Wilt and root rot of poinsettia caused by three high-temperature-tolerant Pythium species in ebb-and-flow irrigation systems

Poinsettia plants growing in ebb-and-flow irrigation systems developed wilting and root rot during the summer growing seasons of 2010 in Gifu Prefecture and 2011 in Aichi Prefecture. Pythium species were isolated from roots with rot symptoms. The isolates were identified as P. helicoides and P. myriotylum on the basis of morphological characteristics and sequence homologies in the rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions. In pathogenicity tests, these isolates caused severe wilting and root rot. This is the first report of poinsettia root rot disease caused by P. helicoides and P. myriotylum, although P. aphanidermatum was reported as a pathogen of poinsettia root rot. To better understand these diseases, we performed an epidemiological study of three high-temperature-tolerant Pythium species, P. aphanidermatum, P. helicoides and P. myriotylum. Disease incidence as a percentage of diseased plants was greatest at 35 °C for all three species. Disease severity using the rating scale of root rot was also highest at 35 °C, particularly with high zoospore inoculum densities (100.0 zoospores/mL). Although the disease incidence and severity were reduced at lower temperatures, the three Pythium species were able to cause disease at temperatures as low as 20 °C.     

草莓丝核菌根腐病的病原菌鉴定

 由丝核菌引起的根腐病是草莓生产上的重要病害之一。本研究基于形态学、菌丝细胞核荧光染色、菌丝融合群测定、rDNA-ITS序列分析和柯赫氏法则验证,对北京地区引起草莓根腐病的丝核菌进行了鉴定。2014年从北京市昌平区温室草莓根腐病病样中分离纯化获得的3个代表菌株,经形态学和细胞核荧光染色,确定均为双核丝核菌(binucleate Rhizoctonia, BNR),且与双核丝核菌AG-A融合群菌株发生菌丝融合,菌株CP-Z的rDNA-ITS序列与GenBank中丝核菌属的有性型角担菌属(Ceratobasidium)AG-A融合群 4个菌株的相似性达100%。菌株CP-Z接种草莓根部,引起根系变黑、腐烂,植株死亡,从接种发病的根部可重新分离到双核丝核菌。双核丝核菌AG-A融合群引起草莓根腐病为国内首次报道。该病原菌菌丝生长适温为25℃~28℃。     

Gnomonia fragariae, a Cause of Strawberry Root Rot and Petiole Blight

Gnomonia fragariae has been occasionally listed among the fungi associated with diseased strawberry plants. However its pathogenicity has not been established. During the investigation on strawberry decline in Latvia and Sweden, a fungus was repeatedly recovered from discoloured root and crown tissues of severely stunted plants. Attempts to induce sporulation of the isolates grown on several agar media resulted in the formation of mature ascomata only on potato carrot agar and oatmeal agar. On morphological grounds and comparisons with reference herbarium specimens these isolates were identified as Gnomonia fragariae. The pathogenicity of the fungus was evaluated initially in the detached leaf assay and subsequently in three bioassays on strawberry plants. All the bioassays showed that G. fragariae was pathogenic on strawberry and capable of causing severe root rot and petiole blight. The symptoms that developed in the greenhouse experiments closely resembled those observed in the fields. The fungus did not cause rapid plant death but growth and development of inoculated strawberry plants was severely affected. To our knowledge this is the first time when pathogenicity of G. fragariae as a root rot pathogen has been clearly established. Our study shows that G. fragariae is one of the serious pathogens involved in the root rot complex of strawberry in Latvia and Sweden.     

Heat shock-induced resistance in strawberry against crown rot fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

This present study investigated the effects of heat shock treatments in strawberry seedlings against crown rot caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Heat shock treatment at 50 °C for 20 s reduced the disease index of strawberry crown rot and increased chitinase 2-1 gene expression as well as free salycilic acid accumulation. Heat shock treatment did not reduce mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides. BIT(2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one,1,1-dioxide) treatment could not protect strawberry seedlings against crown rot disease. This finding suggests that heat shock induces strawberry resistance against Colletotrichum crown rot and assumes that mechanisms other than SAR probably mediated the protective effect of heat shock-induced resistance.     

