浮鱼礁发展现状及其在南海海洋牧场中的应用展望

发展现代化热带海洋牧场是养护南海渔业资源、保护海洋生态环境等方面的重要手段，对中国南海渔业资源养护与科学利用具有深远意义。人工鱼礁是海洋牧场生境营造的重要手段之一，由于南海水深较深，常规鱼礁难以发挥作用，而浮鱼礁可以利用中上层的水体空间，是营造深水渔场的最佳设施。本研究综述了浮鱼礁的类型、功能和应用场景，对国内外的相关研究以及现状进行总结，并对浮鱼礁未来在南海海洋牧场信息化监测、休闲渔业、中上层鱼类资源养护和构建大洋性海洋牧场等方面进行了展望。     

海洋牧场景观生态分类研究：以柘林湾海洋牧场为例

近年来，中国海洋牧场研究与建设发展迅速，带动了海洋牧场休闲渔业和旅游业的发展，但由于海洋牧场休闲渔业发展模式较为单一，对海洋牧场可观赏性景观开发理论方面研究较少。本研究以柘林湾海洋牧场为例，应用景观生态分类理论方法，对其进行景观生态分类，建立柘林湾海洋牧场景观生态分类系统，将柘林湾海洋牧场划分为3个一级景观、5个二级景观和16个三级景观，并应用空间分析技术绘制了各级景观生态分类示意图，讨论分析了其景观分布状况。该研究初步形成了海洋牧场景观生态分类系统，可为下一步进行海洋牧场景观格局规划研究提供理论依据，对海洋牧场生态、经济和社会效益的提高及可持续发展具有重要的理论意义。     

中外海洋牧场建设之比较

近年来,我国海洋牧场发展迅速,169处国家级海洋牧场示范区获准建设。在科技和产业快速发展的同时,面临一系列理论、技术和装备等问题亟待突破。日本、美国等国家海洋牧场建设起步较早,在持续推进中取得了显著成效。本文从建设理念、建设技术、产业模式、技术瓶颈与发展建议等角度,比较了中外海洋牧场发展历程,总结了海洋牧场发展前景中亟待突破的关键科学问题和核心技术问题,力求为促进现代化海洋牧场的持续高效发展提供科学对策。     

唐山市现代化海洋牧场建设发展对策

基于唐山市海洋牧场建设现状,剖析当前唐山市现代化海洋牧场建设发展存在的问题,如海洋牧场建设发展相对滞后、传统渔业产业优势发挥不足、海洋牧场后续发展缺乏动力、海洋牧场产业链发展不均衡、海洋牧场科技水平有待提高等,提出以下建议：建设海洋生态环境数据库提供基础支撑;规范行业发展,逐步完善相关标准体系;加强海洋牧场科学管护和规范管理,建立产业发展长效机制;以市场为导向开发海洋牧场优势产品,引导海洋牧场资本投入;开展牧场建设相关技术的前瞻性研究与应用,强化科技支撑,加快创新驱动与人才培养;培育市场主体,推进海洋牧场产业化运营;政府积极参与,加强海洋牧场执法能力建设;强化宣传推广,推进海洋牧场品牌化建设。     

山东省海洋牧场建设探索与实践

正山东省是我国海洋牧场建设较早的省份之一,始终秉承"生态优先、绿色发展"的理念,依托较好的渔业产业建设基础和科研优势,在海洋牧场创新发展方面做了大量有益探索,推动了海洋渔业转型升级和高质量发展,打造了海上的"绿水青山"和"金山银山"。本文从山东海洋牧场建设实际出发,阐述了山东海洋牧场的建设、分类、经验做法及成效,并按照习总书记关于"海洋牧场是发展趋势,山东可以搞试点"的指示要求,对下一步山东省现代化海洋牧场建设方向进行了展望。     

