结实期水分供应对寒地水稻生育和产量的影响

以垦鉴稻5号和垦稻12号为材料,采用负压式土壤湿度计监测土壤水势,通过防雨棚内的盆栽控水试验,研究水稻结实期水分供应对寒地水稻生育和产量的影响。主要结果如下:结实期进行-8~-10 kPa的间歇控水处理,两品种穗长和单穗重增加,干物重和叶面积降低;两品种穗数减少,结实率增加,千粒重降低,经济产量降低。结实期进行-18~-20 kPa和-28~-30 kPa的持续控水处理,两品种的穗长增加,单穗重降低,干物重和叶面积降低;两品种的穗数减少,结实率、千粒重和经济产量降低。结实期进行-8~-10kPa的间歇控水处理可作为寒地水稻节本增效灌溉的土壤水势指标,结实期不宜持续进行土壤水势为-18~-20 kPa以下的控水处理。     

结实前水分供应对寒地水稻穗部性状和产量的影响

以垦鉴稻5号和垦稻12号为材料,采用负压式土壤湿度计监测盆栽控水试验土壤水势.研究了结实前水分供应对寒地水稻穗部性状和产量的影响.结果表明:结实前进行-8～ - 10 kPa的间歇控水处理,两品种的收获穗数减少,穗粒数极显著地减少,结实率和千粒重增加;垦鉴稻5号的经济产量增加,垦稻12号的经济产量降低.结实前进行- 1...     

控水灌溉对寒地水稻物质生产及灌浆动态和产量的影响

以垦鉴稻5号为材料,采用负压式土壤湿度计监测土壤水势,通过防雨棚内的盆栽控水试验,较系统地研究了水稻返青至成熟期-8～ -10 kPa的间歇控水灌溉对寒地水稻物质生产、灌浆动态和产量影响.主要结果如下:控水处理使供试品种的穴穗数减少1.54％;穗粒数增加了3.93％;优、中、劣势粒的结实率分别增加了3.53％、12.7...     

黑龙江省水稻稻曲病发生规律与防治技术研究

经 2年田间抗性鉴定明确 ,不同水稻品种 (系 )稻曲病发病程度不同 ,抗病性较强的品种 (系)有牡粘3号、岛光、龙盾90-547、雪光、牡840、哈97-893、牡19等20份 ;较为感病的品种有组培20、88-11、秋田2号等10份。田间药剂防治试验明确 ,在水稻孕穗期 ,喷施30%琥胶肥酸铜和15%粉锈宁可湿性粉剂15kg/hm²,防治稻曲病效果达90%以上 ,对水稻安全无药害     

赤眼蜂种类与释放数量对稻纵卷叶螟防治效果的影响

2013—2014年,通过试验调查稻螟赤眼蜂不同释放量和释放3种不同赤眼蜂(稻螟赤眼蜂、螟黄赤眼蜂、松毛虫赤眼蜂)对水稻稻纵卷叶螟的寄生和控害效果,探讨本地区稻田人工释放赤眼蜂的适宜种类和释放数量。田间试验结果表明,稻螟赤眼蜂释放量10 000头/667m2的控害效果最好;而稻螟赤眼蜂、松毛虫赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂3个蜂种处理间,寄生率及防治效果无显著差异。     

广东省召开杀虫双现场药效鉴定会

本刊讯:广东省农科院植保所和广东化工厅化工处最近在广东清远县联合召开杀虫双现场药效鉴定会。一九八一年上半年,广东省农科院植保所和清远县测报站协作,在清远县用杀虫双防治水稻(早稻)稻纵卷叶螟和三化螟达18万亩次,效果良好。广东省农科院自一九七九年以来进行杀虫双防治水稻害虫的试验、示范,在盆栽试验的基础上,通过田间小区试验,在广东清远县,顺德县、东莞县、广东市郊区等地进行了较大     

四川水稻抗稻曲病种质资源筛选和多态性分析

 稻曲病近年来逐步上升为世界多个水稻产区的主要病害之一。利用丰富的抗性种质资源进行抗性品种选育是控制稻曲病害的重要手段。通过在四川省进行三年病圃筛选试验,我们从843份水稻材料中鉴定出179份完全不感稻曲病的抗性材料和两份高感材料(病穗率高达50%以上),其余材料的病穗率介于0.1%~48.8%之间,55.1%的病穗只有一个稻曲球,而高感稻曲病的蒲江6号单穗稻曲球高达38粒。然后我们选取36份材料进行多点多期播种,进一步验证其稻曲病抗感性。结果表明,有3份材料在所有试验中都不感稻曲病,18份材料偶发稻曲病呈现高抗,蒲江6号仍然表现为高感。我们用450对SSR引物对其中35份材料与蒲江6号进行多态性分析,发现其中12份材料与蒲江6号的多态性达10%以上,其中最高为ITAT144(16.1%),其次是泸香90-2(14.8%)和Domsia-2(14.4%)。因此,我们选择这些材料与蒲江6号杂交构建基因定位与克隆群体。     

不同栽培方式对稻曲病发生程度的影响

2008年和2009年连续两年在辽宁省东港市稻区利用3个感稻曲病品种进行田间水稻不同栽培方式对稻曲病发生程度的影响试验。不同施肥方式试验结果表明:单位面积总氮肥量越大,稻曲病发生越重。在施肥总量相同的情况下,在水稻生长后期(穗肥)氮肥量增大有利稻曲病发生。不同播期、插秧期试验表明在试验条件下水稻播期、插秧期偏后,稻曲病发生有加重的趋势。不同插秧密度试验结果显示,水稻插秧密度越大,稻曲病发生相对越重。     

不同浓度复合盐胁迫对水稻产量和品质的影响

为探明不同浓度土壤复合盐胁迫对水稻生长发育、产量和品质的影响,利用盆栽的方式人为设置不同浓度土壤含盐量(0.05％、0.1％、0.2％、0.3％、0.4％),采用单因素随机区组试验,研究不同浓度土壤复合盐对水稻产量和品质的效应.结果表明:不同浓度土壤复合盐胁迫对水稻株高无明显影响;0.1％的土壤盐分促进了水稻植株干重、产量、整精米率、恶白粒率、直链淀粉和蛋白质含量的增加;0.2-0.4％的土壤盐分引起了水稻植株干重、产量和整精米率的明显下降,同时造成了稻米中恶白粒率、蛋白质含量的显著提高,但并没有影响直链淀粉的含量.以上试验结果表明,低浓度盐分(0.1％)有利于改善水稻产量和品质,高浓度盐分(0.2-0.4％)易引起水稻减产和品质变劣,建议将土壤盐分含量0.1％作为盐碱地水稻生产的临界盐分指标.本研究结果为建立盐碱地水稻高产优质种植技术提供基础资料.     

水稻潜根线虫病田间消长与产量损失研究

经对水稻多品种定田定期取定量稻根进行分离观察,结果表明:早晚稻潜根线虫(Hirschmanniella spp.)分别在水稻破口期和齐穗期各有一个高峰。采用盆栽接种试验表明:接种量越大,产量越低,呈显著负相关;分蘖盛期前接种减产显著。该线虫主要影响千粒重和有效穗数。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.