Pathogenicity and genetic variation of Phytophthora cactorum from silver birch and strawberry

Phytophthora cactorum strains isolated from necrotic stem lesions on Betula pendula seedlings or from Fragaria ananassa plants suffering from crown rot were pathogenic to their host plants. Only isolates from birch caused clear lesions on non-wounded bark of birch. P. cactorum isolates from birch were not detrimental to strawberry. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed variation within P. cactorum, isolates from silver birch having different banding patterns than those from strawberry. UPGMA analysis clustered isolates from silver birch and strawberry plants into separate groups. The data show that the recent outbreak in Finland of P. cactorum in birch could not be caused by the import of strawberry plants affected by crown rot.     

Infection and colonization of strawberry by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gnomonia fragariae</Emphasis> strain expressing green fluorescent protein

Gnomonia fragariae is a poorly studied ascomycete, which was recently demonstrated to be a cause of severe root rot and petiole blight of strawberry. The pathogen was genetically transformed with the GFP as a vital marker and hygromycin resistance gene. Several stable transformants were obtained, which did not differ in their phenotype from the wild type isolate. Using one of the GFP-tagged isolates the infection process and colonization of roots and petioles of host plant by the pathogen were studied. Fluorescence microscopy examinations of the inoculated plants at different time points showed that plant infection occurs 24 h after inoculation and intensively continues during first 3 days. The specific penetration sites on epidermal cells and preferences in colonization for certain root and petiole tissues were observed. The pathogen intensively colonized and destroyed cortex of roots and petioles and spread rapidly longitudinally within intercellular spaces. The petioles were colonized by the hyphae, which grew mostly in the intracellular spaces of the cortical cells while in the roots the intracellular growth of hyphae occurred only in the later stages of infection. The fungus was also capable to infect the vascular tissues of petioles although these were not the primary tissues colonized by the pathogen. The mature ascomata were formed on the infected petiole bases several weeks after the inoculation. This study presents a genetic transformation method for Gnomonia fragariae and it demonstrates details on infection process and colonization of root, crown and petiole tissues of strawberry by the pathogen.     

Characterization of isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. associated with strawberry black root rot complex using fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles

Black root rot is an important disease of strawberry caused by a complex of fungi that includes species of Rhizoctonia. In this study, a modified MIDI method (Microbial Identification System) was investigated for its utility to differentiate isolates of the three different anastomosis groups (AGs) of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp., associated with strawberry black root rot complex representing AG-A, AG-G, and AG-I. A total of 11 fatty acids were detected, and the FAME profiles for isolates of the three different AGs of Rhizoctonia spp. varied quantitatively and qualitatively. Moreover, the modified MIDI method will be a useful discriminatory tool for fungal identification and classification of the AGs of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. associated with strawberry black root rot complex.     

草莓根腐病的Dactylonectria病原菌鉴定

<正>0引言草莓(Fragaria×ananassa Duch．)为蔷薇科草莓属多年生草本植物^[1],是北京市特色优势果品之一,为北京农民增收,区县经济发展,发挥了重要作用。引起草莓根腐病的病原菌种类众多,是较难防治的草莓病害。据报道,引起草莓根腐病常见的病原菌有镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum)、疫霉属(Phytophthora)和丝核菌属(Rhizoctonia)^[1]。     

Evaluation of benomyl and thiophanate-methyl for the control of Verticillium wilt of strawberry in the Netherlands

