细点石斑鱼工厂化人工繁育及养殖技术(中)

<正>5.饵料投喂策略初孵仔鱼→3天仔鱼(投放益生菌1毫克/升、投喂小球藻30万个/毫升、S型轮虫2个/毫升)→8天仔鱼营养强化(投喂S型或L型轮虫3个/毫升)→18天仔鱼(投喂卤虫或桡足类无节幼体0.5个/毫升)→28天稚鱼(停喂藻类和轮虫、投喂小卤虫或桡足类1个/毫升)→38天稚鱼(投喂卤虫或桡足类成体2个/毫升)→40天幼鱼(投喂颗粒饲料，投喂量为幼鱼体重的5%～8%)。     

牙鲆早期发育阶段的摄食规律研究

对人工饲养条件下牙鲆(Paralichthysolivaceus)早期发育阶段摄食节律进行实验研究。在水温15.0~17.5℃条件下,初孵仔鱼约经5~6d开口摄食,开口饵料为经120目筛网过滤的褶皱臂尾轮虫,17~20d投喂卤虫无节幼体,21d后开始投喂桡足类直至幼鱼阶段,通过对1090尾仔、稚、幼鱼的测定,统计结果得出:饵料充足时饱食个体占65.8%,日间摄食率达93.7%,10日龄后[全长大于(5.20±0.24)mm]牙鲆日间的摄食率达100%,空胃个体主要出现在10日龄前。仔、稚鱼在早晨8:00和下午16:00出现两个摄食高峰,夜间基本不摄食。幼鱼夜间摄食则比较活跃,摄食量与仔、稚鱼相比明显增加,下午16:00仍为幼鱼摄食高峰,实验结果表明,牙鲆仔、稚、幼鱼具有明显的摄食节律,呈现白天摄食为主,清晨和黄昏双高峰的特点。     

俄罗斯鲟苗种生产技术

1997年4－5月，引进俄罗斯鲟（Acipenser gueldenstaedti)发眼500万粒，利用孵化器流水孵化，水温17－28℃，经35－60h，获仔鱼210万尾，孵化率42％，稚鱼采取流入培育，投喂卤虫无节幼体，水丝蚓和少量配合饲料，水温20－21℃，经80d培养，平均体重5g，获稚鱼152万尾，成活率72．4％，幼鱼采取循环水培育，投喂水丝蚓，卤虫成全和配合饵料，经270d培育，幼鱼平均体重200g，存池数73万尾，成活率48％。     

投喂卤虫无节幼体条件下黄颡鱼仔稚鱼生长、存活率、摄食力和体成分的变化

试验分析了投喂卤虫无节幼体条件下黄颡鱼(Pseudogrus fulvidraco)仔稚鱼生长、存活率、摄食力和体成分的变化。随着仔稚鱼的生长和发育,摄食率和胃充塞度逐渐加大,体长大于10 mm的仔鱼,摄食率都在93.3%以上,大多数个体胃充塞度都在3～5级。投喂卤虫无节幼体的黄颡鱼仔稚鱼生长较传统育苗方式生长快,存活率高。体内粗养分、氨基酸与脂肪酸含量都发生相应变化。黄颡鱼淀粉酶、蛋白酶与脂肪酶活性均在1日龄时即可检测到,开口期即5日龄时,3种消化酶比活力均达到较高值,15日龄后消化酶比活力又都降低到较低水平。卤虫无节幼体体内营养物质含量丰富,大小适口,是黄颡鱼仔稚鱼开口摄食的优质生物饵料。     

灰海马(Hippocampus erectus)人工繁殖技术初探

2010年11月引进灰海马成鱼20尾,经过一个半月的强化培育,性腺发育成熟,有3对已成功交配并产出仔鱼千余尾.对灰海马的交配和产子行为以及子海马的生长情况进行了连续观察和测量.给稚鱼投喂卤虫无节幼体,饲养34 d后,体长达4.8±0.152 cm时开始投喂冷冻糠虾.转食后幼鱼生长状况良好.     

