左旋咪唑对中华绒螯蟹非特异性免疫功能及抗病力的影响

为测定在饲料中添加左旋咪唑(LMS)对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的免疫调节作用,以0(对照)、100、200和300 mg·kg~(-1)干饲料的剂量将LMS添加于基础饲料中制成颗粒饲料,投喂中华绒螯蟹7 d,然后投喂不含LMS的对照组饲料。在投喂含LMS的饲料之前(0周)和投喂后2、4、6、8周,采样测定中华绒螯蟹的血细胞总量(THC)、不同血细胞数量(DHC)、吞噬活性、呼吸爆发(超氧阴离子的释放)、酚氧化酶(PO)活性和溶菌酶(LSZ)活性;并在投喂含LMS的饲料后的第4周,按1.2×10~7cfu·kg~(-1)体重的剂量,体腔注射接种中华绒螯蟹致病性嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hyrophila)CL99920菌株,记录接种10d后中华绒螯蟹的累积死亡率。结果显示,各LMS处理组的血细胞总量(THC)、透明细胞(HC)数量、吞噬百分率、呼吸爆发、PO活性和LSZ活性均显著地高于对照组(P<0.05);颗粒细胞(GC)数量、血细胞吞噬指数与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05);LMS处理组的蟹对嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗力明显增强。研究表明,饲喂适量的LMS可增强中华绒螯蟹的免疫力和抗病力;在本试验条件下,200 mg·kg~(-1)干饲料的剂量为最适添加剂量。     

复方中草药制剂对罗氏沼虾生长和非特异性免疫功能的影响

在基础饲料中添加0.5%、1.0%和2.0%的复方中草药制剂,连续投喂56 d后,通过测定供试罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)的生长性能、血细胞的吞噬活性、血清酶活性、酚氧化酶活性,比较了复合中草药制剂对罗氏沼虾促生长及非特异性免疫功能的影响。结果显示:饲料中添加0.5%的复方中草药制剂对罗氏沼虾的生长影响显著(P<0.05),添加1%和2%的中草药制剂对罗氏沼虾的血细胞的吞噬活性、溶菌酶活力、酚氧化酶活力影响极显著(P<0.01)。用嗜水气单胞菌攻毒7 d显示试验组免疫保护率高达44.7%~59.8%。因此,从促生长、提高免疫力和经济角度3方面考虑,建议添加剂量为1.0%为宜。     

虫草菌粉对罗氏沼虾免疫功能的影响

罗氏沼虾饵料中添加0．5％虫草菌丝，罗氏沼虾血细胞吞噬百分比和吞噬指数、血清溶菌酶活力及酚氧化酶活力均显著提高。经嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后，试验组的免疫保护率也明显提高。试验证明，口服虫草菌粉可显著地提高罗氏沼虾的免疫功能，有效地预防嗜水气单胞菌的感染。     

投喂阿维拉霉素对鲤免疫应答的影响

将阿维拉霉素按照一定的浓度添加到饲料中,投喂经注射接种福尔马林灭活的嗜水气单胞菌(Aerom onashydrophila)菌苗的鲤,于免疫后的第7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d和35 d检测供试鲤血液中的白细胞吞噬活性、血清中溶菌酶活性、抗体效价、补体C3含量及免疫保护率(RPS),探讨了阿维拉霉素对受免鲤免疫应答的影响。结果表明,饲料中添加阿维拉霉素(4 mg/kg和8 mg/kg),投喂较长时间(≥28 d)会降低受免鲤的血液白细胞吞噬活性、血清中的溶菌酶活性和抗体效价,减少受免鲤血清中补体C3的含量,减弱鲤抵抗嗜水气单胞菌人工感染的能力,每公斤饲料中添加8 mg的阿维拉霉素其免疫抑制作用更强。     