In pot experiments the fungicides benomyl and thiophanate-methyl controlledVerticillium wilt of strawberry when applied as a soil drench after planting. Both compounds were ineffective as foliar sprays and as root dips prior to planting. Soil drenches applied to commercially grown runner plants in the waiting field (August) and to the same plants in the greenhouse (December or January) increased the yield. On infested ground, a soil drench with thiophanate-methyl promoted the occurrence of crown rot caused byPhytophthora cactorum.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pythium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora</Emphasis> species associated with root and stem rots of kalanchoe

Pythium and Phytophthora species were isolated from kalanchoe plants with root and stem rots. Phytophthora isolates were identified as Phytophthora nicotianae on the basis of morphological characteristics and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the rDNA-internal transcribed spacer regions. Similarly, the Pythium isolates were identified as Pythium myriotylum and Pythium helicoides. In pathogenicity tests, isolates of the three species caused root and stem rots. Disease severity caused by the Pythium spp. and Ph. nicotianae was the greatest at 35°–40°C and 30°–40°C, respectively. Ph. nicotianae induced stem rot at two different relative humidities (60% and >95%) at 30°C. P. myriotylum and P. helicoides caused root and stem rots at high humidity (>95%), but only root rot at low humidity (60%).     

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici races and their genetic discrimination by molecular markers in West Mediterranean region of Turkey

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) races and F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici (FORL), the causal agents of root rot and crown rot diseases, respectively, cause serious economic losses in tomato greenhouses where production is intensive in the West Mediterranean region of Turkey. The isolates were collected from West Mediterranean region of Turkey and were characterized by specific primers based on three races (r1, r2, r3), besides pathogenicity tests in in vivo conditions Additionally, a scheme was developed using newly tested ISSR and SRAP markers to a genotyping database and to determine the possible origin of these pathogens. The present study provided new information on these pathogens based on their races and their dominant existence in this region that has not been reported before. Genetic diversity detected in the same races of the pathogen may be associated with difficulties in controlling the pathogen and a possible resistance formation effort exerted by the pathogen to chemicals used in plant protection in tomato greenhouses. Molecular analyses indicated genetic diversity in pathogen isolates identified as r3, r2 and FORL, which may be associated with abiotic stress to which the pathogens were exposed.     

草莓根腐病防控生物药剂筛选与田间防治效果验证

草莓根腐病是陕西关中地区草莓生产中的主要病害之一。采用组织分离法对引起草莓根腐病的病原菌进行分离,通过形态学和分子生物学的方法鉴定其为茄腐镰刀菌Fusarium solani和尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了4种植物源农药对上述两种镰刀菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,1.5%苦参 ? 蛇床子素水剂(AS)对尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌活性最强,EC₅₀值为2.7 μg/mL,0.3%苦参碱乳油(EC)对茄腐镰刀菌的抑菌活性最强,EC₅₀值为4.5 μg/mL。选择室内抑菌活性较高的3种植物源杀菌剂和3种微生物菌剂 (枯草芽孢杆菌、多粘类芽孢杆菌和哈茨木霉菌) 为供试药剂进行田间试验,发现1000亿芽孢/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂(WP) 600倍液对草莓根腐病的防治效果最好,达69.25%,10亿芽孢/g多粘类芽孢杆菌 WP 800倍液、1.5%苦参 ? 蛇床子素 AS 700倍液、2亿芽孢/g哈茨木霉菌 WP 200倍液防治效果分别为63.14%、62.84%和59.74%。因此推荐使用枯草芽孢杆菌 WP、多粘类芽孢杆菌 WP、苦参 ? 蛇床子素 AS 和哈茨木霉菌 WP 作为草莓根腐病的田间防治药剂。     

草莓红叶根腐病病原菌分离与鉴定

0 引言 近年来,在草莓'甜查理'等品种上出现一种新病害,发病初期表现为叶片红色,后期全株萎蔫.2019年课题组对采自江苏省徐州市贾汪区的草莓红叶病样进行分离,初步鉴定为类拟盘多毛孢真菌.经与国内已报道危害草莓的类拟盘多毛孢真菌Neopestalotiopsis clavispora[1-5]比较,结果发现课题组分离的...     

