环境因子对鲍属幼体附着和变态的影响

综述了水温、盐度、溶氧量、饵料和化学物质等环境因子对鲍附着和变态影响的资料,为提高鲍育苗成活率提供理论依据。     

蛋白源的加热处理对鲍饵料中蛋白质价值的影响

在以往用白鱼粉为饵料的鲍鱼的饲养试验中，鲍的增重率只相当于用酪蛋白为饵料的50--60%，两种饵料的显着差异以前被认为是由于鲍对两种不同饵料中的蛋白质的消化吸收率的差别造成的，本次通过三组试验，分别对白鱼粉饵料的有效性同鲍的各成长阶段的关系以及采用不同温度加热蛋白源同鲍的生长和饵料效率的关系做了比较。搞清了是由于对蛋白源的加热造成了鲍的生长和饵料效率的降低．     

皱纹盘鲍幼鲍期不同饵料的喂养效果试验

关于稚鲍和幼鲍期饵料的研究，一直是鲍人工育苗工艺中的一项重要研究课题。对壳长5毫米以前的稚鲍，目前国内外均采用附着性底栖硅藻类为饵料；对壳长5毫米以后的幼鲍，底栖硅藻的饵料效果尽管很好，但往往因其数量难以保证，应用于大规模种苗生产尚有一定困难。因此，对幼鲍期饵料的研究，早已为国内外许多研究人员所重视。坂井英世(1976年)以冷冻裙带菜切成的薄片作饵料，     

不同饵料对黑鲍幼鲍生长及存活的影响

本实验研究了裂片石莼(Ulva fasciata)、龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)、海带(Laminaria japonica)、细基江蓠繁枝变种(Gracilaria tenuistipitata)、舌状蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia livida)和人工配合饲料6种饵料对黑鲍[(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)(♀)×(Haliotis discus discus Ino)(♂)]幼鲍存活和生长的影响.将6种饵料随机分成6组,每组3个重复,每个重复饲养黑鲍20只.实验幼鲍的初始体长、体质量分别为(12.29±0.03)mm、(0.223±0.002)g,实验为期35 d.实验结果如下:(1)不同饵料对幼鲍的存活率有显著影响(P＜0.05),且由大到小依次为海带组、人工配合饲料组、龙须菜组、蜈蚣藻组、江蓠组和石莼组.其中海带组、人工配合饲料组的存活率显著大于其他海藻组(P＜0.05);(2)不同饵料对幼鲍的生长有显著影响(P＜0.05),6种饵料组的幼鲍的特定生长率(SGR)由大到小依次为人工配合饲料组、海带组、江蓠组、石莼组、龙须菜组和蜈蚣藻组.其中人工配合饲料组、海带组的SGR显著大于其他饵料组(P＜0.05).壳长增长率、湿重增重率、干重增重率亦呈现相似趋势.实验结束时,蜈蚣藻组的体质量呈现负增长;(3)幼鲍对不同饵料的转化效率存在显著差异(P＜0.05),幼鲍对人工配合饲料的转化效率是最大.实验结果表明人工配合饲料和海带是黑鲍养殖生产上最佳的选择.     

不同饵料及其组合对黑鲍幼鲍生长及存活的影响

试验研究人工配合饲料、细基江蓠繁枝变种(Gracilaria tenuistipitata)(下称江蓠)、江蓠 裂片石莼(Ulva faxciata)、江蓠 肠浒苔(Enteromorpha intesinalis)、江蓠 裂片石莼 肠浒苔共5种饵料搭配方式对黑鲍幼鲍生长和存活的影响。试验进行35d,结果表明:(1)不同试验组之间的幼鲍的存活没有显著影响(P>0.05)。(2)不同试验处理对幼鲍的生长有显著影响(P<0.05)。江蓠 浒苔组、人工配合饲料组的黑鲍的特定生长率都显著大于其它饵料组(P<0.05);饲喂混合海藻的黑鲍的特定生长率显著大于单一海藻组(P<0.05)。壳长增长率、湿重增重率和干重增重率亦呈相似趋势。(3)幼鲍对不同饵料组合的转化效率存在显著差异(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,在水温较高时用江蓠、石莼和浒苔组成的混合饵料代替人工配合饲料饲养幼鲍,同样可以达到高的生长率。     

杂色鲍在高密度养殖条件下的生长速率

本文报道了在人工高密度养殖条件下,杂色鲍（Ｈａｌｉｏｔｉｓｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｃｏｌｏｒ）的相对生长率、特定生长率及生长速度与饵料、水温等环境因子的关系。结果表明,杂色鲍的饵料系数为１３．６６,饵料转化率为０．０７３２,增重倍数为６．０３。体重与体长生长速率（７～１２月）关系式为Ｗ＝０．３０３９Ｌ－６．１８８７。     

