咸水滴灌对肉苁蓉寄生体系盐离子分配及品质的影响

为探究咸水滴灌对人工种植肉苁蓉寄生体系盐离子分配和肉苁蓉品质的影响,在塔里木盆地塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘,选择4个灌水矿化度差异较大的样地,采集土壤、梭梭和肉苁蓉样品,分析土壤、寄生体系各部分盐离子含量及肉苁蓉主要药用成分含量,结果表明：（1）在高矿化度咸水滴灌下,接种肉苁蓉的梭梭根部、主茎和同化枝盐离子含量为：同化枝>根>茎,肉苁蓉体内盐离子含量与寄主根系含量相近;（2）肉苁蓉体内总盐、Na+和Cl-含量均随灌水矿化度的增高而增加;肉苁蓉体内K+占总盐分的1/3,具有较强的吸收富集K+的能力,但K+含量并未随灌水盐浓度的变化而表现出显著性差异;（3）肉苁蓉体内主要药用成分苯乙醇苷类物质含量随灌溉水矿化度的升高而增加,盐分胁迫有助于刺激肉苁蓉体内主要药用成分的积累。因此,较高矿化度咸水滴灌可以提高肉苁蓉的品质,但需要注意长期高盐胁迫对寄主梭梭的影响,因而制定合理的灌溉制度是不可或缺的。     

干旱荒漠区肉苁蓉人工接种技术研究

目前肉苁蓉正处于野生种向栽培种驯化的初级阶段,肉苁蓉接种同步性差和接种成活率低是生产中的突出问题。本试验在不同起源的梭梭林内,使用不同质量的肉苁蓉种子,采用不同药剂处理、不同接种深度、不同接种方法、不同接种量等接种措施进行人工接种成功率对比试验。结果表明:用一、二级肉苁蓉种子、500ppmABT(3)号生根粉浸泡30分钟、4月上旬至5月中旬用营养诱导法接种、接种垂直深度与水平距离40-60cm之间接种成功率最高。这项研究将为肉苁蓉人工高效接种提供理论依据与技术支持。     

喷洒式肉苁蓉接种机设计与试验

针对肉苁蓉产业化发展对机械播种装备的需求，以提高肉苁蓉接种效率、降低劳动强度，实现肉苁蓉机械化、规模化种植为目的，研制了一种基于液体施种的肉苁蓉接种机。对样机关键部件进行了分析与设计，确定了链式开沟、接种、覆土等装置的结构及工作参数，解析了核心部件作业机理，并进行了初步试验。结果表明，当拖拉机行走速度为340 m·h^-1、动力输出轴转速为540 r·min^-1、喷种泵压力0.2 MPa时，测得开沟深度为50 cm、开沟宽度为30 cm时，喷种覆盖面宽度4 cm，可满足肉苁蓉的播种农艺要求，且开沟、接种效果良好，覆土平整，能够实现机械化接种。     

大豆菌核病寄主范围的研究

 大豆菌核病(Sclerotina Sclerotiorum(Lib.) de Bary)是我国北方大豆产区重要病害之一,其寄主范围很广。通过调查、接种试验,共有85种寄主植物,分别属于20个科。
5种寄主植物中,有38种植物已为前人所报道为油菜菌核病(S.scle-rotiorum)的寄主,其余47种为尚未报道的新寄主,在这些新寄主中,自然发病的有25种。其余,均为人工接种诱发感病。
调查研究得知,黑龙江省主要裁培植物,自然感染菌核病的严重顺序为:向日葵 > 菜豆 > 大豆 > 小豆 > 绿豆 > 花生 > 甘蓝 > 白菜(贮藏期) > 大麻 > 茄子 > 葱。     

不同灌溉模式对西辽河平原玉米根系形态特征和生理生化特性的影响

研究了西辽河平原灌区3种主要灌溉方式(浅埋滴灌、膜下滴灌和传统畦灌)对玉米根系形态特征和生理生化特性的影响.采用大田对比试验,以农华101为供试品种,大小垄种植(小垄行距40 cm,大垄行距80 cm),种植密度7.5万株·hm-2,在设定的灌溉定额下(膜下滴灌和浅埋滴灌为3150 m3·hm-2、传统畦灌为4500 ...     