俄罗斯鲟的细胞遗传学分析

实验对人工饲养条件下牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)早期发育阶段摄食节律进行研究。在水温14.4~17.6℃条件下,初孵仔鱼约经5~6d开口摄食,开口饵料为经120目筛网过滤的褶皱臂尾轮虫(Bruchionus plicatilis),17~20d投喂卤虫无节幼体(Artemianauplii),21d后开始投喂桡足类(Copepoda)直至幼鱼阶段。通过对1 090尾仔、稚、幼鱼的测定、统计结果得出:饵料充足时饱食个体占65.8%,日间摄食率达93.7%,10日龄后[全长大于(5.20±0.24)mm],牙鲆日间的摄食率达100%,空胃个体主要出现在10日龄前。仔、稚鱼在早晨8:00和下午16:00出现两个摄食高峰,夜间基本不摄食。幼鱼夜间摄食则比较活跃,摄食量与仔、稚鱼相比明显增加,下午16:00仍为幼鱼摄食高峰。实验结果表明,牙鲆仔、稚、幼鱼具有明显的摄食节律,呈现白天摄食为主,清晨和黄昏双高峰的特点。     

黑鲪养殖技术之二黑鲪人工育苗技术

~~幼体为主,并保持水体中卤虫无节幼体密度2个/mL~3个/mL,同时增加投喂小型桡足类、端足类;经20日~25日的培育,稚鱼全长可达18mm以上,开始投喂死亡的成体卤虫、糠虾、鱼糜、配合饲料等进行驯化,直到完全摄食配合饲料为止。水温16℃~24℃条件下,从仔鱼产出至培育到全长25mm以上的幼鱼约需30日~40日。三、适时分池、筛选及出池为促进鱼苗快速生长,减少互残机会,应及时分池、筛选、出池。仔鱼全长10mm后,进行第一次分池;稚鱼全长18mm后,进行第二次分池;幼鱼全长25mm后可完全摄食配合饲料,进行第三次分池,此时最好结束室内培育,出池到室外用网…     

银鲳人工育苗技术研究

2005~2006年,在舟山海域银鲳繁殖季节(4~5月),随流刺网和张网捕鱼船出海,捕捞性腺成熟的银鲳进行人工授精,把胚胎运回岸上在孵化桶中继续孵化,得到初孵仔鱼并移入水泥池中进行培育。在水温19.0~24.0℃、盐度25.0~28.0的人工育苗条件下培育苗种。饵料为轮虫、卤虫无节幼体和配合饲料,孵化后3 d仔鱼开始开口摄食。银鲳初孵仔鱼~12日龄为仔鱼期,13~40日龄为稚鱼期,41日龄起转为幼鱼期。经50 d培育,获得20~27 mm叉长的银鲳幼鱼。育苗成活率为5%~14%。     

营养强化的轮虫、卤虫对牙鲆仔鱼的成活、生长及体脂肪酸组成的影响

用3种营养强化剂强化的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体投喂牙鲆仔鱼,研究牙鲆仔鱼的生长、成活、体脂肪酸的组成。结果表明:用强化的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体投喂牙鲆仔鱼,成活率、增重均显著高于对照组(p<0 01),其中V号强化剂的效果最好,成活率为29 34%,比对照组提高100%;增重倍数为217 90,比对照组提高68 61%;这是由于V号强化剂强化的卤虫无节幼体体内含有较多的AA的缘故,饵料中AA含量的提高,可以提高牙鲆仔鱼的成活率、促进其生长。牙鲆摄食强化过的轮虫、卤虫无节幼体后,其EPA、DHA、n-3HUFA、PUFA的含量随着饵料中含量的升高而升高,这也是牙鲆仔鱼生长速度和成活率提高的重要因素之一。     

牙鲆仔、幼鱼期饵料的选择与投喂

通过饵料的对比试验表明，在牙鲆育苗中，选择轮虫作为仔鱼开口饵料，投喂密度为５一７个／毫升；选择大卤虫或大卤虫和卤虫无节幼体混合投喂体为幼鱼初期食性转换的饵料，提高了鱼苗的成活率，并使鱼苗正常生长。     

The proteolytic digestive activity and growth during ontogeny of Parachromis dovii larvae (Pisces: Cichlidae) using two feeding protocols

