传染性脾肾坏死病毒、ConA和LPS对体外鳜的头贤淋巴细胞转化的影响

采用MTT颜色反应法研究传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)、伴刀豆球蛋白A(concanavallin A,ConA)和脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)在离体状态下对健康和ISKNV感染后存活30d或60d的鳜的头肾淋巴细胞转化的影响.结果表明,ConA和LPS能促进健康鳜头肾淋巴细胞的转化,而对感染后存活30d或60d的鳜头肾淋巴细胞没有作用;纯化的ISKNV对健康鳜头肾淋巴细胞没有促进淋巴细胞转化的作用,但对ConA的作用有抑制,对感染后存活的30d或60d的鳜头肾淋巴细胞,纯化的ISKNV有一定的促进转化的作用.感染存活的鳜头肾中有对ISKNV的免疫记忆性T细胞.另外,用建立的ISKNV PCR检测方法对健康和ISKNV感染后存活的鳜组织进行了检测,结果显示,健康鳜为阴性,而ISKNV感染后存活的鱼,头肾、后肾、脾脏和部分鱼的心脏为阳性.ISKNV在鳜体内形成潜伏感染.     

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒的纯化和酶切分析

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒（ISKNV）是近年来危害广东地区鳜养殖业的主要病原，本文用回接感染健康鳜获得病毒原料，分离纯化了大量高纯度的ISKNV病毒粒子，电镜下可见病毒粒子为二十面体，直径平均为150mm，抽提病毒核酸，对其基因组DNA进行酶切分析，病毒基因组为双链DNA分子，表现脊椎动物虹彩病毒基因组的特点即其胞嘧啶5′端高度甲基化，以限制性内切酶EcoRI、BamHI、HindⅢ、KpnI和PstI酶切ISKNV基因组DNA，经电泳分离后，分别得到1、8、9、18、22条清晰的酶切片段，并根据酶切片段算得基因组的大小超过108.7kbp。     

巢式PCR检测鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)

鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)传染性脾肾坏死病毒(infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus,ISKNV)是鳜暴发性传染病的主要病原,给鳜养殖业造成了严重的经济损失,因此快速、灵敏的检测方法对鳜养殖业的发展具有非常重要的意义.根据鳜ISKNV主要衣壳蛋白(MCP)基因序列设计了2对引物,利用巢式PCR方法对病鱼脾肾组织进行扩增,建立了ISKNV快速特异的巢式PCR检测方法.应用该方法对含MCP基因的质粒进行倍比稀释后检测扩增的灵敏度可达到5 fg;巢式PCR检测的灵敏度是一步法PCR的104倍以上.     

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒ORF093基因的克隆、表达及其重组蛋白的免疫原性分析

从患传染性脾肾坏死病毒(infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus,ISKNV)病的鳜体内获得ORF093基因。采用PCR方法扩增ISKNV ORF093基因全长,克隆入原核表达载体pET32a(+),IPTG诱导表达,Ni柱纯化后,免疫新西兰大白兔制备兔抗重组093蛋白血清,免疫印记分析兔抗血清的特异性,中和实验和免疫保护实验分析重组093蛋白的免疫原性。结果显示:ISKNV重组093蛋白可以在大肠杆菌中以包涵体形式存在;制备的兔抗血清可以特异性识别重组093蛋白,对ISKNV具有中和作用,可给鱼体提供至少10 d的100%预防保护;重组093蛋白对ISKNV的攻击具有保护作用,攻毒后15 d,093免疫组平均相对保护率为45.3%。结果说明重组093蛋白具有一定的免疫原性,可作为ISKNV候选疫苗抗原和治疗血清制备抗原。本研究通过中和实验及免疫保护实验对重组093蛋白的免疫原性进行分析,旨在为鳜ISKNV重组亚单位疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