乌拉尔甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)大面积人工种植试验初报

人工种植甘草是治沙工程中的内容之一,试验通过采取机械直播的方式种植甘草,研究了不同播种深度、灌溉水平、种植密度对出苗率、保苗率及生长量的影响。结果表明,在灌溉条件下,甘草播种量为２２．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,密度３０万株／ｈｍ＾２;在喷水条件下,喷水时数达２０ｈ,灌溉总额约为１５００ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２以上。     

草地贪夜蛾幼虫日龄及取食的食物对淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生效果的影响

为评估淡足侧沟茧蜂对草地贪夜蛾的防控效果,在室内环境条件下,研究了草地贪夜蛾幼虫寄主日龄和所取食食物对淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生效果的影响。结果表明,无论草地贪夜蛾幼虫取食人工饲料或玉米叶片,淡足侧沟茧蜂对3日龄和5日龄寄主幼虫的寄生率、结茧率、出蜂率及对寄主致死率均显著高于8日龄寄主。另外,在同日龄情况下,淡足侧沟茧蜂对取食玉米寄主的寄生率、结茧率以及子代出蜂率均高于寄生于取食人工饲料的幼虫上的相关指标。寄主取食不同食物会影响淡足侧沟茧蜂的寄生效果,且淡足侧沟茧蜂对5日龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫寄生效果较好。本结果可为室内条件下利用草地贪夜蛾幼虫扩繁淡足侧沟茧蜂,以及应用淡足侧沟茧蜂对草地贪夜蛾进行田间防控提供理论依据。     

青花菜根肿病苗期抗性鉴定技术的建立

为建立快速、有效的青花菜根肿病苗期抗性鉴定技术,将芸薹根肿菌Plamodiophora brassicae Woron.人工接种于高感根肿病青花菜自交系90196,研究了接种菌液浓度、接种寄主苗龄、接种基质p H和接种方法等对人工接种鉴定效果的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内,根肿病发病率及病情指数随着接种菌液浓度的升高而增大,接种菌液浓度为3×108CFU/m L时,发病率及病情指数分别为97.22%和86.11,可以反映寄主真实的抗性水平;接种寄主苗龄为2~6叶期均能使植株发病,但2~3叶期发病效果最佳;接种基质偏酸性(p H 5~6)有利于根肿病的发生;使用伤根灌菌法进行鉴定,青花菜根肿病发病率和病情指数均最高,分别为100.00%和88.10,优于蘸根法和浸芽法。用已知抗性水平的12个自交系和8个杂交种进行验证,鉴定结果表明该苗期抗性鉴定技术可客观反映供试材料的实际抗性水平。     

弧丽钩土蜂的生物学习性及其对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫寄生效果的评价

弧丽钩土蜂是山东半岛地下害虫暗黑鳃金龟的优势寄生性天敌,通过连续7年对弧丽钩土蜂生物学习性观察及其对暗黑鳃金龟田间寄生效果的调查,总结了弧丽钩土蜂的生物学习性,证实了其对寄主的跟随效应,评价了田间控制效果。弧丽钩土蜂属外寄生性天敌,单寄生,对寄主有一定的专化性,雌蜂产卵于寄主体外,自然寄生率为36.4%~48.3%,其子代亦在寄主体外完成发育。越冬代羽化出土时间为每年7月中下旬至8月下旬,出土高峰期为7月下旬至8月上旬,恰与暗黑鳃金龟幼虫孵化高峰期吻合,体现了显著的跟随效应。通过连年种植红麻、助迁土蜂、保护土蜂的措施,弧丽钩土蜂已成为当地土蜂类天敌的优势种。山东省日照地区花生田内,暗黑鳃金龟的虫口密度已显著降低,从最高年份的14.37头/m2下降到目前的0.21头/m2,显示了保护助迁天敌昆虫的良好治虫效果。     