The proteolytic digestive activity and growth of Parachromis dovii larvae during the ontogeny were evaluated in a recirculation system using two feeding strategies during a 28-day period. Larvae were reared using two feeding protocols (three replicates each): (A) Artemia nauplii (at satiation), fed from exogenous feeding [8 days after hatching (DAH)] until 15 DAH followed by nauplii substitution by formulated feed (20 % day^?1) until 20 DAH and then formulated feed until 28 DAH; (B) formulated feed (100 % BW daily) from exogenous feeding until 28 DAH. Levels of acid (pepsin type) and alkaline digestive proteases as well as growth and survival of larvae were measured along the feeding period. Survival was high and similar between treatments: 98.9 ± 0.0 for Artemia, 97.3 ± 0.0 % for formulated feed. The specific growth rate for length and weight was higher in larvae fed with Artemia nauplii than in larvae reared with formulated feed: 3.4 ± 0.1 versus 1.8 ± 0.1 % day^?1 for body length (P = 0.009) and 12.2 ± 0.1 versus 6.5 ± 0.3 % day^?1 for body weight (P = 0.002). The acid and alkaline proteolytic activity was detected, in both treatments, from the beginning of the experiment, at 8 DAH. The total enzymatic activity (U larva^?1) for acid and alkaline proteases was higher in larvae reared with Artemia after 12 DAH, whereas the specific enzymatic activity was similar for both enzyme types in the two treatments. The results suggest that P. dovii larvae were capable to digest formulated diets from the beginning of exogenous feeding and that they could be reared with formulated feeds. However, the formulated feed used should be nutritionally improved because of the poor growth obtained in this research.     

Optimum time for weaning South African <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scylla serrata</Emphasis> (Forskål) larvae from rotifers to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Artemia</Emphasis>

To determine the optimum time at which to wean Scylla serrata larvae from rotifers onto Artemia two experiments were conducted, approximately 1 month apart, using larvae from two different female crabs. In the first experiment, the larvae in three treatment groups, with nine replicates each, were fed rotifers for the first 8 days after hatching. Artemia were introduced on days after hatch (DAH) 0 – during the first zoeal instar (treatment R + A); on DAH 4 – during the second zoeal instar (treatment R4A); on DAH 8 – during the third zoeal instar (treatment R8A). In a control (ROT) larvae were fed with rotifers exclusively for 18 days until the completion of metamorphosis to megalopa. In the second experiment, the same four feeding schedules as in experiment 1 were used with an additional group of larvae (treatment AC) that were fed only on Artemia throughout the rearing period. Similar results were recorded in the two experiments. Larvae in treatments R + A and R4A performed significantly better than those in treatments R8A, ROT and AC. This was particularly evident when examining the proportion of zoeae which successfully completed metamorphosis to megalopa. Poor performance of larvae in treatments AC and ROT implied that rotifers are needed as a first food, but that rotifers alone do not fill the nutritional requirements of S. serrata larvae. Poor performance of larvae in treatment R8A suggested that the diet should be supplemented with Artemia before the end of the zoea 3 stage.     

Early Growth and Survival of Larval Alligator Gar,Atractosteus spatula,Reared on Artificial Floating Feed with or without a Live Artemia spp. Supplement

Alligator gar, Atractosteus spatula, are a new aquaculture species with many aspects about rearing unknown. Alligator gar are cannibalistic during their larval stage and methods to minimize cannibalism should be developed to increase overall survival. Growth and survival were determined for larvae fed pelleted floating food only or fed pelleted floating food supplemented with live Artemia spp. nauplii for the first 7 d of exogenous feeding (5 d after hatching [d.a.h.] to 12 d.a.h.). Total length, weight, condition, and specific growth rate (SGR) was determined at 12 and 20 d.a.h. Fish supplemented with Artemia were larger by 12 d.a.h. and continued to be at 20 d.a.h. than fish fed only floating food. SGR was higher at both 12 and 20 d.a.h. for fish that received the Artemia supplement. Survival was higher for fish supplemented with Artemia (71%) than for the floating food only treatment (43%). Cannibalism was the primary cause of mortalities and was higher in fish fed floating food only (44%) compared to Artemia supplemented fish (19%). Artemia may elicit a stronger feeding response and improve acceptance of pelleted floating foods. Results suggest an improved feeding regime compared to previous feeding regimes used in rearing larval alligator gar.     

