松脂酸类农药登记及应用

松脂酸类农药具有杀虫和杀菌活性,在农林病虫害防治上已获得使用。     

松脂酸铜防治柑橘溃疡病效果研究

2009-2010连续2年田间药效试验结果表明,试验药剂松脂酸铜20%可湿性粉剂对柑橘叶片和果实溃疡病具有较好防效,400mg/kg处理的防效分别可达75.35%和70.69%,是防治柑橘溃疡病较为理想的药剂。     

18%咪鲜·松脂铜乳油防治西瓜炭疽病试验

18%咪鲜.松脂铜EC对西瓜炭疽病有较好的防治效果,每667m2使用商品量75g、100g、125g经处理3次后10d对西瓜炭疽病的防效达64.82%~72.47%,其防效均优于咪鲜胺和松脂酸铜单剂的防效,值得推广应用。     

松脂二烯喷雾助剂制备及应用性能

为拓展松脂二烯应用，探究了松脂二烯喷雾助剂 (PA) 的制备与应用性能。以Vapor Gard (VG) 为对比，分别测定了两种松脂二烯喷雾助剂不同稀释倍数下的表面张力及在山核桃和红叶石楠叶片上的静态接触角，并利用扫描电镜观察了两种助剂在红叶石楠叶片上的成膜形态。采用植保无人飞机喷雾，研究了戊唑醇药液中添加两种松脂二烯喷雾助剂对雾滴粒径、沉积密度、覆盖率和沉积量的影响。结果表明:两种松脂二烯喷雾助剂PA和VG均能显著降低溶液的表面张力及其在山核桃与红叶石楠叶上的静态接触角，且添加量越大效果越好，而PA的效果优于VG。两种助剂均能在叶片上成膜并包被农药颗粒，且PA在叶片上成膜覆盖更均匀。PA在添加量 (质量分数) 为0.1%时即可达到最大覆盖率与雾滴沉积量，效果优于添加VG的各试验浓度下结果。本研究表明，松脂二烯喷雾助剂PA有助于增进喷雾雾滴沉积，提高液滴在叶面的铺展润湿性，促进成膜包裹药物颗粒，从而系统提高农药利用率。     

松脂·咪鲜胺18%乳油防治水稻稻瘟病田间药效研究

试验结果表明,松脂·咪鲜胺18%乳油对水稻稻瘟病有较好的防治效果。适宜施药剂量为162~270g·ai/hm2,对水稻叶瘟和穗瘟的防效分别为91.7%~94.6%和81.5%~86.4%。施药适期:防治叶瘟在发病初期施药1次,视病害发生情况间隔7d左右施第2次药,防治穗瘟在破口期和齐穗期各用药1次。     

松脂二烯在植物叶片表面的成膜性能

为明确松脂二烯 (pinolene) 提高农药田间防效的机理,研究了其在植物叶片表面的成膜性能。以红叶石楠和山核桃为试材,分别将3%噻虫啉微囊悬浮剂和2%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂与松脂二烯桶混后喷施到植物叶片上,通过电镜及光合测定仪,观测了松脂二烯对农药药液在叶片表面的成膜形态及其对光合作用的影响;通过人工模拟降雨和氙灯光照,研究了松脂二烯抗雨水冲刷能力和抗光解能力。结果表明:添加松脂二烯的农药颗粒表面均有一层明显的油状包被。在不同雨水冲刷时间段,添加松脂二烯的噻虫啉处理组植物叶片上的农药保持量均显著高于对照组;松脂二烯和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐混用,能显著降低甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的光分解速率;松脂二烯叶片成膜致其光合速率下降5.16%,但与对照无显著差异。本研究结果表明,松脂二烯和农药混用,可增加农药有效成分在植物叶片上的成膜性,且对植物光合作用影响较小,可有效减少农药受雨水冲刷损失和光解速率,延长农药持效期。     

湿地松针叶中的松脂含量及其单萜,倍半萜的组成与抗褐斑病的关系

 研究分析了湿地松20个抗病无性系和14个易感株针叶中的松脂含量,结果表明抗病湿地松针叶中的松脂含量为7.17%,明显比易感株含量5.46%高。顶冠针叶的松脂含量与侧枝针叶的含量基本相近。对9个抗病无性系和4个易感株针叶挥发油中的单萜和倍半萜研究表明,湿地松针叶中的单萜和倍半萜的种类较多,不同无性系(或单株)间高含量单萜和倍半萜种类较稳定,某些低含单萜组分与抗病性之间存在着一定的联系。抗病无性系针叶中都缺乏在感病针叶中普遍存在的异龙脑和香草醇。     