鳜SIRT3蛋白在传染性脾肾坏死病毒感染中的作用

沉默交配型信息调节因子 2同源蛋白 3 (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 3, SIRT3)是一种去乙酰化酶, 可调节线粒体氧化代谢。为探讨鳜(Siniperca chuatsi) SIRT3 在传染性脾肾坏死病毒(infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus, ISKNV)感染中的作用, 本研究克隆分析了鳜 SIRT3 基因, 采用 qRT-PCR 和 western blotting 方法检测了病毒感染后 SIRT3 基因的表达, 并探讨了 SIRT3 对细胞代谢酶基因的表达和病毒增殖的影响。结果显示, 鳜 SIRT3 基因的开放阅读框全长 1350 bp, 编码 449 个氨基酸, 在鳜各组织均表达, 其中后肾中表达量最高, 脾脏中表达量较低; ISKNV 感染鳜脑细胞系和鱼体后, SIRT3 表达量均显著升高; 使用 SIRT3 抑制剂 3-TYP (10 μmol/L)和 siRNA 处理细胞后, 谷氨酰胺酶(glutaminase, GLS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH)的表达量以及 ISKNV 产量均显著降低; 使用 SIRT3 激动剂 honokiol (7 μmol/L)处理细胞后, 代谢酶表达量和 ISKNV 产量均显著升高。结果表明, ISKNV 感染可通过 SIRT3 诱导宿主细胞谷氨酰胺代谢重编程, 进而促进自身增殖。     

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒重组主衣壳蛋白免疫效果的初步验证

将大肠杆菌重组表达的鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)主衣壳蛋白(MCP),以不同剂量(20μg,尾、50μg/尾、100μg/尾)腹腔注射免疫幼鳜(2月龄),测定各免疫组的血清抗体效价变化规律、头肾淋巴细胞增殖刺激指数(SI)、肝脏Mx蛋白表达及相对免疫保护率(RPS).结果表明,各免疫组抗体效价在第14天时达到峰值,其中50 ug/尾免疫组的抗体效价最高,随后各组的效价均下降,至第35天时与对照组无差异;头肾淋巴细胞经LPS、ConA刺激后,50 μg/尾免疫组及100 μg/尾免疫组的刺激指数均升高,其中50 μg/尾免疫组的刺激指数最高,20μg/尾免疫组与对照组无差异;在免疫后48 h各剂量免疫组Mx蛋白均有低量表达,对照组无表达,各免疫组表达量无显著差异;免疫后第36天攻毒,50μg/尾免疫组的相对保护率最高,为64.3%.研究结果表明,重组MCP蛋白有较好的免疫原性,可以激发鳜特异性免疫及非特异性免疫应答,当免疫剂量为50μg/尾时,免疫保护效果最好.     

黄颡鱼头肾的组织发生与组织结构研究

为深入了解黄颡鱼的免疫机能,采用组织学方法,对孵化后1～48 d的黄颡鱼鱼苗头.肾的组织发生进行了观察;对5月龄幼鱼和成鱼头肾的组织结构进行了观察.结果表明,出膜后1 d,头肾仅由肾小管组成;出膜后2d,头肾小管间出现未分化的细胞团;出膜后7 d,头肾小管间出现淋巴细胞团;此后淋巴细胞及造血细胞的数量逐渐增多;出膜后26～43 d,肾小管逐渐萎缩直至完全消失,头肾完成由排泄器官向淋巴器官的转变.黄颡鱼头肾含丰富的静脉血管、血窦以及处于不同发育时期的各类免疫细胞.肾上腺组织细胞分布于头肾门静脉以及头肾组织中静脉管周边.其幼鱼头肾所含酸性颗粒细胞较成鱼头肾丰富,而成鱼头肾则具有较多的黑色素巨噬细胞,且常常在血管附近聚集形成黑色素巨噬细胞中心.     

鳜亲环蛋白A在传染性脾肾坏死病毒增殖中的作用

为研究鳜亲环蛋白(CypA)在传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)感染中的作用,通过RT-PCR克隆了CypA全长开放读码框(SC-CypA)。结果表明SC-CypA基因全长495 bp,编码164个氨基酸,分子量为17.59 ku。通过Blast比对和同源性进化分析,发现其与人、鼠、原鸡和斑点鲖等物种的CypA具有高度相似性,表明SC-CypA属于CypA家族的成员。环孢素A(CsA)具有免疫抑制作用,是CypA的抑制剂。结果发现,CsA浓度与ISKNV增殖具有一定的剂量依赖关系;CsA作用不同时间对ISKNV均有抑制效果;CsA对ISKNV感染诱导的细胞因子的表达具有调节作用,能抑制IL-1β、IL-8、IL-18和ISG15的表达。研究表明,宿主的CypA对ISKNV的增殖起着重要的作用,通过添加其抑制剂CsA能有效抑制病毒的增殖。     

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒主衣壳蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