Optimal first feed organism for South African mud crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scylla serrata</Emphasis> (Forskål) larvae

It is not known whether rotifers or Artemia nauplii are the best first food for South African mud crab Scylla serrata larvae. In order to test this, larvae were fed with five different test diets. These were rotifers for the first 8 days and newly hatched EG^® type Artemia nauplii (San Francisco Bay) from day 6 onwards (treatment R6A); newly hatched EG^® type Artemia nauplii throughout the rearing period (treatment EG); newly hatched Vinh-Chau strain (Vietnam) Artemia nauplii throughout the rearing period (treatment VC); decapsulated cysts of EG^® type Artemia throughout the rearing period (treatment DECAP); or decapsulated cysts supplemented with low densities of Artemia EG type Artemia nauplii (treatment MIX). Two experiments were conducted approximately 1 month apart using larvae from two different female crabs. Although results showed it is possible to rear S. serrata larvae through metamorphosis on Artemia nauplii exclusively, larval performance (development, survival and successful metamorphosis) was enhanced by the inclusion of rotifers as a first feed.No significant difference in performance was recorded between larvae fed on the two strains of Artemia nauplii. Larvae fed on decapsulated cysts in treatments DECAP and MIX performed poorly, but there were indications that decapsulated cysts and other inert diets may have potential as supplements to live food in the rearing of S. serrata larvae.     

Evaluation of frozen Umbrella‐stage Artemia as first animal live food for Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) larvae

An alternative larval shrimp feeding regime, in which umbrella‐stage Artemia were constituting the first zooplankton source was evaluated in the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. In a preliminary experiment, umbrella‐stage Artemia were fed to larvae from zoea 2 (Z2) to mysis 2 (M2) stages to identify the larval stage at which raptorial feeding starts and to determine daily feeding rates. The following experiment evaluated the performance of two feeding regimen that differed during the late zoea/early mysis stages: a control treatment with frozen Artemia nauplii (FAN), and a treatment with frozen umbrella‐stage Artemia (FUA). The ingestion rate of umbrella‐stage Artemia increased from nine umbrella per larvae day^?1 at Z2 stage to 21 umbrella per larvae day^?1 at M2. A steep increase in ingestion and dry weight from Z3 to M2 suggests a shift to a raptorial feeding mode at the M1 stage. Treatment FUA exhibited a significantly higher larval stage index (P < 0.05) during the period that zoea larvae metamorphosed to the mysis stage, and a higher final biomass, compared with treatment FAN. Based on these results and on practical considerations, a feeding regime starting with umbrella‐stage Artemia from Z2 sub‐stage can be recommended for L. vannamei larvae rearing.     

Weaning of alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula) larvae to artificial diets

Growth performance and survival of alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula) larvae fed Artemia nauplii, two artificial diets (with different protein content and buoyancy) and a control under starvation at first feeding [5 days after hatching (5 DAH)] were studied. All larvae under starvation (C) died at 10 DAH, while survival was near 60% for the rest of the treatments at the end of the experimental period. By the end of the experimental period morphological variables (total length, snout length, wet weight and dry weight) were better in larvae fed the artificial diets compared to live food. These results were confirmed by means of nucleic acid indexes and digestive enzymatic activity. The importance of the relationship between diet size and snout gape was evidenced from these results. Differences between artificial diets were attributed to different digestibility values. Alligator gar larvae are able to grow and survive satisfactorily when fed artificial diets from the start of exogenous feeding, provided that these have an adequate size, buoyancy and quality.     