Crown rot caused by Phytophthora cactorum in Norwegian strawberry production

Crown rot of strawberry, caused by Phytophthora cactorum , was detected for the first time in Norway in 1992. This paper reports on surveys for P. cactorum in Norwegian certified strawberry plant production and on the distribution of the pathogen in regular strawberry production. In 1996 and 1997, samples of plant material from all certified strawberry plant growers in the country were investigated by isolation on artificial growth medium and using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). P. cactorum was not detected in any of the samples. A total of 171 isolations from plants with symptoms resembling crown rot were made from plants in a survey of the distribution of Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae and from other samples. P. cactorum was detected at 35 different strawberry-producing farms in 11 of the 19 counties of Norway. The fungus was most frequently isolated from cv. Korona (at 18 locations), followed by cv. Inga (at 10 locations).     

Two new species,Phytophthora nagaii sp. nov. and P. fragariaefolia sp. nov., causing serious diseases on rose and strawberry plants,respectively, in Japan

A new disease of rose was noticed in Chiba Prefecture of Japan in 1968, and the pathogen was initially identified as Phytophthora megasperma based on morphological characteristics. Similar Phytophthora isolates have since been collected from rose plants in Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka Prefectures. In 2005, several Phytophthora isolates were recovered from crowns of strawberry plants in Hokkaido Prefecture. These were considered to be members of a new species. In this study, we re-examined all these isolates using morphological and physiological studies and a multilocus phylogenetic analysis. The rose and strawberry isolates were mostly similar morphologically and physiologically, with some exceptions. The rose isolates differed significantly from P. megasperma sensu stricto and other related Phytophthora species. The rose and strawberry isolates had external proliferation of sporangia, characteristic funnel-shaped oogonia, predominantly paragynous antheridia, and fast growth rates of 10.5 mm/24 h at an optimum temperature of 28 °C. In the multilocus phylogenetic tree constructed using sequences from the rDNA ITS regions, rDNA LSU, and the translation elongation factor 1-α, β-tubulin and coxI genes, they formed a distinct monophyletic group in clade 7 with strong bootstrap support. The rose and strawberry isolates separated into two distinct groups. The results indicate that the rose and strawberry isolates constitute two separate species, designated here as Phytophthora nagaii and P. fragariaefolia.     

云南葡萄产区葡萄炭疽病病原鉴定及致病力分析

为了明确引起云南葡萄产区炭疽病的病原种类,利用形态鉴定和特异性引物分子检测相结合的方法对从云南省主要葡萄产区采集的60株炭疽病菌菌株进行了鉴定。葡萄炭疽病菌菌株的菌落形态和生长速率与对照菌株尖孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum acutatum差异不明显,但其分生孢子大小显著小于尖孢炭疽菌,附着胞深褐色,球形或不规则形。胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides特异性引物CgInt/ITS4从供试葡萄炭疽病菌菌株基因组DNA中扩增出1条约500 bp的特异性条带,而尖孢炭疽菌特异性引物CaInt2/ITS4对葡萄炭疽病菌无扩增条带。研究表明,引起云南葡萄主产区炭疽病的病原为胶孢炭疽菌;供试胶孢炭疽菌对红提葡萄均有致病力,但菌株致病力差异较大,对番茄和草莓存在交叉侵染的能力,且对多菌灵的敏感性较尖孢炭疽菌高。     

Phenotypic and genetic characterization of Colletotrichum isolates from Belgian strawberry fields