底栖硅藻种类组成对皱纹盘鲍匍匐幼体和稚鲍生长、存活的影响

为验证由生产培养获得的不同质量的底栖硅藻培养皱纹盘鲍不同生长阶段幼体的效果,采用经不同培养措施获得的两类底栖硅藻群落(饵料A和饵料B)培养皱纹盘鲍前期匍訇幼体和稚鲍.试验结果表明,饵料A培养前期匍匐幼体的存活率[(43.47±13.53)%]显著高于饵料B[(6.94±5.17)%],但生长指标差异不显著.两类饵料培养的稚鲍存活率差异不显著,但饵料B的生长速度和特定生长率[(0.151±0.025)mm/d和(4.706±0.492)%/d)]显著高于饵料A[(0.103±0.022)mm/d和(3.625±0.374)%/d)].说明皱纹盘鲍幼体在不同生长阶段适应底栖硅藻的种类不同.匍匐幼体期对底栖硅藻质量要求较高,稚鲍期由于食量增加和食性转化,对饵料数量的要求表现得更为明显.     

2种底栖硅藻饲养杂色鲍幼体和稚贝的饵料效果

用羽纹藻（Pinnularia sp．）、简单双眉藻（Amprhoraexigua）、羽纹藻和简单双眉藻混合（混合组）作为饵料，以自然海区采集的硅藻作对照，研究其对杂色鲍（Haliotisdiversicolor）幼体和稚贝成活和生长的影响，确定人工分离的2种硅藻的饵料效果。结果表明，2种底栖硅藻在杂色鲍育苗中具有一定的饵料价值。饵料种类对不同规格杂色鲍的成活率和生长影响显著，并且2个观测指标的结果相同。幼体羽纹藻组、简单双眉藻、混合组3组间的成活率、生长无显著差异，但都明显比对照组低；稚贝简单双眉藻、混合组和对照组无显著差异，羽纹藻组显著比对照组低。     

九孔鲍养殖技术要点

九孔鲍（Haliolis darsicolor supertexta）是杂色鲍（Haliotis diversicolor）的一个亚种，主要分布于我国台湾及日本南部海域，具有生长快、养殖周期短、摄食旺盛、对饵料要求低。适应高温高盐环境等优点。搞好九孔鲍的养殖有一些技术环节要加以重视，概述如下。     

皱纹盘鲍稚鲍剥离后大量死亡原因研究

针对稚鲍剥离后大量死亡问题，进行稚鲍剥离规格、稚鲍剥离后直接投喂人工合成饵料与继续摄食底栖硅藻的对比试验，结果是：4mm稚鲍剥离死亡率比2mm稚鲍剥离死亡率低得多，稚鲍剥离后投喂人工合成饵料死亡率很高，摄食底栖硅藻，死亡率则很低。     

Effect of dietary protein:energy ratio on intake, growth and metabolism of juvenile green abalone Haliotis fulgens

Juvenile green abalone Haliotis rufescens were grown under laboratory conditions at 21±1 °C and fed formulated diets consisting of different protein:energy ratios (mg protein/kcal), 62, 74, 85, 100, 108, for 60 days. The level of crude protein ranged from approximately 26% to 44% while the energy content remained constant at about 4.1 kcal g⁻¹. Growth ranged from 3.63 to 12.33 mg day⁻¹. The growth of abalone fed the 100 and 108 diets was significantly greater than that of each of the other diets. Protein efficiency ratio increased as the dietary protein content increased except for the T108 diet (44% crude protein). Abalone apparently consume food to satisfy an energy requirement. Caloric expenditure due to metabolism was estimated for abalone fed diets with protein ratios of 62, 85, 100. Energy loss due to respiration did not vary appreciably among abalone fed the different diets. The proportional distribution of dietary energy into fecal, digestible, growth, and metabolic energy was estimated for abalone fed these diets. Apparent dry matter digestibility was among the lowest for abalone fed the 100 P:E diet, but growth of abalone fed this diet was significantly higher than that of each of the other treatments except the 108 diet. Unexplained energy loss to achieve balance ranged from 7% to 28.5%, some of which is probably due to differential mucus and ammonia production. Results suggest a potential for the reduction of both dietary protein and lipid without causing any adverse effects on the growth response.     