松脂柴油乳剂防治柳蛎蚧

柳蛎蚧(Lepidosaphes salicinaBorchs)是“三北”防护林地区杨村主要害虫之一。轻者影响林木生长,重者使林木枯死。我们进行几种乳剂的防治试验,结果以松柴乳剂杀虫效果最好,10倍液15天后调查死亡率85.42％,其次是石油乳剂10倍液死亡率为84.59％。     

松树材小蠹Xyleborus festivus Eichhoff (Scolytinae: Xyleborini)在中国南方的发生及其共生真菌研究

松树材小蠹Xyleborus festivus Eichhoff是东南亚地区为害松属植物的重要害虫,为掌握该虫在中国南方的发生情况及其共生真菌种类,本文通过检视标本馆标本和野外调查,并对采集的标本携带的真菌进行分类培养,利用分子生物学的方法对获得的真菌种类进行鉴定。本文提供了松树材小蠹的鉴别特征,记录了其在中国南方的发生情况、地理分布、寄主等,同时分离出共生真菌7种,并确定其储菌囊中的优势真菌——Raffaelea cf.arxii。松树材小蠹对寄主植物的危害极有可能引起或加速其他病害发生,应引起相关部门的重视。     

Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities

In this study,we analyzed the hydrological and meteorological data from the Syr Darya River Basin during the period of 1930–2015 to investigate variations in river runoff and the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff.The Syr Darya River,which is supplied by snow and glacier meltwater upstream,is an important freshwater source for Central Asia,as nearly half of the population is concentrated in this area.River runoff in this arid region is sensitive to climate change and human activities.Therefore,estimation of the climatic and hydrological changes and the quantification of the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff are of great concern and important for regional water resources management.The long-term trends of hydrological time series from the selected 11 hydrological stations in the Syr Darya River Basin were examined by non-parametric methods,including the Pettitt change point test and Mann-Kendall trend tests.It was found that 8 out of 11 hydrological stations showed significant downward trends in river runof f.Change of river runoff variations occurred in the year around 1960.Moreover,during the study period(1930–2015),annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and annual potential evapotranspiration in the river basin increased substantially.We employed hydrological sensitivity method to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.It was estimated that human activities accounted for over 82.6%–98.7%of the reduction in river runoff,mainly owing to water withdrawal for irrigation purpose.The observed variations in river runoff can subsequently lead to adverse ecological consequences from an ecological and regional water resources management perspective.     

实施植物检疫行政许可中的问题及改进建议

国内农业植物检疫（以下简称植物检疫）是以法律法规为依据、检疫技术为后盾、植物检疫行政许可和执法监督为保障来控制农业有害生物传播、蔓延、危害,达到促进农产品流通,保护农业生态,确保农业生产高产、优质、高效的目的。植物检疫行政许可在植物检疫工作中起着关键的作用。现把江山市2005年以来贯彻实施《行政许可法》和农业部有关农业行政许可规定过程中的有关情况概述如下。     

水稻僵苗的原因及防治对策

水稻秧苗僵苗的症状表现是植株矮小,叶片细瘦,直立不披散,稻丛呈簇立状,根细而稀,新根少。根据秧苗初期因僵苗程度不同,长相长势有所区别,大致可分3个阶段：发僵,为黄化阶段,叶色较淡,矮小萎黄,锈根多,白根少,呈现出营养不良的症状;以后随着生理缺磷程度的加重,进入蓝化阶段，叶色暗绿发蓝，有的黄中带红，叶片沿纵脉呈环状卷曲，老根直伸向下，根毛稀少，这是由于生理缺磷影响能量代谢，使光合作用产物的运输受到严重阻碍导致的；僵苗严重时为红化阶段，老叶变红色，其余叶片除最新抽出叶呈全绿色外，均有不同程度的叶尖枯焦，远看苗色发红。     

加拿大一枝黄花不同成熟度种子的发芽率

在加拿大一枝黄花盛花期,采用剪除花穗、剪除花穗并短截、砍伐植株,以后再采收加拿大一枝黄花种子,于次年进行种子发芽试验.结果表明,3种处理的加拿大一枝黄花种子发芽率均在0.2%～0.4%之间,与对照有极显著差异.     

