油菜花露尾甲的发生规律及药剂防治

通过田间系统调查和室内饲养观察表明 :油菜花露尾甲在甘肃临夏春油菜上 1年发生 1代。越冬代成虫春季先侵害早熟的门源油菜 ,之后再危害中熟的甘蓝型油菜和晚熟的芥菜型油菜。侵入的高峰期与油菜蕾盛期 (初花 )相吻合 ,花后虫量锐减。在室温 16.9～17.9℃下饲养 ,卵期3～4d ;幼虫 2龄 ,1龄 2～3d ,2龄 2d ;预蛹期3～5d ,蛹期5～ 9d。幼虫在田间化蛹深度0～6cm ,80%集中在0～3cm的表土中。成虫对黄色有趋性 ,蕾 (花 )期用药是控制该虫危害的关键时期。 2.5%敌杀死3.12mg/kg防治成虫效果较好     

柑桔红蜘蛛的发生及其防治

柑桔红蜘蛛是柑桔的主要害螨之一 ,繁殖快 ,盛发期长 ,危害严重。据市、县植保部门预测 ,今年柑桔红蜘蛛将中等偏重发生 ,局部桔园将大发生 ,其发生期和危害盛期也比２０００年有所提高。目前淳安县各地桔园虫口发生量已经较大 ,有的超过了防治指标。１识别特征成虫体长０．６ｍｍ～０．７ｍｍ ,近椭圆形 ,初粉红色 ,后变紫红。体背有小瘤 ,每瘤上生黄白长刚毛１根 ,卵球形呈红色 ,卵上有梗 ,梗端引出１０条左右细丝 ,作伞形分布 ,附着于叶面上。幼虫体长０．２ｍｍ ,足３对 ,若虫似成虫 ,体小 ,长０．２ｍｍ～０．３ｍｍ ,足４对。２发生规…     

扁豆小灰蝶的生物学特性及其防治研究

扁豆小灰蝶在湖南洪江全年可发生８～９代，主要以蛹和部分幼虫在扁豆残株等处越冬。一～四代幼虫在４～７月先后为害豌豆，长江豆，豇豆和扁豆，四代后８～１１月集中为害扁豆。该虫完成一代需３０～５０ｄ，卵期５～８ｄ，幼虫期１５～２５ｄ，前蛹和蛹期８～１１ｄ，成虫寿命２～５ｄ。卵主要产在花萼和花蕾上，少数产在幼荚处。幼虫蛀食花蕾和豆夹，并能转蕾和转夹蛀害。老熟幼虫在地面杂草，落叶或土缝中化蛹。在卵盛孵期喷施８０％敌敌畏８００倍液，２．５％敌杀死１５００倍液和２５％杀虫双２００倍液，防治效果分别为８５．７％～８７．８％、８７，２％～８８．８％和８０％～８１．３％。     

三种化学除草剂对水葫芦象甲的影响

室内外就草甘膦、克芜踪、农得时３种除草剂对水葫芦象甲卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的影响进行了初步测试。象甲卵直接接触３种除草剂药液和清水对照后,孵化率分别为８３．３％、９３．３％、９２．２％和９５．６％;处理有卵植株叶片后,卵的孵化率分别为９０．０％、５３．４％、８５．６％和９３．６％。３种除草剂对初孵幼虫存活和蛹的羽化影响不大。但用克芜踪和农得时处理的叶片喂食象甲后,成虫产卵量分别为０．１７和０．２７粒／（对ｄ－１）,取食量分别为１０．８０和８．７０个取食斑／（对ｄ－１）,明显低于对照的产卵量１．１４粒和取食量１５．４０个／（对ｄ－１）,而草甘膦处理后象甲产卵量为１．１４粒／（对ｄ－１）,取食斑为１６．５０个／（对ｄ－１）,与对照差异不显著;克芜踪处理后７０天,象甲全部死亡,而草甘膦、农得时和对照的存活率分别为９２．５％、９５．０％和９７．５％。综合比较结果,３种除草剂对象甲的毒性影响依次为克芜踪＞农得时＞草甘膦     

茶蚕颗粒体病毒液剂与复合液剂的田间应用

本文报道茶蚕颗粒体病毒（ＡｂＧＶ）液剂与ＡｂＧＶ杀虫双复合液剂田间防治茶蚕的效果。ＡｂＧＶ液剂６００ｍｌ／ｈｍ ２ 防治卵盛孵期至低龄幼虫期的效果可达８０．４％ ～９１．１％ ,并有明显的持效,施药后１～３ 年,茶蚕的自然感病率仍达４７．６％ ～６２．３％ ;ＡｂＧＶ杀虫双复合液剂（３００ｍ ｌ／ｈｍ ２）防治卵盛孵期至幼虫３龄前幼虫的效果可达８６．２％ ～９７．５％ 。９～１０月以应用复合液剂较好,能加快死亡速度,但持效较ＡｂＧＶ液剂差     