为了建立鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)疫苗抗原含量的ELISA检测方法,制备了3株抗ISKNV主衣壳蛋白(MCP)的单克隆抗体,鉴定了其生物学特性。将大肠杆菌表达的重组MCP纯化复性后,连续3次免疫BALB/c小鼠,然后将免疫小鼠的脾细胞与SP2/0细胞融合,经过克隆、筛选,获得3株能稳定分泌抗ISKNV MCP蛋白的单克隆抗体阳性细胞株,分别命名为5F1、3D9和5B4,均为Ig G1亚型。间接ELISA实验表明,3株单抗可特异性识别ISKNV,与鳜弹状病毒、大鲵虹彩病毒等无交叉反应。将5F1株免疫小鼠后制备腹水,以重组MCP和ISKNV细胞培养物上清液为检测抗原,ELISA检测腹水效价分别为1∶51 200和1∶400。间接免疫荧光(IFA)和Western Blotting鉴定结果显示,5F1能够与ISKNV病毒发生特异性反应,并初步确定5F1单抗株制备的腹水用于IFA的使用浓度为1∶200、Western Blotting的使用浓度为1∶1000。结果证实,成功制备了抗ISKNV MCP的单克隆抗体,可特异性识别ISKNV病毒粒子和MCP蛋白,为建立ISKNV疫苗抗原含量检测方法奠定了基础。     

镉对鲫脏器系数的影响

研究了鲫胸腔注射与口服感染镉后脏器系数的变化。结果表明，仅有30d高剂量口染组的脾系数才有显著增加，而胸腔注射组和15d、30d口染组的头肾系数和肾系数均显著增加，但头肾系数增加不如肾系数增加明显。增生性病变表明，镉对脾、头肾尤其是肾有一定的损伤作用。     

Disease resistance and immune‐relevant gene expression in golden mandarin fish,Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner,infected with infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus‐like agent

Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), family Iridoviridae, genus Megalocytivirus, may cause high mortality rates such as those seen in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi. ISKNV has attracted much attention due to the possible environmental threat and economic losses it poses on both cultured and wild populations. We have investigated the pathogenicity of ISKNV‐like agent Megalocytivirus, isolated from infected pearl gourami, in golden mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri – a member of the Percichthyidae family – and in another Percichthyidae species, S. chuatsi. Fish were challenged with four different doses of ISKNV‐like agent Megalocytivirus (1, 10, 100 or 1000 μg per fish) over a 30‐day period, and cumulative fish mortalities were calculated for each group. No significant mortality was observed for fish challenged with the lowest dose (1 μg per fish) relative to a control group. However, all other challenged groups showed 100% mortality over a 30‐day period in proportion to the challenge dose. Quantitative real‐time PCR was performed to measure mRNA expression levels for six immune‐related genes in golden mandarin fish following ISKNV‐like agent challenge. mRNA expression levels for IRF1, Mx, viperin and interleukin 8 significantly increased, while mRNA levels for IRF2 and IRF7 remained constant or declined during the challenge period.     

鳜IRAK4基因的克隆、组织表达及病毒感染后表达分析

为了研究鳜IRAK4生物学特性及其在抗病毒免疫应答中的作用,根据鳜转录组数据中筛选出的IRAK4 unigene序列设计引物,利用SMART-RACE技术克隆得到CDS全长为1389 bp的c DNA(命名为Sc IRAK),编码462个氨基酸,含有1个N端死亡结构域和1个保守的中央蛋白激酶结构域。采用荧光定量RT-PCR方法分析了Sc IRAK4在健康鳜各组织中的表达差异及病毒感染后在脾脏中的表达变化,结果显示,健康鳜中Sc IRAK4在肝脏中表达量最大,与其他组织差异显著,而在血液、脑和胃中表达量最低;传染性脾肾坏死病毒(infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus,ISKNV)感染鳜后Sc IRAK4的表达量呈现下调趋势,24 h脾脏中的表达量达到最低,为对照组的45%;而鳜弹状病毒(siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus,SCRV)感染鳜后Sc IRAK4的表达量呈现上调趋势,12 h脾脏中Sc IRAK4的表达量达到最高,为对照组的8.17倍,表明Sc IRAK4在抗ISKNV和SCRV的免疫应答中可能发挥不同的作用。本研究为进一步揭示Sc IRAK4的抗病毒免疫反应机制提供了依据。     