Feeding early larval stages of fire shrimp Lysmata debelius (Caridea, Hippolytidae)

An important constraint to the commercial rearing of the marine ornamental shrimp Lysmata debelius is high larval mortality during early stages due to inappropriate procedures of larval collection and not feeding a live prey before one day elapsed after hatching. This incorrect feeding practice is commonly adopted in larval rearing of L. debelius and other ornamental marine shrimps because it is wrongly assumed that reserves of the newly hatched are enough for the first 24 h of life. Present work demonstrates that captive newly hatched L. debelius larvae ingest microalgae within minutes after hatching. When fed solely with Artemia nauplii, they have acceptable survival rates with stocking densities at or below 50 larval L^–1; but when nauplii are combined with microalgae, survival is further improved to zoea 2 as initial mortality is reduced, and higher stocking densities are supported (up to 75 larvae L^–1). The microalgae used were Rhinomonas reticulata, Skeletonema costata and Tetraselmis chuii. Higher survival through metamorphosis to zoea 2 was always observed for groups fed combinations of microalgae including Tetraselmis chuii. It is recommended that, larval collection methods ensure that larvae are fed microalgae within 2–3 h of release.     

Time of first feeding of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., larvae

Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), eggs originating from one female were evenly distributed between four silos (4.8 m³) shortly prior to hatching. At days 30, 35, 40 and 44 after hatching [i.e. 200, 230, 260 and 290 day-degrees (days^o)], the larvae were successively collected and transferred to indoor start feeding tanks, and larvae were offered a diet of instar II Artemia nauplii which had been enriched short time (24 h). A significant correlation was found between the age of the larvae and onset of first feeding. The larvae transferred to start-feeding incubators at 290 days^o were able to capture Artemia only a few hours after transfer, whereas it took 6 days for the larvae transferred at 200 days^o to reach a corresponding ingestion level. Larval growth was also positively correlated to both larval age and prey consumption. However, there were no differences in survival between the larval groups.     

Daily food intakes and optimal food concentrations for red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) larvae fed Artemia nauplii under laboratory conditions

Daily food intakes, optimal feeding regimes and food concentrations for laboratory reared Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815) larvae were investigated. Artemia nauplii hatched at standard conditions were used as food. Daily food intakes of zoeae I–IV at 7–8 °C comprised 11.3, 22.4, 33.2, and 41.8 nauplii individuals (ind)^?1 day^?1, respectively, taking into account that wet weight of Artemia nauplii used for the experiments constituted 0.026 mg, dry weight 0.0042 mg. Optimal initial Artemia nauplii concentrations for feeding zoeae I–IV was determined as 400–600, 600–800, 800–1000 and 1000–1200 nauplii L^?1 respectively. Recommendations on using Artemia nauplii as food for red king crab larvae were outlined on the basis of experimental results. Growth, development and survival rates of zoeae I–IV reared in recycling water system at 7–8 °C and fed Artemia nauplii according to these recommendations were described.     

Co-feeding of live feed and inert diet from first-feeding affects Artemia lipid digestibility and retention in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae

The present study intended to evaluate the effects of early introduction of inert diet in lipid digestibility and metabolism of sole, while larval feed intake, growth and survival were also monitored. Solea senegalensis larvae were reared on a standard live feed regime (ST) and co-feeding regime with inert diet (Art R). Trials using sole larvae fed with Artemia enriched with two different lipid emulsions, containing glycerol tri [1-¹⁴C] oleate (TAG) and L-3-phosphatidylcholine-1,2-di-[1-¹⁴C] oleoyl (PL), were performed at 9 and 17 days after hatching (DAH) to study lipid utilization. Co-feeding did not affect sole survival rates (ST 59.1 ± 15.9%; Art R 69.56 ± 9.3%), but was reflected in significantly smaller final weight at 16 DAH (ST 0.71 ± 0.20; Art R 0.48 ± 0.14 mg). Higher feed intake was observed in sole larvae fed on Artemia enriched with labeled PL at 9 DAH but not at 17 DAH. At 17 DAH, the smaller larvae (Art R treatment) ingested proportionally more Artemia in weight percentage, independently of enrichment. At 9 DAH lipid digestibility was equal among treatments and higher than 90%, while at 17 DAH it was higher in ST treatment (around 73%) compared to the Art R group (around 66%). Lipid retention efficiency at 9 DAH was higher in the Art R treatment, reaching values of 50%, while these values almost duplicated at 17 DAH, ranging up to 80% in both treatments without significant differences. These results show that co-feeding of live feed and inert diet from first-feeding in Senegalese sole has a toll in terms of growth and lipid digestibility but does not seem to compromise lipid metabolic utilization.