(Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies) /NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data set from January 1982 to December 2006.Based on the data of precipitation,terrain,stream systems,land use and the map of vegetation distribution in Qaidam Basin,we studied the factors influencing the spatial distribution of vegetation.The results showed that the vegetation was generally low in Qaidam Basin and there was a clear semi-ring structure from southeast to northwest.In some areas,the existence of rivers,lakes and spring belts turned this semi-ring structure into a non-continuous state and formed distinct bright spots and continuous linear features.There were four main factors that affected the spatial distribution of vegetation coverage in Qaidam Basin,i.e.,precipitation,hydrological conditions,altitude and human activities.Precipitation and altitude have a correlation and determine the basic pattern of vegetation distribution in Qaidam Basin.The impacts of hydrological conditions and human activities were mainly embodied in partial areas,and often broke the pattern of vegetation distribution dominated by precipitation and altitude.     

黄河源头气候变化对生态环境的影响

利用黄河源头玛多、玛沁两个气象站1961～2010年50年逐月平均气温和降水量资料,采用Mann-Kendall等检验方法分析年和四季的气候特征及气候变化趋势,并对气候突变进行了检验。结果表明:近50年来黄河源头表现出气温升高、降水量呈微弱增加、地表蒸发量增大的变化趋势,并且在90年代后期变化趋势更加明显,这种气候变化趋势加速了黄河源头草地退化和沙化。     

汉江上游与黄河晋陕峡谷历史大洪水对比研究

对汉江上游与黄河中游晋陕峡谷公元1800a以来发生的大洪水事件进行统计与对比分析。结果表明:1)历史时期汉江上游大洪水发生频率高于晋陕峡谷。1920a以后,随着全球气候变暖,汉江上游和黄河中游大洪水都有发生频率增大、间隔年份缩短的趋势。2)受副高边缘到达时间差异的影响,汉江上游大洪水时间过程呈"M"型;晋陕峡谷大洪水时间过程呈"A"型。3)影响两地降水的环流形式相似,但水汽的主要来源有所不同。在汉江上游,水汽来源既有东南季风也有西南季风带来的暖湿气流;在黄河中游,东南季风带来的水汽是降水的主要来源。两地降水多少及大洪水的发生时间、强度与频次,受到东南季风、西南季风强弱及其组合情况的共同影响与控制。     

Ecosystem service values of gardens in the Yellow River Basin,China

Studies on the ecosystem service value(ESV)of gardens are critical for informing evidence-based land management practices based on an understanding of the local ecosystem.By analyzing equivalent value factors(EVFs),this paper evaluated the values of 11 ecosystem services of gardens in the Yellow River Basin of China in 2019.High-precision land use survey data were used to improve the accuracy of the land use classification,garden areas,and spatial distribution of the ESVs of gardens.The results showed that garden ecosystem generally had high ESVs,especially in terms of the ESV of food production,which is worthy of further research and application to the practice of land use planning and management.Specifically,the value of one standard EVF of ecosystem services in 2019 was 3587.04 CNY/(hm²·a),and the ESV of food production of gardens was much higher than that of croplands.Garden ecosystem provided an ESV of 1348.66×10⁸CNY/a in the Yellow River Basin.The areas with the most concentrated ESVs of gardens were located in four regions:downstream in the Shandong-Henan zone along the Yellow River,mid-stream in the Shanxi-Shaanxi zone along the Yellow River,the Weihe River Basin,and upstream in the Qinghai-Gansu-Ningxia-Inner Mongolia zone along the Yellow River.The spatial correlation of the ESVs in the basin was significant(global spatial autocorrelation index Moran's I=0.464),which implied that the characteristics of high ESVs adjacent to high ESVs and low ESVs adjacent to low ESVs are prominent.In the Yellow River Basin,the contribution of the ESVs of gardens to the local environment and economy varied across regions.We also put forward some suggestions for promoting the construction of ecological civilization in the Yellow River Basin.The findings of this study provide important contributions to the research of ecosystem service evaluation in the Yellow River Basin.     

塔里木河下游生态输水前后生态与环境的动态变化研究

早在4000年前的原社社会,塔里木河(以下简称塔河)下游绿色走廊已经形成。在近百年的历史中,前20年是绿色走廊的兴盛时期,自20世纪20年代中期以后,绿色走廊开始近代历史上的衰败过程,特别是近50年来塔里木河上中游的水土开发活动,使得下游地区的来水量骤减并中断有近30年的历史,从而引发了下游绿色走廊的逐步走向衰败、土地荒漠化趋势加剧等生态环境恶化问题。为了改善塔河下游地区的生态与环境、抑制土地退化的加剧、挽救濒临灭绝的下游天然植被,截止2005年11月共向该地区输水7次,断流30年的塔里木河下游完成了第四次应急输水后,大体达到维系下游生态的必须水量,输水使河道两侧植被生长状况发生明显改善,生物呈多样化变化。笔者在1998年5月,2002年10月和2004年5月三次对塔河中、下游地区进行实地考察获得了第一手资料,本文在前人研究的成果基础上和实地考察资料相结合,对塔里木河下游生态输水前后生态与环境的动态变化进行探讨。     