Coupling analysis of social-economic water consumption and its effects on the arid environments in Xinjiang of China based on the water and ecological footprints

In arid areas,ecological degradation aroused by over-exploitation of fresh water,expansion of artificial oasis and shrinkage of natural oasis,has drawn attention of many scholars and officials.The water and ecological footprints can be used to quantitatively evaluate the water consumption of social-economic activities and their influence on the eco-environments.In addition,increase of the water footprint indicates the expansion of artificial oasis,and the influence on the natural oasis could be reflected by the variation of the ecological footprint.This study was conducted to answer a scientific question that what is the quantitative relationship between the expansion of the artificial oasis and the degradation of the natural oasis in the arid environments of Xinjiang,China.Thus,based on the social-economic data,water consumption data and meteorological data during 2001–2015,we calculated the water and ecological footprints to express the human-related pressure exerted on the water resources and arid environments in Xinjiang(including 14 prefectures and cities),and explore the relationship between the water and ecological footprints and its mechanism by using the coupling analysis and Granger causality test.The results show that both the water and ecological footprints of Xinjiang increased significantly during 2001–2015,and the increasing rate of the ecological footprint was much faster than that of the water footprint.The coupling degree between the water and ecological footprints was relatively high at the temporal scale and varied at the spatial scale.Among the 14 prefectures and cities examined in Xinjiang,the greater social-economic development(such as in Karamay and Urumqi)was associated with the lower coupling degree between the two footprints.Increases in the water footprint will cause the ecological footprint to increase,such that a 1-unit increase in the consumption of water resources would lead to 2–3 units of ecological degradation.The quantitative relationship between the increases of the water and ecological footprints,together with the intensities of water consumption both in the natural and artificial oases of Tarim River Basin,have approved the fact that the formation and expansion of 1 unit of the artificial oasis would bring about the degradation of 2 units of the natural oasis.These conclusions not only provide a technical basis for sustainable development in Xinjiang,but also offer a theoretical guide and scientific information that could be used in similar arid areas around the world.     

How precipitation and grazing influence the ecological functions of drought-prone grasslands on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains,China?

Drought-prone grasslands provide a critical resource for the millions of people who are dependent on livestock for food security.However,this ecosystem is potentially vulnerable to climate change(e.g.,precipitation)and human activity(e.g.,grazing).Despite this,the influences of precipitation and grazing on ecological functions of drought-prone grasslands in the Tianshan Mountains remain relatively unexplored.Therefore,we conducted a systematic field investigation and a clipping experiment(simulating different intensities of grazing)in a drought-prone grassland on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in China to examine the influences of precipitation and grazing on aboveground biomass(AGB),soil volumetric water content(SVWC),and precipitation use efficiency(PUE)during the period of 2014–2017.We obtained the meteorological and SVWC data using an HL20 Bowen ratio system and a PR2 soil profile hydrometer,respectively.We found that AGB was clearly affected by both the amount and seasonal pattern of precipitation,and that PUE may be relatively low in years with either low or excessive precipitation.The PUE values were generally higher in the rapid growing season(April–July)than in the entire growing season(April–October).Overall,moderate grazing can promote plant growth under water stress conditions.The SVWC value was higher in the clipped plots than in the unclipped plots in the rapid growing season(April–July),but it was lower in the clipped plots than in the unclipped plots in the slow growing season(August–October).Our findings can enhance the understanding of the ecological effects of precipitation and grazing in drought-prone grasslands and provide data that will support the effective local grassland management.     

Modeling and analyzing supply-demand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang from a perspective of ecosystem services

Water shortage is one bottleneck that limits economic and social developments in arid and semi-arid areas.As the impacts of climate change and human disturbance intensify across time,uncertainties in both water resource supplies and demands increase in arid and semi-arid areas.Taking a typical arid region in China,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,as an example,water yield depth(WYD)and water utilization depth(WUD)from 2002 to 2018 were simulated using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model and socioeconomic data.The supply-demand relationships of water resources were analyzed using the ecosystem service indices including water supply-demand difference(WSDD)and water supply rate(WSR).The internal factors in changes of WYD and WUD were explored using the controlled variable method.The results show that the supplydemand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang were in a slight deficit,but the deficit was alleviated due to increased precipitation and decreased WUD of irrigation.WYD generally experienced an increasing trend,and significant increase mainly occurred in the oasis areas surrounding both the Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin.WUD had a downward trend with a decline of 20.70%,especially in oasis areas.Water resources in most areas of Xinjiang were fully utilized and the utilization efficiency of water resources increased.The water yield module in the InVEST model was calibrated and validated using gauging station data in Xinjiang,and the result shows that the use of satellite-based water storage data helped to decrease the bias error of the InVEST model by 0.69×10⁸m³.This study analyzed water resource supplies and demands from a perspective of ecosystem services,which expanded the scope of the application of ecosystem services and increased the research perspective of water resource evaluation.The results could provide guidance for water resource management such as spatial allocation and structural optimization of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas.     

