水温变化对凡纳滨对虾溶菌活力、一氧化氮合酶活性的影响

在对虾养殖过程中，对虾可能会面临着多方面的环境胁迫（水质恶化、个体间的竞争、高密度拥挤、水温变化等）．由此而引发机体的应激反应，这虽是一种保护性反应，但长期处于应激状态下．机体的免疫功能会受到抑制。在免疫系统中由一氧化氮台酶催化产生的一氧化氮在生物抵抗疾病和免疫调控方面具有非常重要的作用，并且NOS能够作为反应对虾健康状况的有效指标。国内外有关环境胁迫对虾疫功能的影响已有报道．而水温急剧变化对虾免疫功能方面的研究未见报道。本文以一氧化氮合酶为指标，     

环境胁迫对鱼类免疫系统影响的研究概况

环境胁迫(environmental stress)是指环境对鱼类所处的生存状态产生的压力,可以分为急性环境胁迫和慢性环境胁迫。捉捞(handling)和干扰(disturbance)等引起急性环境胁迫,而水质逐渐恶化和高密度放养等造成慢性胁迫。随着世界人口的增长和消费水平的提高,世界渔业也得到了长足的发展。但与此同时,由于人类活动范围的扩大、程度的加深,     

光合细菌提高凡纳滨对虾幼体抗逆性的研究

人工引入光合细菌于凡纳滨对虾养殖环境中,监测与养殖环境相关的水质因子(氨氮、亚硝酸氮、化学需氧量)的变化;观察不同光合细菌使用浓度下凡纳滨对虾对人工制造的胁迫环境的抗逆性;观测不同光合细菌使用浓度下凡纳滨对虾的成活率与体重增长率。研究光合细菌对水质改善和凡纳滨对虾抗逆性的影响。结果表明,光合细菌能显著(P<0.05)降低水体中的化学需氧量、氨氮含量并抑制亚硝酸盐氮的产生;当光合细菌投放浓度为3×103cfu/mL时,水体中化学需氧量、氨态氮、亚硝酸盐氮含量的均值分别比对照组降低了31.59%、43.42%、52.20%;成活率比对照组提高了18.67%,体重增长率是对照组的1.34倍;当光合细菌使用浓度为3×102cfu/mL~3×104cfu/mL时,对虾抗逆性显著(P<0.05)增强,对虾在氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、高锰酸钾、甲醛胁迫下24 h的成活率均值分别比对照组提高了36.67%、25.00%、26.39%、10.00%。     

亚硝态氮慢性胁迫对凡纳滨对虾体成分和糖代谢的影响

为研究亚硝态氮(NO2–-N)慢性胁迫对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)[(2.03±0.33) g]生长、摄食、体成分和糖代谢的影响,实验设置0 (对照组)、8 (N8组)、15 (N15组)和30 mg/L (N30组) NO2–-N浓度组,进行36 d的NO2–-N慢性胁迫实验。结果显示,随着NO2–-N浓度升高,对虾的终末体重、特定生长率、增重率和日摄食率均呈显著下降趋势。N8组和N15组对虾的血糖和肝胰腺中糖原含量在实验中期高于对照组,但最终均低于对照组,而肌肉中糖原含量在实验期间始终低于对照组。胁迫组凡纳滨对虾肌肉中的己糖激酶活力低于对照组;而肝胰腺己糖激酶活力和丙酮酸激酶活力均高于对照组,同时,肝胰腺乳酸含量与乳酸脱氢酶活力呈先上升后下降的趋势,最终与对照组相比无显著差异。终末体成分中,N30组的粗脂肪含量显著低于对照组。结果表明,NO2–-N慢性胁迫会降低对虾食欲,减缓凡纳滨对虾的生长,机体糖代谢调节可作为对虾应对NO2–-N慢性胁迫的短期响应,对虾对脂质的利用在应对NO2–-N慢性胁迫过程中起重要作用。     

对虾养殖中几种常见应激反应的处理措施

1养殖水体pH值偏低或偏高处理措施 pH值是水质的重要指标，pH值偏低会导致对虾血液的pH值下降，降低血液载氧能力，尽管水中的溶解氧含量较高，还是会造成对虾生理缺氧症，经常浮头，同时缺氧会导致对虾生理代谢紊乱，摄食量下降，使对虾处于饥饿状态，造成生长缓慢。pH值过高则会腐蚀对虾鳃部组织，使对虾失去呼吸能力而大批死亡。另外，水中的pH值过高或过低，均会造成水中的微生物活动受到抑制，有机物不易分解。     

