基于监测预警的小麦赤霉病药剂防治效果评价

2019年-2020年, 在安徽贵池进行了小麦赤霉病自动监测预警系统的试验示范, 并依据预测结果指导大田小麦赤霉病药剂防治试验, 以确定最佳的药剂使用量。试验结果表明, 赤霉病自动监测预警系统能够在最佳防治时期前15 d内预测小麦蜡熟期赤霉病的病穗率, 预测准确度达100%。2020年, 依据该监测预警系统预测结果及赤霉病病穗率防治指标, 在小麦扬花初期及1周后每667 m2分别使用48%氰烯·戊唑醇悬浮剂40 mL和20%氟唑菌酰羟胺悬浮剂40 mL是防治小麦赤霉病的最优药剂用量, 防治效果达95.32%。     

西安地区小麦赤霉病自动监测预警系统应用效果

为提高小麦赤霉病自动化监测预警水平,验证监测预警系统的准确性和实用性,2017年在西安市周至县、高陵区、长安区、蓝田县开展了小麦赤霉病远程实时监测预警系统预测准确率和有效监测范围试验示范。通过与田间赤霉病实际发生情况的比对分析,结果显示,该系统预测准确度R值为100%,且能准确预测15 km以内的发病情况,可为小麦赤霉病的适期防治提供指导依据。     

淮河平原麦区小麦赤霉病自动监测预警系统应用效果

2018年,在淮河平原主产麦区河南省平舆县开展了小麦赤霉病自动监测预警系统应用研究。结果表明,小麦赤霉病自动监测预警系统发布的小麦赤霉病病穗率为78.77%,发生程度为5级,试验田小麦3个品种实际发生赤霉病病穗率平均为45.3%,最高为51.8%,平均发生程度为5级,预测准确度平均为90.95%,有两个小麦品种的预测准确率达到100%。该系统预测准确,先见性强,人工调查简单,具有很高的实用价值。     

2018年我国小麦赤霉病重发特点及原因分析

受赤霉病常发区小麦抽穗扬花期降雨偏多、品种抗病性差、田间菌源量大等因素影响, 2018年我国小麦赤霉病在长江中下游、江淮及黄淮南部大部麦区偏重以上程度流行, 明显重于2017年。本文分析了2018年小麦赤霉病的重发特点及其原因, 提出了下一步小麦赤霉病监测治理的对策及建议。     

湖北咸宁小麦赤霉病流行规律初探

湖北咸宁小麦赤霉病流行规律初探洪海林（湖北省咸宁地区植保站,４３７１００）小麦赤霉病是小麦的主要病害之一,赤霉病的流行,年份间危害程度轻重不一。如果在菌源普遍存在,栽培感病的品种,赤霉病的流行与气候条件关系最大。病害的流行,一般要经过始病、上升和盛发...     

河南省小麦吸浆虫的发生和预测预报技术研究

1986年—1987年我省植保站及安阳县植保站参加了由农渔牧业部病虫测报站主持、安徽、山西、河南三省参加的“小麦吸浆虫预测预报技术研究”协作组。为了保障研究工作顺利进行;我省又选定临汝县测报站同时参加了该项工作。     

基于物联网的小麦赤霉病自动监测预警系统应用效果

2016年在陕西关中地区的眉县、周至县、杨陵区、兴平市、临渭区和华县安排布点,进行了小麦赤霉病自动监测预警系统的测试,以期明确其在关中地区的应用效果。试验结果表明,该系统可以在小麦扬花期前1周发出预警信息,预测准确度达94.4%,系统运行稳定,自动化程度高,可为小麦赤霉病的科学防治决策提供重要的参考依据,具有一定的应用前景。     

江苏省小麦赤霉病病菌对多菌灵抗药性发展及其治理对策研究

为探明江苏省小麦赤霉病病菌对多菌灵抗药性变化,2012-2018年采集江苏不同地区赤霉病病菌菌株,系统监测江苏各地小麦赤霉病病菌抗药性频率。结果表明,江苏省小麦赤霉病病菌对多菌灵的抗药性频率呈上升趋势,2016年小麦赤霉病病菌对多菌灵抗药性频率最高,达44.7%,随后缓慢下降。鉴于多菌灵及其复配剂对江苏小麦赤霉病防控效果下降的实际,建议通过优选推广种植抗(耐)品种、加强农业管理、开展赤霉病病菌抗药性监测、大力推广新型高效杀菌剂等措施,延缓多菌灵抗药性发展。     

小麦赤霉病分段预报初探

目前我们对小麦赤霉病的预报主要是依据小麦生育期与气象条件的吻合程度。在正常年份,小麦生育期相对较易根据叶龄余数进行超前预测,而小麦感病期的天气状况的超前预报目前尚不过关,所以目前小麦赤霉病的预报尚有一定困难,预报的准确性还不够理想。近年来,我们运用小麦生育期中已经出现的天气实况,进行小麦赤霉病的分段预报,取得了初步成效。     

小麦赤霉病流行原因分析

小麦赤霉病流行原因分析孝感市植保站李炳清，周书文，丁金元，张红梅１９９４年，我市小麦收获面积１１．８７万ｈｍ２，比去年的１２．０３万ｈｍ２亩减少１．３％。小麦赤霉病为中等偏重流行，其发病特点是面积大，市部重于北部，病穗率高，但程度轻。全市小麦赤霉病发...     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.