起垄沟播和常规平播下滴灌棉田土壤水盐的运移

为明确滴灌条件下植棉方式对土壤水盐运移的影响，采用田间调查与室内分析相结合的方法，在滨海重度盐碱地开展了起垄沟播和常规平播植棉方式下的水盐运移试验，调查了滴灌前后两种植棉方式不同点位及不同土壤深度的土壤水分、盐分和土壤溶液电导率等指标，分析不同植棉方式土壤水分、盐分和土壤溶液电导率的时空分布特征。结果表明：滴灌条件下起垄沟播的水分入渗深度和盐分淋洗深度均明显大于常规平播植棉方式，起垄沟播植棉膜下(0~20 cm)土壤溶液电导率明显低于常规平播植棉；滴灌对两种种植方式膜外土壤水分和盐分运移未产生明显影响。起垄沟播联合滴灌技术更有利于为棉花生长的水盐环境。研究结果可为盐碱地植棉提供理论参考和实践依据。     

固体水对苗木生长作用效应分析

通过野外和室内不同梯度固体水处理盆栽实验(自然模拟),分析了固体水对苗木生长作用效应,结果表明:固体水可提高苗木根系土壤含水率、苗木成活率、生物量及光合速率、减少蒸腾速率,从而保证苗木良好的生长;从室内不同梯度固体水处理盆栽实验得出,经过两个月连续干旱,维持根系周围土壤的水分含量,从高到低依次为:1000g、750g、500g、250g固体水;环境因子对野外苗木的光合蒸腾速率的影响明显于对室内盆栽苗木光合蒸腾速率的影响;各树种由于其不同的生理生态特征,因而对固体水的适应性不同,这方面内容需进一步研究。     

痕量灌溉管作地埋滴灌带对基质栽培樱桃番茄生长发育的影响

利用痕量灌溉管滴头独特的膜过滤特点,将痕量管作为滴灌带埋设于栽培介质中,以‘釜山88’樱桃番茄为试材,研究了该模式应用于日光温室樱桃番茄基质栽培的可行性及其不同布设方式对樱桃番茄生长、品质、产量和水分生产效率的影响。结果表明：痕量灌溉管作为地埋式滴灌带用于基质栽培樱桃番茄是可行的。不同布设方式对基质栽培条件下樱桃番茄生长、品质、产量和水分生产效率均有一定影响,且不同处理间存在一定程度差异,其中痕量管埋深15 cm为所有处理中影响最明显的布设方式。与表层覆基质处理相比,痕量管埋深15 cm时,植株株高、茎粗、果实纵径、果实横径、果实可溶性固形物含量、产量和水分生产效率分别增加5.62%、7.33%、5.70%、2.80%、8.80%、16.54%和34.61%。基质栽培条件下,痕量灌溉管可作为地埋式滴灌带使用,且痕量管埋深15 cm是该试验条件下日光温室樱桃番茄基质栽培较适宜的埋设深度。     

Seedling emergence and seed longevity of the tree weeds Celtis sinensis and Cinnamomum camphora

Factors influencing germination and seed survival of Celtis sinensis Pers. and Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl. were investigated in a series of experiments conducted under natural rainfall regimes in the field and under irrigation in a growth tunnel. Germination from surface-sown seeds of C. camphora was virtually nil under natural rainfall, in contrast to almost 100% germination under irrigation. This suggests that surface-lying seeds of this species will germinate only in highly protected microsites in the field. For C. sinensis , however, in one of the two field experiments germination from surface-sown seeds was similar (≈40%) to that achieved under irrigation. Germination from intact fruits of both species was generally considerably less than from seeds. Seeds of both species were relatively short-lived under field conditions. A maximum of 1% of seeds of C. camphora remained viable at 12 months post-sowing under field conditions, whereas a maximum of 8% viable seeds of C. sinensis was detected at 24 months post-sowing in one of the field experiments.     