豆荚野螟对豇豆不同器官的产卵选择性研究

豆荚野螟对寄主不同器官具有产卵选择行为,已有的产卵选择性研究尚未明确豆荚野螟对寄主花、蕾以及其他器官的产卵选择性差异。本研究调查了盛花初期和盛花期豇豆花、蕾、茎尖、叶片和豆荚上豆荚野螟的卵粒分布情况,在此基础上设计室内豆荚野螟对盛花期豇豆器官的产卵选择性试验。结果表明,有54.1%的卵粒分布在盛花期的豇豆蕾上,并且蕾上的平均卵量显著高于花、茎尖、豆荚和叶片上的卵量。本研究结果证实了豆荚野螟对寄主不同器官具有显著的产卵选择性,进一步明确了豆荚野螟偏好于在寄主蕾上产卵的特性,为豆荚野螟的综合治理提供了理论指导。     

宁海地区蚕豆象发生危害及其防治

蚕豆象在浙江省宁海县１ａ发生１代，以成虫在仓库角落及包装品等缝隙内越冬，翌年３月下旬越冬成虫开始活动，４月上旬至下旬为产卵盛期，下旬末为卵孵盛期，６月下旬至７月上中旬严重危害豆粒，一般危害率４０％左右，重的达８０％以上。在蚕豆收获后３０ｄ内采用磷化铝熏杀成虫或在成虫产卵盛期，即蚕豆结夹后７～１０ｄ，采用有机磷杀虫剂等可控制其危害。     

人工卵赤眼蜂对玉米害虫的控害效果

研究表明,用人工卵繁殖的松毛虫赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂对夏玉米田２～３代玉米螟均有较好的控害效果。放蜂区校正卵粒寄生率为６５．４４％～６８．１６％;百株玉米蛀孔数和雄穗被害较对照分别减少６６．６７％～７０．３７％和７３．３３％～８０．００％。防治玉米雌穗上棉铃虫的效果,螟黄赤眼蜂要明显好于松毛虫赤眼蜂（２０．０％）,虫口减退率达７１．１％。另外还研制了适合人工卵赤眼蜂田间放蜂的放蜂器,出蜂率达９０％以上。     

用米蛾成虫、米蛾卵和人工卵等饲养黄色花蝽

用米蛾成虫、米蛾卵、人工卵、米蛾卵加人工卵作饲料,饲养仓虫天敌黄色花蝽均能完成发育和产卵。不同饲料对若虫和成虫的发育、成活和生殖力均有不同程度的影响。米蛾成虫和米蛾卵的饲养效果最好。若虫期分别为19.1和16.3天,成虫获得率90.9％和88.5％;产卵前期3.1和3.9天,产卵量66.3和50.2粒,成虫寿命24和31天。不同饲料对下一代卵的孵化率和卵的发育期没有影响。对各种饲料原材料的成本作了估算,米蛾成虫是生产米蛾卵后的废弃物,充分利用可以大大减少黄色花蝽的繁殖费用。     

牧草盲蝽不同虫态在棉株上的分布规律

为了明确牧草盲蝽[Lygus pratensis(Linnaeus)]成虫、若虫和卵在棉株上的分布及其习性,采用目测法调查棉株不同器官上牧草盲蝽成虫、若虫和卵的数量。研究显示:蕾期、花期、铃期和全生育期,棉株不同器官上的牧草盲蝽成虫和若虫种群密度间的差异均达到了显著水平,成虫密度:叶片蕾花铃;若虫密度:蕾叶片铃花。牧草盲蝽卵在整个棉株上均有分布,43.5%卵分布在上部,同时叶柄和棉铃上卵量最多。以上结果表明牧草盲蝽成虫主要分布在棉株的叶片上,而若虫主要分布在蕾和叶片上。卵主要集中产在棉株上部,叶柄和棉铃上居多。本研究结果对进一步探明牧草盲蝽生物学特性有重要科学意义。     

Different methods of monitoring susceptibility of oilseed rape beetles to insecticides

The resistance of oilseed rape pollen beetles to lambda-cyhalothrin has increased in Germany over the period 2002 to 2007. Oilseed rape pollen beetles are very good at dispersing, therefore field results should always be compared with those of laboratory experiments. The response of oilseed rape pollen beetles to active substances may not be the same as that to formulated products. Bioassays in which beetles are exposed to insecticides on either complete inflorescences or flower buds give different results. It is evident that samples of the genus Meligethes collected in the field can include several different species. Monitoring for insecticide resistance should be done using only the true oilseed rape pollen beetle.     

