云南蓝莓病虫害调查及防治方法

为了解云南蓝莓栽培中的病虫害危害情况,于2008-2012年对云南省5个蓝莓主栽区的蓝莓病虫害进行了系统调查。记录危害蓝莓的病虫害23种,其中真菌病害7种,病毒病害3种,生理性病害3种,虫害10种。在系统调查病虫害危害程度的基础上,提出了蓝莓的缺铁症和斑喙丽金龟为当前防治的主要对象,并对其发生、危害情况及其相应的防治技术措施作了概述。     

蓝莓间座壳芽枯病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

<正>蓝莓(Vaccinium corymbosum L.),属于杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)越橘属(Vaccinium)多年生小浆果类果树,果实蓝色,营养丰富,具有良好的保健作用。随着蓝莓的大面积商业化种植,其病害的发生也愈加频繁。2013年7月对沈阳市蓝莓种植园病害调查时,发现一种新病害。该病主要危害基生枝中上部芽眼,受害芽坏死,芽眼周围出现褐色或红褐色椭圆形病斑,凹陷,后期中部呈灰白色,病斑     

韩国梨树上发生的两种新的细菌病害及其检疫意义

韩国新近发生两种梨树细菌性病害，梨枝条黑枯病和梨褐色叶枯病，已流行并造成严重危害，两种病害均可随种苗传播。梨枝条黑枯病的症状、病原及危害与梨火疫病极其相近，其病原与梨火疫病菌的关系还未完全研究清楚。梨褐色叶枯病也显著影响梨的产量。建议国家立即对这两种病害采取检疫措施，以防止这两种病害传入我国。     

蓝莓枝干溃疡病病原鉴定

 越橘为杜鹃花科 (Ericaceae) 越橘属 (Vaccinium) 小浆果类果树,其中的蓝果类型俗称“蓝莓”。自21 世纪以来,蓝莓这一新兴果树在中国开始了大面积的产业化生产栽培,据统计,到2008年,全国超过10个省份开始了商业化栽培,总栽培面积由2000年的24 hm2快速发展到2 000 hm2,预计未来10年内将超过10万 hm2。随着生产面积的不断扩大,各种病虫害的危害以及如何进行有效防治的问题显得越来越突出。然而,我国对蓝莓病虫害的研究很少,病虫害对于蓝莓产业发展的潜在威胁随着栽培面积的迅速增加而增大［1］。蓝莓枝干溃疡病是近年来在我国辽宁地区发生的一种为害严重的新病害。国外许多学者曾对蓝莓枝干溃疡病进行过研究报道,明确Botryosphaeria属真菌为该病病原,并对其病原学、致病性及发生流行规律进行了大量研究［2,3］,而我国尚未见相关研究报道。据此,作者采集病害枝干样品,分离获得病原菌,通过致病性测定、病原菌培养特性观察并结合分子生物学研究,旨在明确该病害的症状、病原菌种类,为其防治提供理论依据。     

小麦矮腥燃（TCK）传入中国及其定殖的风险分析研究进展

由Tilletia controversa Kühn(TCK)引起的小麦矮腥黑穗病是对小麦危害极大的一种病害。国际上有15个国家包括中国把其列为检疫对象。基于中美小麦贸易和检疫的需要,对小麦矮腥黑穗病在我国传入和定殖的风险研究一直是两国科学家的研究热点。本文系统介绍了此病害在风险分析方面的研究进展。     

小麦矮腥黑穗病(TCK)传入中国及其定殖的风险分析研究进展

由Tilletia controversa Kühn (TCK) 引起的小麦矮腥黑穗病是对小麦危害极大的一种病害。国际上有15个国家包括中国把其列为检疫对象。基于中美小麦贸易和检疫的需要，对小麦矮腥黑穗病在我国传入和定殖的风险研究一直是两国科学家的研究热点。本文系统介绍了此病害在风险分析方面的研究进展。     

云南蓝莓叶斑病的病原菌鉴定

<正>蓝莓(Vaccinium spp.)属于杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)越橘属(Vaccinium)多年生小浆果类果树,广泛应用于医药、保健、化妆品和环境保护等领域,联合国粮农组织将其果实列为世界五大健康食品之一。我国已有10多个省份开始大面积的蓝莓商业化栽培[1],这也是南方酸性土丘陵地区值得发展的经济作物。随着栽培面积的不断扩大,蓝莓病害日趋突出,严重影响和制约蓝莓产业的发展。     

值得关注的大豆新病害

大豆病害在世界上报道有上百种 ,其中大豆疫病菌、菜豆细菌性萎蔫病菌、番茄环斑病毒、烟草环斑病毒等危害大豆的有害生物是我国检疫性有害生物 ,但近年国外大豆病害的发生情况有了一些变化 ,一些新兴的、重要的病害引起了广泛的关注。为防止这些新的危险性有害生物随进口大豆传入我国 ,避免对国外大豆上病害的了解停留在大豆疫病菌等有害生物上 ,现着重介绍几个近年在国外发生普遍、经济影响大、中国没有分布、随大豆传入风险高的新的危险性真菌病害 ,从而对大豆真菌病害有新的认识。1　大豆突死综合症一种镰刀菌引起的大豆突死综合症 (英…     

蓝莓枝枯病病原菌鉴定

 蓝莓 (Vaccinium spp.),是一类属于杜鹃花科 (Ericaceae) 越橘属 (Vaccinium) 的多年生小浆果类果树,广泛地应用于医药、保健、化妆品和环境保护等各方面,联合国粮农组织将其果实列为人类世界五大健康食品之一,也是我国南方酸性土丘陵地区值得发展的经济作物。全国已超过 10 个省份开始大面积的蓝莓商业化栽培,预计未来 10 年将超过 10 万 hm^{2 [1]}。但是,随着生产面积的不断扩大,蓝莓病害也日趋严重,严重影响和制约蓝莓产业的发展。2010年至今,在云南省昆明市周边及丽江市蓝莓种植区发生一种病害,主要为害嫩枝、枝条和主干,发病初期,感病枝条上产生红褐色圆或椭圆形坏死斑,随后逐渐扩大,造成枝条干枯死亡,并可扩展造成主干枯萎。调查发现,该病发病率通常在 10％～20％,重者可达 25％ 以上,可引起蓝莓整株枯萎死亡。本文通过病原菌分离、致病性测定及传统、分子鉴定,明确了该病的病原,以期为病害防治提供理论依据。     

江苏瓜类检疫性病害的防控实践与思考

黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒病和瓜类果斑病是近年新传入江苏的重要瓜类检疫性病害,严重威胁江苏西甜瓜产业。通过设点调查和专项普查,查明瓜类检疫性病害在江苏的发生情况,采取源头检疫和应急处置,集成推广以种子处理、嫁接消毒为主,农业措施和化学防治为辅的综合预防控制技术,有效阻截了两种检疫性病害在江苏的扩散危害。分析江苏瓜类检疫性病害防控面临的形势,提出对策与建议。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.