Application of the InVEST model for assessing water yield and its response to precipitation and land use in the Weihe River Basin,China

With realizing the importance of ecosystem services to society, the efforts to evaluate the ecosystem services have increased. As the largest tributary of the Yellow River, the Weihe River has been endowed with many ecological service functions. Among which, water yield can be a measure of local availability of water and an index for evaluating the conservation function of the region. This study aimed to explore the temporal and spatial variation of water yield and its influencing factors in the Weihe River Basin (WRB), and provide basis for formulating reasonable water resources utilization schemes. Based on the InVEST (integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs) model, this study simulated the water yield in the WRB from 1985 to 2019, and discussed the impacts of climatic factors and land use change on water yield by spatial autocorrelation analysis and scenario analysis methods. The results showed that there was a slight increasing trend in water yield in the WRB over the study period with the increasing rate of 4.84 mm/10a and an average depth of 83.14 mm. The main water-producing areas were concentrated along the mainstream of the Weihe River and in the southern basin. Changes in water yield were comprehensively affected by climate and underlying surface factors. Precipitation was the main factor affecting water yield, which was consistent with water yield in time. And there existed significant spatial agglomeration between water yield and precipitation. Land use had little impact on the amount of water yield, but had an impact on its spatial distribution. Water yield was higher in areas with wide distribution of construction land and grassland. Water yield of different land use types were different. Unused land showed the largest water yield capacity, whereas grassland and farmland contributed most to the total water yield. The increasing water yield in the basin indicates an enhanced water supply service function of the ecosystem. These results are of great significance to the water resources management of the WRB.     

黑河中游植被覆盖率变化趋势及其驱动因子分析

利用2002~2011年的黑河干流中游归一化值被指数数据获得植被覆盖率变化趋势,选取合适的NDVI阈值将整个区域划分为"绿洲区"和"荒漠区",并分别探讨了地下水埋深、中游耗水量及累积降水量对两种区域面积和植被覆盖率变化的影响。结果表明:黑河干流中游植被覆盖率整体呈增长趋势,由2002年的32%增长到了2011年的36%,对植被覆盖率增长贡献最大的因素为绿洲区扩张,10年间绿洲区面积占比增长了10%;影响绿洲扩张的主要因素为地下水位埋深和中游耗水量,绿洲区植被覆盖率变化较小,可忽略其影响。荒漠区植被覆盖率的变化主要受累积降水量影响。利用地下水位埋深、中游耗水量、累积降水量可预测区域植被覆盖率的变化趋势,区分人类活动和气候变化对区域植被覆盖率的影响是可行的。     

黄河源区气候变化及人为扰动的生态响应

利用黄河源区1959-1999年的气象和水文资料,分析了该区气温、蒸发量、风速、降水量、径流量以及多年冻土的演变规律,揭示了源区对气候变化和人为扰动的生态响应趋势。研究表明:近40年黄河源区气温升温趋势明显,源区升温高达0.58℃/10 a,成为全国升温最高的地区,但气温的升高并没有引起蒸发量的总体上升,反而有所下降,蒸发量下降可能与风速下降有关;气温的升高导致多年冻土层变薄植被失去保护,地表蒸发增强,同时冻土层上限下移,径流量也受到影响;降水有所减少,但其变化趋势并不是十分明显,这与西北地区整体的降水规律有着较为明显的不同,显示出黄河源区的独特的地域性;降雨量与径流量的变化趋势基本一致。气候变化和人为扰动共同造成了草原退化、水土流失加剧、自然灾害频发、冰川萎缩、冻土退化、水体减少等生态问题,气候变化是造成黄河源区生态退化和破坏的根本原因,大规模生态移民可能是保护黄河源区生态的根本办法。     

Responses of vegetation cover to the Grain for Green Program and their driving forces in the He-Long region of the middle reaches of the Yellow River

The implementation of the Grain for Green Program is a great breakthrough in the history of China's ecological environment construction,which can control soil erosion effectively,increase land productivity and improve the ecological environment.To investigate the eco-environmental benefits brought by the Grain for Green Program,the spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover in the growing season from 2000 to 2010 across the Hekou-Longmen(He-Long) region were analyzed by using remote sensing information,meteorological data and land use data.Moreover,the impacts of climate and human activities on vegetation change were evaluated objectively.Annual vegetation cover in the growing season increased very significantly.Increased vegetation cover occurred in 98.7% of the region,of which the area for vegetation cover improved slightly constituted 79.8% of the whole area.Vegetation moderately improved was mainly distributed in the south of the He-Long region,covering 9.6% of the area,and the area for vegetation basically unchanged concentrated in the middle and upper reaches of the Wuding River.Precipitation was found to be an important natural factor influencing vegetation cover change.The area of vegetation cover showing a significantly positive correlation with precipitation occupied 22.14% of the region.As driven by policies from the Grain for Green Program,forestland increased significantly and land use structure became more intensive.Human activities played a positive and effective role in the protection,restoration and improvement of vegetation in the places where vegetation cover was basically unchanged,even though precipitation declined greatly,and vegetation improved moderately with massive increases of forestland and grassland.