Strategies to prevent spread of Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) onto oilseed rape crops in China; costs and benefits

Field experiments in Europe have shown that Chinese cultivars of winter oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ) are very susceptible to the pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans (cause of phoma stem canker). Climatic and agronomic conditions in China are suitable for L. maculans since the closely related but less damaging pathogen L. biglobosa occurs on the winter and spring oilseed rape crops there. Major gene resistance to L. maculans is not durable; when introduced into commercial oilseed rape cultivars it is rapidly rendered ineffective by changes in the pathogen population. The threat to Chinese oilseed rape production from L. maculans is illustrated by the way in which L. maculans has spread into other areas of the world where previously only L. biglobosa was present, such as Canada and Poland. Models were developed to describe the spread (in space and time) of L. maculans across Alberta province, Canada, based on survey data collected over a 15-year period. These models were used to estimate the potential spread of L. maculans across the Yangtze river oilseed rape growing areas of China and its associated costs. Short-term strategies to prevent occurrence of severe phoma stem canker epidemics in China include training of extension workers to recognise symptoms of the disease and use of PCR-based diagnostics to detect the pathogen on imported seed. Long-term strategies include the introduction of durable resistance to L. maculans into Chinese oilseed rape cultivars as a component of an integrated disease management programme. The costs of such strategies in relation to costs of a phoma stem canker epidemic are discussed.     

10.8%精喹禾灵乳油防除春油菜田野燕麦的效果

为了更好地防除春油菜田野燕麦,对10.8％精喹禾灵乳油防除春油菜田野燕麦的效果及其对春油菜的安全性进行了田间小区试验.结果表明,10.8％精喹禾灵乳油在一定剂量范围内于野燕麦3～4叶期(春油菜3～4叶期)兑水300 L/hm2茎叶喷雾,对野燕麦的防除效果达到66.24％～ 95.75％,各处理区油菜生长正常.10.8％精喹禾灵乳油安全性好、防效高、持效期长.     

The production and release of ascospores of Pyrenopeziza brassicae on oilseed rape

The results of observation for three seasons in oilseed rape crops of the production and release of ascopores of Pyrenopeziza brassicae , the cause of light leaf spot disease of brassicas, are presented. Large apothecia (1–2 mm in diameter) take at least 3 weeks to develop on leaf petioles after infected leaves die, but small apothecia (50–200 um) may form on leaf lamellae after about 15 days. Apothecia were found on all 12 oilseed rape varieties examined. Spore trapping experiments in infected crops show that ascospore release is associated with rain, but most ascospores are released after rainfall when the crop debris bearing apothecia are wet. Ascospores can be released for up to 5 days after rain. Laboratory measurements show that apothecia can continue to release ascospores for up to 3 weeks even when they are subjected to wet and dry cycles. The consequences of the widespread occurrence of the sexual stage of P. brassicae are discussed and possible cycles of disease and spore production in oilseed crops are suggested.     

Resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) in Brassica napus (oilseed rape) induced by L. biglobosa and chemical defence activators in field and controlled environments

Effects of pretreatment of Brassica napus leaves with ascospores of Leptosphaeria biglobosa or chemical defence activators [acibenzolar- S -methyl (ASM) or menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB)] on infection by ascospores of Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) and development of disease were studied in controlled-environment (phoma leaf spot) and field (phoma leaf spot and stem canker) experiments. In controlled-environment experiments, pretreatment of oilseed rape leaves (cv. Madrigal) with L. biglobosa , ASM or MSB delayed the appearance of L. maculans phoma leaf spot lesions. These pretreatments also decreased the phoma leaf spot lesion area in both pretreated leaves (local effect) and untreated leaves (systemic effect). In winter oilseed rape field experiments in the 2002/03 and 2003/04 growing seasons, pretreatment with L. biglobosa or ASM in October/November decreased not only the number of phoma leaf spot lesions per leaf caused by L. maculans in autumn/winter, but also the severity of phoma stem canker in the subsequent spring/summer. Effects were greater in 2002/03 (when natural L. maculans ascospore release began in September 2002) than in 2003/04 (when ascospore release began in December following a period of dry weather in August/September 2003). These results suggest that pretreatment with biological or chemical defence activators can induce local and systemic resistance to L. maculans , with both short-term effects on the development of phoma leaf spotting and long-term effects on the development of stem canker 8 months later.     