基于病毒mRNA监测的传染性脾肾坏死病毒灭活快速检验方法建立及其应用

为建立传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)灭活快速检验方法,从ISKNV感染CPB细胞系转录谱筛选并经q RT-PCR验证表达量最高的病毒ORF099基因作为快速检测靶基因。以质粒p MDORF099为标准品,采用q PCR方法绘制了CT值与质粒拷贝数的标准曲线,其线性方程为CT=–3.42lgx+39.455,最低检测限为3拷贝/μL,结果显示组间和组内变异系数均小于2%,表明该方法具有较高的灵敏度和较好的重复性。将ISKNV病毒悬液10倍稀释成100~103拷贝/m L,分别取1 m L病毒稀释液接种CPB细胞,在第7、9和11天提取细胞总RNA,经基因组DNA去除试剂盒去除残留DNA后采用qRT-PCR方法检测ORF099基因转录本,结果显示在第7天即可从接种1个拷贝病毒的细胞中检测出ISKNV ORF099转录本。将3个浓度梯度(0.05%、0.1%、0.2%)的甲醛灭活ISKNV制备的模拟样品以及实验室制备的3批次ISKNV细胞灭活疫苗样品接种CPB细胞9 d,采用上述快速检验方法进行检测。0.05%、0.1%甲醛灭活模拟样品可检测到ISKNV ORF099基因转录本,其他样品均未检测到。而细胞盲传实验显示,0.1%终浓度甲醛灭活ISKNV接种细胞盲传3代未出现CPE,鱼体安全实验显示接种鱼体后无临床发病症状和实验鱼死亡,表明本研究建立的病毒灭活快速检验方法比细胞盲传法和鱼体安全实验具有更高的灵敏度,与传统检测方法相比具有灵敏度高、耗时短、检测效率高等优点,对提高ISKNV灭活疫苗生产效率具有重要意义。     

The effect of feeding the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on cell-mediated immunity and protection against Yersinia ruckeri in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)

The present study examined the influence of leucine metabolite β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate (HMB), a natural product HMB, on nonspecific cell‐mediated defence mechanisms and protection against enteric redmouth disease (ERM) in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca). β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate was fed in a pelletted ration at 50 mg kg^?1 of the feed for 8 weeks. The phagocytic ability and potential killing activity of blood and pronephric phagocytes were examined in HMB‐ and control‐fed fish before and after 8 weeks of feeding HMB. Simultaneously, the proliferative response of blood and pronephric lymphocytes stimulated by mitogens concanavaline A and lipopolisaccharide were examined in experimental and control groups. Following 8 weeks of HMB feeding, a challenge test was performed by injecting the fish with live pathogenic bacteria Yersinia ruckeri. β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate applied in the diet for 8 weeks prompted a statistically significant (P<0.05) increase in phagocytic ability and potential killing activity of the blood and pronephric phagocytes and the proliferative response of blood and pronephric lymphocytes. The changes in these mechanisms correlated with protection against Y. ruckeri, the ERM pathogen. The results showed that feeding HMB increased the nonspecific cell‐mediated defence mechanisms and protection against ERM by reducing cumulative mortality (30%) following the challenge with pathogenic bacteria. Future studies will include determination of optimal doses and protocols of oral application of HMB to maximize the immunomodulatory effects and protection against viral diseases in intensive pikeperch culture.     

The influence of \upbeta-hydroxy- \upbeta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on cell-mediated immunity in tench Tinca tinca (L.): in vitro and in vivo study

$\upbeta$ -Hydroxy- $\upbeta$ -methyl butyrate (HMB) has been shown to counteract many of the negative effects of intensive fish production methods and results in increased growth and protection against diseases. In the present study, the in vitro and in vivo effect of HMB on the immunocompetence cell activity in tench Tinca tinca (L.) was examined. In the in vitro study pronephric phagocytes and lymphocytes were isolated from the fish and grown in culture medium (RPMI-1640) containing 0, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 or $100\,\upmu$ g HMB cm^?3 of medium. The effects of HMB on the respiratory burst activity (RBA), the potential killing activity (PKA) and lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by concanavalin A (ConA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were examined. The in vitro study showed that HMB increased the RBA and PKA of the phagocytes, compared to the medium over that of cells grown without HMB. Lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by ConA and LPS was also increased approximately when HMB was added to the culture medium at concentrations between 10 and $100\,\upmu$ g HMB cm^?3. In the in vivo study fish were fed daily with pellets containing HMB at doses 0, 10, 25 and 50 mg kg^?1 body weight day^?1. The study showed that HMB statistically increased the RBA and PKA and highest activity at 50 mg kg^?1 body weight day^?1 were observed. Also lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by ConA and LPS were maximally stimulated at dose 50 mg kg^?1 body weight day^?1. In conclusion, the current study shows that HMB could potentially improve immunocompetence cell activity in tench through increased cell proliferation and functionality.