入侵安徽省草地贪夜蛾的遗传分析

2019年5月17日在安徽省黄山市黄山区发现草地贪夜蛾为害春玉米,首次证实草地贪夜蛾入侵安徽。本研究采集安徽省7市13县(区)草地贪夜蛾样本共167份,利用线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ基因(cytochrome c oxidase subunitⅠ,COⅠ),以及位于Z染色体上的磷酸甘油醛异构酶基因(triose-phosphate isomerase,Tpi)两个分子标记对样品的群体遗传特征进行分析。基于线粒体COⅠ基因分析结果显示,安徽省草地贪夜蛾样本中86.23%是水稻型,13.77%是玉米型,而且安徽地区样品COⅠ序列特征与美国佛罗里达州种群高度一致。针对水稻型和玉米型的Tpi基因序列10个差异单倍型位点进行分析,发现安徽草地贪夜蛾样品Tpi基因的第3和4位差异单倍型位点有3种不同类型。其中118个样本为玉米型(AT),20个样本为水稻型(GA),29个样本为杂合型(AT/GA),但根据差异单倍型位点的数量判断,所有样品仍属于玉米型。草地贪夜蛾在原产地的多种寄主,如玉米、水稻、大豆、棉花等,在安徽省均有种植,该虫对安徽省粮食生产构成巨大安全隐患。     

入侵福建的草地贪夜蛾的分子鉴定

草地贪夜蛾是世界粮农组织预警的重大迁飞性害虫。2019年1月被发现入侵我国,并迅速在我国扩散蔓延,在我国玉米种植区造成重大经济损失。本文利用线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I(C OⅠ)和位于Z染色体上的磷酸丙糖异构酶(Tpi)基因的分子标记对采集于福建地区的84份草地贪夜蛾进行群体遗传特征分析,结果显示,基于C OⅠ仅在南平邵武和南平建阳两个地区鉴定到3份玉米型,其他81份均为水稻型;基于Tpi基因的检测结果,84份样品在174和175碱基处存在"AT""GA"或"AT/GA"3种不同类型,但均为玉米型。福建省为亚热带季风气候区,玉米终年都有种植,草地贪夜蛾可在该省越冬,本研究基于C OⅠ和Tpi两个基因片段的分子标记进行草地贪夜蛾两种亚型的分子鉴定,为热带与南亚热带地区草地贪夜蛾的迁入迁出虫源监测预警提供了依据,为该入侵害虫遗传溯源积累了前期数据。     

入侵云南草地贪夜蛾的分子鉴定

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E. Smith)是一种原产于美洲热带和亚热带地区的重要农业入侵害虫,目前已从缅甸进入我国云南西南部地区,且呈现蔓延之势。对入侵物种快速准确鉴定是早期预警和监测预防的关键。本研究采用分子标记手段,对采自云南5个县(市)的83份样品进行鉴定,通过PCR扩增细胞色素C氧化酶第Ⅰ亚基(COⅠ)和磷酸甘油醛异构酶(Tpi)两个基因片段并进行序列测定分析。结果表明,基于COⅠ基因片段的序列比对能够对草地贪夜蛾进行准确的物种鉴定,并且能够对其近源种甜菜夜蛾等进行鉴定。基于Tpi基因序列的特异单倍型位点比较分析,确认入侵我国的草地贪夜蛾均为"玉米型"。该研究为草地贪夜蛾的快速识别提供了方法支持,同时为进一步的虫源地解析和遗传溯源积累了宝贵的前期数据。     

海南草地贪夜蛾生物型鉴定与分析

海南是草地贪夜蛾北迁虫源的重要越冬基地。为监测分析其入侵海南的种群生物型,采用COⅠ和Tpi两种分子标记及碳稳定同位素测定方法,对2020—2022年三亚、海口、儋州高空测报灯诱集的草地贪夜蛾样品进行生物型分析。结果表明,基于COⅠ基因序列比对草地贪夜蛾水稻型占52.08%,玉米型占47.92%;基于Tpi基因第四外显子g Tpi183Y位点鉴定均为玉米型,且g Tpi192Y和g Tpi198Y位点将玉米型分为了3个亚型：Tpi-Ca1 （占比47.73%）、Tpi-Ca2（占比11.36%）、Tpi-Ca1/Ca2（占比40.91%）;碳稳定同位素结果显示2020—2022年草地贪夜蛾取食C4（玉米）植物比例分别为42.86%、57.89%、58.34%,同时取食C3（水稻）、C4植物比例分别为57.14%、42.11%、33.33%,而取食C3植物只有2022年8.33%的样本。本研究有助于跟踪监测草地贪夜蛾在海南的生物型情况,为精准监测和早期预警提供参考。     

北京等地区草地贪夜蛾种群生物型鉴定

为明确草地贪夜蛾[Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith)]寄主生物型,对该虫进行精准监测及防控,采用分子标记方法,对采集于13省(市)29市(区)的83个草地贪夜蛾样本分别进行了COⅠ和Tpi基因片段的扩增和序列比对,以鉴定其寄主种群分化。COⅠ基因序列比对结果显示,草地贪夜蛾水稻型占82%,玉米型占18%;Tpi基因的e4_(183)位点仅北京顺义的1个样本为玉米水稻杂合型,其余均为玉米型。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾是杂合群体,虫源为非单一性。目前以玉米型为主,但有进行水稻型分化的风险,可能对水稻生产造成威胁。     