枯草芽孢杆菌改善水质提高凡纳滨对虾幼体抗逆性的研究

投放不同浓度梯度的枯草芽孢杆菌于凡纳滨对虾幼体养殖环境中,监测不同枯草芽孢杆菌使用浓度下与养殖环境相关的水质因子（氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、化学需氧量）的变化;观察不同枯草芽孢杆菌使用浓度下凡纳滨对虾幼体对人工制造的胁迫环境的抗逆性;观测不同枯草芽孢杆菌使用浓度下凡纳滨对虾幼体的成活率与体重增长率。研究枯草芽孢杆菌对水质改善和凡纳滨对虾幼体抗逆性的影响。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌能显著（P〈0.05）降低化学需氧量、氨氮含量,抑制亚硝酸盐氮的产生;当枯草芽孢杆菌投放浓度为1.25×10^4cfu/ml时,水体中化学需氧量、氨态氮、亚硝酸盐氮含量均值比对照组分别降低了65.30%、59.70%、88.64%,成活率比对照组提高了10.00%,体重增长率是对照组的2.44倍;当枯草芽孢杆菌使用浓度为1.25×10^4～1.25×10^6cfu/ml时,对虾抗逆性显著（P〈0.05）增强,对虾在氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、高锰酸钾、甲醛胁迫下24小时的成活率均值分别比对照组提高了16.94%、24.44%、44.17%、18.61%。     

对虾养殖清塘与肥水的学问

对虾养殖的清塘与肥水，是养虾各环节中最为关键的一环，但往往被人忽略，不少养殖认为这很简单，不用哕嗦，当遇到了水质环境变化了，都埋怨天气不好，问题是技术不到位，按老办法养殖，结果天气反常了束手无策，今年为何大部分在早造失败了，就是没有真正掌握好养水这个关键点。养好水必须清塘要彻底，也是对虾健康养殖生产最基本的程序，这里再谈一下为什么要彻底清塘，如果清塘不彻底，就会容易给养虾带来致病的不良环境，直接影响整造虾水体的水质稳定。养虾早期肥水搞不好，虾苗的基础饵料贫乏，成活率低、生长慢、养虾中、后期水色调节不过关，水质易受底质等因素影响造成水质不稳定，难以给对虾造就一个稳定的生活环境，当然虾就会病和死亡。     

应用生态学原理综合防治虾病（上）

改良对虾养殖的水域环境，使之尽可能接近亲虾生活的自然海区生态环境，是应用生态学原理健康养殖对虾的基本原则。笔者结合华南地区气候、水温、水质、土壤。养殖习惯等特点，在农业部渔业局帅国对虾养成技术规范》的基础上，总结出一套以改良生态环境为核心的“华南地区对虾健康养殖操作要点”，现将其具体操作方法以及经验体会汇集如下。一、改良水域环境，接近自然生态，提高可持续养殖能力改良水域环境应该着眼于消除养殖池底泥的酸性腐化物和其它有害物质，消除近海海域因工业废水排放造成的水质恶化，消除养殖自身产生的污染这三大基…     

海湾扇贝与对虾混养情况报告

在大力发展浅海养殖的同时,对虾养殖池中丰富的贝类饵料资源引起了我们的关注。多年的生产实践证明,养虾池中浮游生物量过高对对虾的生长发育是不利的,有时甚至会造成对虾大批死亡。为了保证对虾的良好水质环境,需要进行大换水,这样大量浮游生物就被白白排掉。于是产生了将海湾扇贝与     

虾池水质调控技术

水是对虾的生存、生活和栖息环境。水质好坏直接影响到对虾的生长发育，从而关系到产量的高低和经济效益的好坏。在良好的水质条件下。对虾摄食旺盛，成活率高，发病率低，饵料系数低。生长快，养殖效益高；而不良的水质致使对虾摄食量下降，抑制对虾正常生长发育。并助长细菌等病原体增殖和有毒物质的积累，降低对虾抗病力，引发虾体发病，甚至造成对虾大量死亡。使养殖失败。因此，渔谚有“养好一池虾，先要管好一池水”之说，虾池的水质调控是养虾成败的关键。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.