Colletotrichum isolates (457) were collected from strawberry plant tissues with and without typical anthracnose symptoms and from symptomless weeds in 19 Belgian strawberry fields. The isolates were characterized based on genetic, morphological and pathological features. Isolates were classified according to rDNA‐ITS sequencing: 97% of 211 representative isolates were C. acutatum, 2%C. gloeosporioides and 1%C. coccodes. The C. acutatum isolates belonged to the intraspecific groups A2 (33%), A3 (5%), A4 (50%), A5 (3%) and A7 (6%). Differences in spore morphology, growth rate and colony colour of a selection of 146 isolates confirmed the genetic grouping. Multiple Colletotrichum genotypes were detected in the same field. There was no association between the most common genotypes and geographic origin, presence or absence of symptoms, nor plant species or plant part. Representative Belgian Colletotrichum isolates were used in pathogenicity tests, together with European and American reference isolates. The C. acutatum A2 and the Belgian C. gloeosporioides isolates were the most aggressive on fruits, followed by C. acutatum A3, A4, A5, A7 and C. coccodes isolates. When inoculated into crowns, C. acutatum A2, A5 and American C. gloeosporioides isolates were the most aggressive, followed by C. acutatum A3 isolates. The A4 and A7 isolates and all European C. gloeosporioides isolates were non‐pathogenic on crowns. These data indicate that an unusually diverse Colletotrichum population is present in Belgium. The traditional differentiation between C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides as causal agents of fruit and crown rot, respectively, proved not to be valid in Belgian strawberry fields.     

Molecular genetic variability of Italian binucleate <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizoctonia</Emphasis> spp. isolates from strawberry

Fifty-eight binucleate Rhizoctonia isolates were collected over six years from strawberry plants displaying symptoms of black root rot in Italy. Almost all isolates were able to produce necrosis on strawberry roots, most of them also showed this ability on faba bean and, with lower frequency, on a crucifer and a cereal crop used in rotation with strawberry in Italy. The sequence alignment of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions of 51 binucleate Rhizoctonia were analyzed and compared with a set of eight sequences representative of Rhizoctonia isolate Anastomosis Groups (AG) already found to be pathogenic on strawberry (AG-A, AG-G, AG-I and AG-F). The neighbour-joining tree, based on ITS region sequences, divided Italian strawberry Rhizoctonia isolates into two main clusters corresponding to AG-A and AG-G. The results were confirmed by hyphal anastomosis tests. The clustering obtained with the phylogenetic tree was also confirmed using PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism of 28S rDNA to compare some isolates, defined as AG-A and AG-G on the basis of ITS region sequence analysis, with representative AG isolates pathogenic on strawberry. The AG-A and AG-G Rhizoctonia spp. were widespread in Italian strawberry-growing areas, although with different relative frequencies: AG-G was most frequent in northern (latitude 44°N) and AG-A in southern (latitude 39–40°N) Italy. Analysis of MOlecular VAriance, based on geographic location, showed that Rhizoctonia molecular variations between northern and southern Italy accounted for 36.6% of the total, but most of the variations (61%) occurred within each of the four geographical regions from where the isolates originated.     

新疆加工番茄腐霉根腐病病原鉴定及其rDNA的ITS区段分析

为了明确新疆加工番茄根腐病的病原种类,从成苗期到果实成熟期对各主栽区的病原物进行分离,并进行形态学鉴定和ITS序列分析.结果表明,从162个根腐病样中获得120个分离物,其中腐霉菌93株,占总分离物的77.5%.腐霉菌分离物鉴定为3个种,瓜果腐霉Pythium aphani-dermatum(Edson)Fitzp,56株,占腐霉分离物的60.22%;简囊腐霉P.monospermum Pringsheim,6株,占6.45%;棘腐霉P.acanthicum Drechsler,2株,占2.15%;另有29个分离物因未诱发出雄器和藏卵器而无法鉴定到种.     

我国对草莓炭疽根腐病的重视程度亟待提高

草莓炭疽根腐病是近年来发生较为普遍和严重的草莓病害,但对该病害的认识不足甚至存在误区。本文介绍了草莓炭疽根腐病与草莓红中柱根腐病在症状表现、病原菌种类及用药策略上的不同,并指出了国内草莓炭疽病发生和危害的特点,勿将炭疽根腐病误认为是红中柱根腐病。