碱化土壤紫花苜蓿不同种植方法与生长关系的研究初探

土默川地区分布着大面积的碱化土壤和碱土 ,使得该地区农牧业发展受到很大限制。本文研究了不同种植方法 ,不同播期下苜蓿在碱土上的生长状况 ,从而得出了以下结果 :在试验区通过对苜蓿不同种植方式 ,可得出苜蓿以开沟播种覆土盖地膜最佳 ,开沟播种不覆土镇压次之 ,开沟播种覆土镇压产量最低。通过苜蓿不同播期的试验 ,当年以 6月 1 7日播种的产草量最高 ,可得出苜蓿在当年 5月 1 9日次之 ,7月 1日最低。     

滴灌春小麦生长发育与水分利用效率的研究

试验于2009-2010在石河子大学试验站进行,设置了滴灌和漫灌两种灌溉方式,滴灌又设置了一管四行和一管六行两种滴灌带布置方式,目的在于分析不同灌溉方式及不同毛管布置方式对滴灌小麦生长发育及水分利用率等方面的影响.结果表明:滴灌与传统漫灌相比,株高、叶绿素含量、根系活力增加,叶绿素后期下降缓慢,滴灌可降低小麦千物质在营养器官中的分配率,促进干物质向籽粒中分配,防止后期叶片旱衰;滴灌比漫灌相比灌水量降低了25％,产量平均增加14.4％,水分利用效率提高35.4％.滴灌小麦实行一管四行毛管布置与一管六行相比受水均匀,不同边行间植株生长差异小,产量及水分利用效率均比一管六行高.     

Low soil temperature reducing the yield of drip irrigated rice in arid area by influencing anther development and pollination

Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings; therefore, it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China. However, high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperature well water leads to low root zone temperature and significantly reduce the rice yield compared to normal temperature water irrigated rice, for example, reservoir water. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of low soil temperature on the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice in the spike differentiation stage. The experiment set the soil temperatures at 18°C, 24°C and 30°C under two irrigation methods(flood and drip irrigation), respectively. The results showed that, at the 30°C soil temperature, drip irrigation increased total root length by 53% but reduced root water conductivity by 9% compared with flood irrigation. Drip irrigation also increased leaf abscisic acid and proline concentrations by 13% and 5%, respectively. These results indicated that drip irrigated rice was under mild water stress. In the 18°C soil temperature, drip irrigation reduced hydraulic conductivity by 58%, leaf water potential by 40% and leaf net photosynthesis by 25% compared with flood irrigation. The starch concentration in male gametes was also 30% less in the drip irrigation treatment than in the flood irrigation treatment at soil temperature 18°C. Therefore, the main reason for the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice was that the low temperature aggravates the physiological drought of rice and leads to the decrease of starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate. Low temperature aggravates physiological water deficit in drip irrigated rice and leads to lower starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate, which is the main reason for the reduced yield of drip irrigated rice. Overall, the results indicated that the low soil temperatures aggravated the water stress that rice was under in the drip irrigated environment, causing declines both in the starch content of male gametes and in pollination rate. Low temperature will ultimately affect the rice yield under drip irrigation.     

The influence of reduced cultivations and direct drilling on the long-term decline of a population of Avena fatua L. in spring barley

Changes in the numbers of Avena fatua seed, incorporated into soil, were monitored in four successive spring barley crops which were harvested early for silage to prevent seed shedding. In the first year there were four times as many seedlings after tine cultivation compared with ploughing, but this was reversed in the second year as re-ploughing brought up dormant seeds and gave more seedlings than tine cultivation. Only 11–14% of the sown seeds produced seedlings during the 4 years. When the seeds were first buried to 25 cm by ploughing, and the barley was direct drilled without cultivation, only 0.4% emerged as seedlings. Few viable seeds remained in the soil after 4 years whether the soil was cultivated annually or not but seed numbers decreased more rapidly with tine cultivation than with ploughing. A few of the deeply buried seeds persisted where the land was direct drilled without cultivation.     

民勤绿洲不同节水灌溉模式棉花综合效益研究

为了提高民勤绿洲水资源利用率,在该地区棉田进行了滴灌、半固定式喷灌和渠道防渗灌溉3种不同灌溉模式的节水综合效益比较试验。结果表明,与大水漫灌相比,防渗渠灌节水40.4%,滴灌节水49%~55.6%,喷灌节水59.2%;防渗渠灌、滴灌和喷灌分别省工3.6%、16.2%和25.1%;滴灌、喷灌和防渗渠灌分别节电38.5%、31.1%和29.2%。滴灌和防渗渠灌收效明显,可在该地区推广应用。