两种花粉对巴氏钝绥螨生长发育与繁殖的影响

在实验室条件下测定了两种花粉对巴氏钝绥螨生长发育与繁殖的影响。结果表明,在温度25 ℃、相对湿度72%,光照L∥D=12 h∥12 h条件下,油菜花粉饲养的巴氏钝绥螨幼螨、前若螨、后若螨历期分别为0.98、3.23、430 d。幼螨发育到成螨共需8.52 d,存活率为83.33%,雌虫不产卵。丝瓜花粉饲养的巴氏钝绥螨卵、幼螨、前若螨、后若螨、产卵前期、世代历期分别为2.55、0.97、2.38、2.07、3.20、11.17 d。平均每头雌螨日产卵量1.78粒,总产卵量58.60粒,产卵持续时间33.53 d,无不产卵个体。其日产卵量呈二次抛物线趋势,回归方程为y=0.155 4t-0.002 80t2(R2=0.951 5,p<0.000 1)。取食丝瓜花粉的巴氏钝绥螨的种群趋势指数I=28.13,净生殖率为R0=26.813,种群平均世代周期T=30.139 d,内禀增长率rm=0.109,周限增长率λ=1.115,种群加倍时问t=6.352 d。由以上试验结果可知,丝瓜花粉比油菜花粉更适合饲养、繁殖巴氏钝绥螨。     

低温饲养对蠋蝽生长发育的影响

为探究蠋蝽低温饲养效果，延长蠋蝽货架期。本研究对低温T1（15℃）和T2（10℃）条件下，小群体饲养的初始处理龄期为3龄、4龄、5龄蠋蝽若虫及成虫的部分生长发育参数和蜕皮激素含量进行测定分析。研究结果表明：随着饲养温度降低，蠋蝽食物与水的更换（补给）频次降低，蠋蝽在T1和T2温度条件下均能发育、但若虫发育历期随温度降低显著延长，蠋蝽羽化成虫后的虫体质量随温度和初始饲养龄期的降低而降低；T2-3（“-”后的数字代表蠋蝽龄期）组蠋蝽若虫不能发育至成虫，T1-3和T2-4组蠋蝽若虫可以发育至成虫、但较多成虫翅畸形，T1-3和T2-3组5龄若虫蜕皮后第5 d的蜕皮激素含量（27.37 ng/L和24.21 ng/L）显著低于CK-3（30.16 ng/L）；T1-4、T1-5和T2-5组蠋蝽若虫能发育至成虫，且T1-4和T1-5组蠋蝽羽化的成虫可以在该温度下交配产卵（7.04粒、10.25粒）；T2组中仅有T2-5、T2-雌成虫两组蠋蝽在恢复饲养观测期内有产卵（9.24粒、17.05粒），但产卵量显著低于CK组（27.26粒），T1温度各组均在恢复饲养观测期内有产卵，且高龄期组卵量显著高于低龄期组。     

Response of imidazolinone-tolerant and -susceptible volunteer oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) to ALS inhibitors and alternative herbicides

BACKGROUND: Imidazolinone-tolerant oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) varieties are currently grown in Canada, North America, Chile and Australia with high acreage. A Europe-wide introduction has started and will be pushed further for both spring and winter varieties. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of imidazolinone tolerance for future volunteer oilseed rape control in subsequent crops, particularly winter wheat. RESULTS: A greenhouse bioassay showed cross-tolerance of imidazolinone-tolerant oilseed rape towards sulfonylureas, triazolopyrimidines and sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinones (resistance factors between 5 and 775), with a homozygous variety expressing a much higher tolerance level compared with a heterozygous variety. Calculated ED₉₀ values suitable for controlling tolerant plants were always much higher than the recommended herbicide dose. Generally, results were confirmed under field conditions, but with higher efficacies than expected in some cases (e.g. florasulam). Herbicides with an alternative mode of action were found to be effective in controlling imidazolinone-tolerant volunteers in subsequent winter wheat crops. CONCLUSION: Herbicide strategies have to be adjusted for volunteer control in subsequent crops if imidazolinone-tolerant oilseed rape varieties are to be grown. However, agronomic tools (harvest date, harvest technique, tillage) should be used conscientiously in the first place to keep volunteer oilseed rape densities at the lowest possible level. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Entwicklung, Samenbildung und Biomasseproduktion ausgewählter Problemunkrautarten in Rapshalbzwerghybriden

Recently semi-dwarf oilseed rape varieties appeared in practical cropping. So far, only few studies about their properties in combination with weeds are available. Recently however an increasing number of weeds that are difficult to control are observed in oilseed rape. For the experiment Anchusa arvensis (L.) M.??Bieb., Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. and a mixture of three different Geranium species were selected to study their development, seed and biomass production. Consequences for cropping on semi-dwarf oilseed rape cultivars were derived from the results. Three rape cultivars different in plant height were chosen for the experiments: the normal growing variety “Viking”, the semi-dwarf variety “PR45D01” and a full dwarf rape biotype for breeding purposes. In contrast oilseed rape with normal height, infestation of light-indigently and high growing weeds is more probable in semi-dwarf oilseed rape varieties. These weeds show increased biomass production and higher seed production per plant.