国内外海洋牧场发展历程与定义分类概述

海洋牧场是国内外长期广泛应用的海洋渔业发展举措。本文对国内外海洋牧场发展情况以及已有定义、分类情况进行了总结和分析。国外普遍将渔业资源增殖等同海洋牧场,从20世纪40年代以来人工鱼礁已从较单纯的聚鱼功能,拓展为海洋牧场生境保护和修复功能,目标是渔业资源增殖和利用。东北亚国家如日本、韩国建设人工鱼礁的目标是大规模增殖、聚集和捕获渔业资源;欧美诸多国家建设人工鱼礁主要是为了增殖保护渔业资源和开发休闲渔业。国外以渔业资源增殖为主旨的海洋牧场建设成败皆有,成功的方面仍值得中国借鉴。国外对海洋牧场定义和分类的数量较少,定义的提出和使用相对严谨。多年来,中国高度重视海洋牧场建设,将其作为水生生物资源养护、渔民转产转业和海洋生态文明建设的重要手段加以扶持。海洋牧场在建设规模、产出效果、技术水平、发展机制等方面取得了巨大进步。但由于起步较晚,产业和科技总体上仍处于初级阶段,存在一系列问题亟待解决。在20世纪60年代至70年代,国内学者提出海洋牧场和海洋农牧化概念,并将二者进行了区分,其后诸多学者也将渔业资源增殖等同海洋牧场。近年来国内海洋牧场发展迅速,但海洋牧场定义不够规范,数量繁多、含义空泛、严谨性不足。最后,本文就海洋牧场发展趋势、发展理念、目标定位、建设内容、研究支撑等方面进行了总结和展望,认为实事求是并理性把握好现阶段海洋牧场的发展理念、定位、内容和目标,加强对农业农村部现有海洋牧场水产行业标准的宣传尤其是定义和分类的宣传,引导海洋牧场研究和建设工作有序开展,对于切实有效支撑海洋牧场健康发展十分重要。     

广西建海洋牧场促海洋渔业转型升级

正今年的中央一号文件提出,支持集约化海水健康养殖,发展现代化海洋牧场。大力推进海洋牧场建设,是优化海洋生态的重要举措,也是实现渔业转型升级、推动渔业供给侧改革的有效途径。目前,我区已规划建设了北海市海洋牧场示范区、钦州市人工鱼礁区、防城港市白龙珍珠湾海洋牧场示范区等3个海洋牧场,探索放流与投礁相结合、渔业与旅游相整合、生态效益与经济效益相融合的道路。1979年,我国第一个混凝土制人工鱼     

海南省海洋牧场发展建设初探

中国耕地面积逐年减少,粮食缺口不断增大,而"海洋粮仓"在保障中国解决"吃饭"问题上蕴藏着巨大的潜力,但过度开发造成资源枯竭。海南省沿海经济发展、捕捞业扩张造成南海珊瑚群灭亡,生态环境退化,渔业产量逐年降低,建设海洋牧场成为修复生态环境、渔业增殖的绿色渠道。在阐述了海南省海洋牧场建设状况的基础上,分析海南省海洋牧场建设类型和效益,发展建设特色热带海洋牧场,并针对海南省海洋牧场发展建设方面存在的问题,提出可持续发展建议。     

换一种方式耕海牧渔——山东省大力推进海洋牧场建设促进渔业转型升级

<正>今年的中央一号文件提出,支持集约化海水健康养殖,发展现代化海洋牧场。大力推进海洋牧场建设,是优化海洋生态的重要举措,也是实现渔业转型升级、推动渔业供给侧改革的有效途径。目前,我国已建成北起辽宁丹东南至广西防城港、分布在沿海11个省市的42家国家级海洋牧场示范区。山东作为海洋牧场建设的先行者,走出了一条放流与投礁相结合、渔业与旅游相整合、生态效益与经济效益相融合的道路。     

贝藻类碳汇功能及其在海洋牧场建设中的应用模式初探

资源管理型渔业是未来海洋渔业发展的主要方向,海洋牧场是资源管理型渔业的主要方式之一。海洋牧场建设与碳汇渔业相结合是一种全新的水生生物养护形式,以贝类养殖和藻类栽培为载体的海洋牧场建设具有广泛的应用前景。本文分析了当前中国海洋牧场建设的形式,同时对贝藻类碳汇功能及其在海洋牧场建设中的重要性进行了论述,并结合浅海海域实际条件提出建设海洋牧场合理规划建议。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.