Ecosystem service values of gardens in the Yellow River Basin,China

Studies on the ecosystem service value(ESV)of gardens are critical for informing evidence-based land management practices based on an understanding of the local ecosystem.By analyzing equivalent value factors(EVFs),this paper evaluated the values of 11 ecosystem services of gardens in the Yellow River Basin of China in 2019.High-precision land use survey data were used to improve the accuracy of the land use classification,garden areas,and spatial distribution of the ESVs of gardens.The results showed that garden ecosystem generally had high ESVs,especially in terms of the ESV of food production,which is worthy of further research and application to the practice of land use planning and management.Specifically,the value of one standard EVF of ecosystem services in 2019 was 3587.04 CNY/(hm²·a),and the ESV of food production of gardens was much higher than that of croplands.Garden ecosystem provided an ESV of 1348.66×10⁸CNY/a in the Yellow River Basin.The areas with the most concentrated ESVs of gardens were located in four regions:downstream in the Shandong-Henan zone along the Yellow River,mid-stream in the Shanxi-Shaanxi zone along the Yellow River,the Weihe River Basin,and upstream in the Qinghai-Gansu-Ningxia-Inner Mongolia zone along the Yellow River.The spatial correlation of the ESVs in the basin was significant(global spatial autocorrelation index Moran's I=0.464),which implied that the characteristics of high ESVs adjacent to high ESVs and low ESVs adjacent to low ESVs are prominent.In the Yellow River Basin,the contribution of the ESVs of gardens to the local environment and economy varied across regions.We also put forward some suggestions for promoting the construction of ecological civilization in the Yellow River Basin.The findings of this study provide important contributions to the research of ecosystem service evaluation in the Yellow River Basin.     

水葫芦的一种黑斑病鉴定记述

重庆地区水葫芦上发现一种叶部病害,通过对病原菌分离、纯化获得一种真菌,再根据科赫氏证病律步骤进行病害诊断,确定了病原菌.病害的典型症状是在被侵染的植株叶片上出现黄色小圆斑,以后病斑扩大为椭圆形,或多个病斑合并成不规则形.病斑中央黑褐色,周围有明显的黄色晕圈带.病原真菌为链格孢(Alternaria sp.),在马铃薯蔗糖琼脂(PSA)上菌落生长良好,表面气生菌丝绒毛状,后期菌落黑褐色.常规培养条件下约20d产生少量分生孢子.分生孢子深褐色,分1～3横格,短喙或无喙.接种初步观察,该病原真菌的致病性很强,在水葫芦的生物控制中可能具有重要的应用前景.     

Interactions between vegetation dynamic and edaphic factors in the Great Salt Desert of central Iran

Investigating the relationships between vegetation dynamic and edaphic factors provide management insights into factors affecting the growth and establishment of plant species and vegetation communities in saline areas.The aim of this study was to assess the spatial variability of various vegetation communities in relation to edaphic factors in the Great Salt Desert,central Iran.Fifteen vegetation communities were identified using the physiognomy-floristic method.Coverage and density of vegetation communities were determined using the transect plot method.Forty soil samples were collected from major horizons of fifteen profiles in vegetation communities,and analyzed in terms of following soil physical and chemical characteristics:soil texture,soluble Na+concentration,sodium adsorption ratio(SAR),electrical conductivity(EC),pH,organic matter content,soluble Mg2+and Ca2+concentrations,carbonate and gypsum contents,and spontaneously-and mechanically-dispersible clay contents.Redundancy analysis was used to investigate the relationships between vegetation dynamic and edaphic factors.The generalized linear method(GLM)was used to find the plant species response curves against edaphic factors.Results showed that plant species responded differently to edaphic factors,in which soluble sodium concentration,EC,SAR,gypsum content and soil texture were identified as the most discriminative edaphic factors.The studied plant species were also found to have different ecological requirements and tolerance to edaphic factors,in which Tamarix aphylla and Halocnemum strobilaceum were identified as the most salt-resistant species in the region.Furthermore,the presence of Artemisia sieberi was highly related to soil sand and gypsum contents.The results implied that exploring the plant species response curves against edaphic factors can assist managers to lay out more appropriate restoration plans in similar arid areas.     

青岛口岸植物检疫及截获疫情概况

近年来,随着国际贸易的不断发展,青岛口岸从国外进口的大豆、大麦、木材、水果、苗木等植物产品日益增多,对山东的农林等多种产业的发展起到了重要的促进作用,但与此同时也增加了国外危险性有害生物传入的风险,给检验检疫工作提出了挑战。