Effect of dietary substitution of sea tangle (ST), Laminaria japonica with rice bran (RB) on growth and body composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus)

Dietary substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) with rice bran (RB) on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus) was determined. Juvenile abalone was acclimated to the experimental conditions for 4 weeks. Seventy juvenile abalone averaging 0.43 g were randomly distributed into each of the 18, 70 L plastic rectangular containers. The experimental diets were fed to abalone once a day at a satiation level with a little leftover. The feeding trial lasted for 16 weeks. Survival of abalone was not affected by dietary substitution of ST with RB. However, weight gain of abalone fed the RB40 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the all other diets except for the RB0 diet. No significant difference in weight gain was found in abalone fed between the RB0 and RB100 diets. SGR of abalone fed the RB40 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the all other diets. Also SGR of abalone fed the RB0 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the RB100 diet, but not different from that of abalone fed the RB20, RB60 and RB80 diets. Moisture, crude protein and ash content of the soft body of abalone were affected by dietary substitution of ST with RB. In conclusion, the 100% ST could be substituted with RB without a retardation of weight gain of abalone when the 20% ST was included into the experimental diet. However, the best growth performance was obtained in abalone fed the RB40 diet substituting 40% ST with RB.     

Substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) (Laminaria japonica) with tunic of sea squirt (SS) (Halocynthia roretzi) in diet on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus,Reeve 1846)

Substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) with tunic of sea squirt (SS) in diet on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone was determined. One thousand four hundred and seventy abalones were distributed into 21 containers. Six formulated diets in triplicate were prepared. A 200 g/kg ST was included into the ST0 diet. The 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 g/kg of ST were substituted with the same amount of tunic of SS, referred to as the ST200, ST400, ST600, ST800 and ST1000 diets, respectively. Finally, Undaria was prepared to compare effect of the formulated diets on performance of abalone. The experimental diets were fed to abalone for 16 weeks. Weight gain of abalone fed the ST400 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the ST0, ST600, ST800 and ST1000 diets and Undaria. Weight gain of abalone fed the formulated diets was higher than that of abalone fed the Undaria. The chemical composition of the carcass of abalone was affected by dietary substitution of ST with tunic of SS. In conclusion, ST could be completely substituted with tunic of SS without retardation in performance of abalone. Abalone fed the ST400 diet substituting 400 g/kg ST with tunic of SS achieved the best growth.     

Effects of diets on the growth performance and shell pigmentation of Pacific abalone

This study investigated the effects of natural and artificial diets on growth performance and shell pigmentation of cultured abalone. A 7‐month feeding trial was conducted on 12 000 Pacific abalones (Haliotis discus hannai) with four diets including two extruder‐processed test diets (with & without addition of oleopaprika carotenoids), Pacific dulse (Palmaria mollis) and a combination of Pacific dulse and a test diet. The results showed that the two test diets resulted in higher survival of abalone, but with a lower growth rates when compared with Pacific dulse alone (P < 0.05). The combination diet achieved the highest survival and growth rates. The Pacific dulse resulted in abalone with dark‐brown shells, which are preferred by Asian markets. The test diets led to 52% and 55% of the animals with pink coloured shells and the supplementation of oleopaprika did not affect shell pigmentation. The aqueous acidic extracts from both dark‐brown and pink shells showed blue colour; HPLC‐MS chromatography revealed that the pigments in the extracts were consistent with a biliverdin and a cysteine‐biliverdin. These results are valuable for the development of abalone feed and the control of abalone shell colouration.     

Effects of dietary substitution of fishmeal with the combined dry microalgae,Nannochloropsis oceanica (NO) biomass residue and casein on growth and body composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus)

The effects of dietary substitution of fishmeal with the combined dry Nannochloropsis oceanica (NO) biomass residue and casein on growth performance and carcass composition of juvenile abalone was determined. One thousand two hundred and sixty juvenile abalone were randomly distributed into the 18 L plastic rectangular containers. Five experimental diets in triplicate were prepared. The 28% fishmeal was included into the control (Con) diet. The 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% fishmeal were substituted with the combination of graded levels of dry NO biomass residue and casein, referred to as the NO25, NO50, NO75 and NO100 diets respectively. Finally, the salted sea tangle (ST), Laminaria japonica was prepared to compare the effect of the experimental diets on performance of abalone. The essential amino acids, such as isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine tended to increase with dietary substitution of fishmeal with NO biomass residue in the experimental diets. Arginine tended to decrease with dietary substitution of fishmeal with NO biomass residue. Survival of abalone fed the experimental diets was higher than that of abalone fed the ST diet for 16 weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone fed the NO100 diet were higher than those of abalone fed the all other diets. Weight gain and SGR of abalone linearly increased with dietary substation of fishmeal with NO. Shell length of abalone tended to increase with dietary substitution of fishmeal with the combined dry NO biomass residue and casein. The chemical composition of the soft body of abalone was different among treatments except for moisture content. In conclusion, fishmeal in the diets for abalone could be completely replaced with the combined dry NO biomass residue and casein when the 28% fishmeal was included.     

Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate‐to‐Lipid Ratio on Growth and Carcass Composition of Juvenile Abalone,Haliotis discus,Reeve 1846

The optimal dietary carbohydrate (C) : lipid (L) ratio on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus, was determined. A total of 1260 juveniles were randomly distributed into 18 containers. Six experimental diets containing different ratios of C to L (49:1, 48:2, 47:3, 45:5, 43:7, and 41:9) were prepared and referred to as the C49:L1, C48:L2, C47:L3, C45:L5, C43:L7, and C41:L9 diets, respectively. Water stability of the experimental diets was measured 12, 24, and 48 h after seawater immersion. Crude protein, L and ash content of the experimental diets decreased with time. Survival of abalone fed the C48:L2 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the C49:L1 and C41:L9 diets. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone fed the C49:L1, C48:L2, and C47:L3 diets were higher than that of abalone fed the C45:L5, C43:L7, and C41:L9 diets. Crude L content of the soft body of abalone was directly reflected from dietary crude L content. In conclusion, the optimal dietary C : L ratio was estimated to be 48:2 and 47:3 based on survival, weight gain, and SGR of juvenile abalone, respectively. Greater than 3% L content in the diet deteriorated performance of this species of abalone.     

Effects of Algae and Shell Pigment Extract‐supplemented Diets on Shell Pigmentation and Growth Performance of Pacific Abalone,Haliotis discus hannai

To improve shell pigmentation and growth performance of Pacific abalone, five extruded diets were prepared by supplementing a formulated control diet with 3% each of three species of algae (Pacific dulse, Porphyra yezoensis, Spirulina) and a pigment extract from the abalone shells (0.02%). Each of the five diets and a commercial feed were randomly assigned to three containers each stocked with 1000 juvenile Pacific abalone (2 g per individual) in a flow‐through seawater system for a 5‐mo feeding trial. Test results showed: (1) all the supplements significantly (P < 0.05) increased percentages of dark‐brown shelled abalone in the test treatments, relative to the control treatment; (2) the abalone fed the experimental diets achieved significantly (P < 0.05) greater final weight, shell‐length growth rates, and higher meat protein contents than those fed the commercial feed (P < 0.05); and (3) the abalone fed the Spirulina‐supplemented diet achieved the best overall growth, pigmentation performances, and feed conversion ratio; and the Pacific dulse supplement generated the highest protein content in abalone meat product (P < 0.05) among the tested diets. These results demonstrate the potential of locally made feed, which can generate desirable characteristics in abalone under aquaculture conditions.     

Substitution effect of Undaria pinnatifida with citrus (Citrus unshiu,Marcovitch) peel by‐product in feed on the growth,body composition and air exposure stressor of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus,Reeve 1846)

Substitution effect of Undaria pinnatifida with citrus peel by‐product (CPB) on growth, body composition and air exposure stressor of abalone was determined. A total of 1,080 abalone were distributed into 18 net cages. Five formulated diets were prepared in triplicate. The CPB0 diet contained 200 g/kg U. pinnatifida. The 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 g/kg U. pinnatifida were substituted with the equal amount of CPB, referred to as the CPB250, CPB500, CPB750 and CPB1000 diets, respectively. Finally, dry U. pinnatifida was prepared. Abalone were fed for 16 weeks and then subjected to air exposure stressor for 24 hr. The cumulative mortality of abalone was monitored for the following 4 days after 24‐hr air exposure. Survival, weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone fed all formulated diets were greater than those of abalone fed the U. pinnatifida. The greatest weight gain and SGR were achieved in abalone fed the CPB500 diet. The chemical composition of the soft body of abalone was not affected by the experimental diets. Higher cumulative mortality was observed in abalone fed the CPB0 and dry U. pinnatifida at 16 hr after 24‐hr air exposure compared to abalone fed all other diets. In conclusion, U. pinnatifida could be completely substituted with CPB in abalone feed.     

Growth and Body Composition Effects of Tuna Byproduct Meal Substituted for Fish Meal in the Diet of Juvenile Abalone,Haliotis discus

The effects on growth and body composition that result from tuna byproduct meal (TBM) substituted for fish meal in the diet of juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus, were determined. One thousand two hundred sixty juvenile abalone were randomly distributed into 18 70‐L plastic rectangular containers. Six experimental diets were prepared in triplicate. The TBM0 diet included 28% fish meal and 13% soybean meal as the protein source. Twenty‐five, 50, 75, and 100% of the fish meal were substituted with TBM. Finally, salted sea tangle was prepared. The essential amino acids, such as isoleucine, lysine, and valine, tended to decrease with the dietary substitution of TBM for fish meal in the experimental diets. The weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone that were fed the TBM25 diet were higher than those of abalone that were fed the other diets. The crude protein content of the soft body of the abalone linearly decreased with the dietary substitution of TBM for fish meal. In conclusion, as much as 75% of the fish meal in the diet of abalone can be replaced with TBM without retardation in weight gain and SGR of the abalone when 28% fish meal was included.