安徽发现草地贪夜蛾为害水稻秧苗

2021年7月21日, 在安徽省无为市陡沟社区霞秀家庭农场育秧田发现草地贪夜蛾为害育秧盘中水稻秧苗, 平均有虫秧盘率为7.64%, 平均幼虫量3.2头/盘, 虫龄多为5~6龄, 部分3~4龄, 有虫秧盘水稻秧苗的平均被害率为18.52%?幼虫为害叶片造成半透明天窗?孔洞?缺刻?干尖等为害状, 亦有秧苗茎秆从基部被咬断?将从无为水稻秧苗及分别从黄山?东至和石台玉米上采集的草地贪夜蛾幼虫共54头进行生物型鉴定?根据COⅠ基因序列比对结果发现, 在所有采集的草地贪夜蛾样本中, “玉米型”和“水稻型”的比例分别为48.15%和51.85%; 而从无为水稻秧苗上采集的草地贪夜蛾样本, 90.00%为“玉米型”, 仅有10.00%为“水稻型”?针对Tpi基因“玉米型”和“水稻型”的差异单倍型位点进行比对, 发现本次采集的草地贪夜蛾样本Tpi基因第174位和第175位差异单倍型位点存在3种类型, 但根据生物型分型标准所有样品均为“玉米型”?     

不同玉米品种对草地贪夜蛾抗性的评估及其在防治中的应用前景

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)是今年入侵我国的农业害虫,对我国的玉米等主要粮食作物产生了重要威胁。在草地贪夜蛾有可能成为我国新的长期粮食害虫的背景下,评测不同玉米品种对草地贪夜蛾的抗性,以确定潜在的高抗性品种,对后续培育抗虫品种有重要的指导意义。由于草地贪夜蛾原产于美洲热带及亚热带地区,且玉米的原产地与种内多样性也主要存在于美洲地区,因此以往大部分玉米品种抗虫性评测研究也主要集中于国外。本文汇总了近年来不同玉米品种对草地贪夜蛾抗性的评估结果,简单介绍了关于玉米对草地贪夜蛾抗性机制的研究进展,并结合玉米抗虫研究的经验及国内玉米遗传多样性研究的现状,提出了充分结合玉米种内多样性与多组学数据分析的研究方法,从而快速确定抗性相关的遗传位点与基因,用于现有高产优良玉米杂交品系对草地贪夜蛾抗性的改良。     

草地贪夜蛾迁飞行为与监测技术研究进展

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda原产于美洲的热带和亚热带地区,广泛分布于美洲大陆。2016年入侵到非洲,迅速蔓延到撒哈拉以南的整个区域。2018年入侵到印度。联合国粮农组织(FAO)发出警告,草地贪夜蛾很有可能从印度蔓延到东南亚及中国南部为主的亚洲地区。为掌握草地贪夜蛾在国外的发生与迁飞为害规律,加强我国对草地贪夜蛾的入侵控制和监测预警,本文综述了草地贪夜蛾在美国、加勒比海国家、墨西哥以及非洲国家的迁飞行为规律、性诱剂、灯光诱捕以及迁飞路径的分子鉴定等监测预警技术的研究进展,从而为我国植保人员对该虫的监测提供技术指导。针对草地贪夜蛾在世界范围内的迁飞规律和入侵特点,结合我国农作物种植结构以及气候特点,提出加强对草地贪夜蛾的监测与检疫的建议。     

入侵云南草地贪夜蛾种群对5种常用Bt蛋白的敏感性评价

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是原分布于美洲大陆热带和亚热带地区的一种重要玉米害虫。在当地,种植抗虫转基因玉米是防控草地贪夜蛾危害的主要手段。该虫于2019年1月入侵我国云南省,为明确入侵我国云南的草地贪夜蛾种群对常用Bt蛋白的敏感性水平,本文通过饲料表面涂抹法测定了瑞丽草地贪夜蛾幼虫对Cry1Ab、Cry1Ac、Cry1F、Cry2Ab以及Vip3A等5种Bt蛋白的敏感性。结果表明:几种常用Bt蛋白对瑞丽草地贪夜蛾致死作用顺序为Vip3ACry1AbCry1FCry2AbCry1Ac,对草地贪夜蛾抑制生长发育的顺序为Cry1AbCry1FVip3ACry1AcCry2Ab。此外,与美国相对敏感种群比较,云南瑞丽草地贪夜蛾种群对Cry1Ab、Cry1Ac、Cry1F、Cry2Ab和Vip3A的敏感性指标在0.28～3.76之间,表明该入侵种群对此5种Bt蛋白均未产生抗性。此研究可为将来建立以转Bt基因玉米作为防控草地贪夜蛾的技术体系提供依据。     

草地贪夜蛾对农药主要抗性机制的概述

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是一种迁飞性害虫,源自美洲,已入侵非洲和亚洲部分国家并暴发成灾,2019年初入侵我国,严重威胁着我国玉米、小麦等粮食作物。目前草地贪夜蛾的防治主要依赖于化学农药和种植转基因作物。因长期使用农药,草地贪夜蛾已经对氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷酸酯类和拟除虫菊酯类等多种杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性。草地贪夜蛾对不同种类杀虫剂表现的抗性机制不同,主要有代谢抗性和靶标抗性2种。本文主要从代谢抗性和靶标抗性2个方面分别综述了草地贪夜蛾对不同种类杀虫剂的抗性机制,分析草地贪夜蛾对不同杀虫剂的抗性作用方式,并对草地贪夜蛾抗药性管理和监测进行展望。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.