酵母免疫多糖对受免斑点叉尾(鮰)免疫应答的增强作用

在饲料中添加定量的酵母免疫多糖,投喂注射接种了福尔马林灭活的嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)菌苗的斑点叉尾(鮰)(Ictalurus punctatus),28 d后通过测定供试鱼的增重量、血清中凝集抗体效价、溶菌酶活性、谷丙转氨酶活性(SGPT)、血清总蛋白含量、白细胞吞噬活性以及活菌攻毒后的免疫保护率(RPS),探讨了酵母免疫多糖对受免斑点叉尾(鮰) 免疫应答的增强作用.结果表明,用添加200.0 mg/(kg·d)酵母免疫多糖的饲料投喂受免斑点叉尾(鮰),不仅可以使受免斑点叉尾(鮰) 对灭活嗜水气单胞菌的免疫应答水平提高,增强抵抗嗜水气单胞菌人工感染的能力,而且还具有一定的促进生长和改善肝功能的作用.     

酵母免疫多糖对受免斑点叉尾免疫应答的增强作用

在饲料中添加定量的酵母免疫多糖,投喂注射接种了福尔马林灭活的嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)菌苗的斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punctatus),28 d后通过测定供试鱼的增重量、血清中凝集抗体效价、溶菌酶活性、谷丙转氨酶活性(SGPT)、血清总蛋白含量、白细胞吞噬活性以及活菌攻毒后的免疫保护率(RPS),探讨了酵母免疫多糖对受免斑点叉尾免疫应答的增强作用。结果表明,用添加200.0 mg/(kg.d)酵母免疫多糖的饲料投喂受免斑点叉尾,不仅可以使受免斑点叉尾对灭活嗜水气单胞菌的免疫应答水平提高,增强抵抗嗜水气单胞菌人工感染的能力,而且还具有一定的促进生长和改善肝功能的作用。     

黄芪多糖对淇河鲫生长性能、抗氧化功能及抗病力的影响

将淇河鲫(Carassius auratus)随机分为 4 组, 分别以普通饲料、黄芪多糖添加量为 500 mg/kg、1000 mg/kg、 1500 mg/kg 的饲料进行投喂, 42 d 后检测其生长性能、脏器指数和肝脏抗氧化酶活性(总超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)及嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)攻毒后淇河鲫的存活率。实验结果显示, 不同剂量的黄芪多糖可显著(P＜0.05)增加淇河鲫增重率和特定生长率; 黄芪多糖添加后淇河鲫肾脏指数和脾脏指数无变化, 仅 1000 mg/kg 黄芪多糖添加组肝脏指数显著高于对照组(P＜0.05); 黄芪多糖能显著增加淇河鲫肝脏 SOD、 CAT 和 GPx 活性, 降低肝脏 MDA 含量(P＜0.05); 不同剂量黄芪多糖添加后均可提高淇河鲫在嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后的存活率, 且 1000 mg/kg 添加组抗菌效果最好, 96 h 后淇河鲫存活率为 75%。上述结果表明, 黄芪多糖可促进淇河鲫生长, 增强其抗氧化能力, 从而提高其抵御细菌感染的抗病力。综合分析和评估, 在水产养殖淇河鲫幼鱼饲料中黄芪多糖适宜添加量为 1000 mg/kg, 可有效防控鱼类感染嗜水气单胞菌疾病的发生。     

虫草菌粉对日本沼虾免疫功能的影响

在饵料中添加0.5%的虫草菌粉,以口服形式对日本沼虾进行免疫。日本沼虾血淋巴吞噬活性,血清抗菌、溶菌活力及酚氧化酶活力均显著提高。经嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后,试验组的免疫保护率也明显提高。因此,投喂虫草菌粉,能够明显地增强日本沼虾的免疫抵抗能力。     

罗氏沼虾气单胞菌MrM0602株的分离和致病性研究

从濒死的罗氏沼虾体内分离到菌株M rM0602,经形态学观察及API 20E鉴定系统鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌。人工感染健康罗氏沼虾,100%致死剂量为1.0×104cfu/m l,半致死剂量(LD50)为3.16×103cfu/m l。测定菌株M rM0602的胞外产物对小鼠和新西兰大白兔红细胞的溶血活性,表明胞外产物对小鼠红细胞有微弱的溶血活性,对新西兰兔红细胞无溶血活性。胞外蛋白酶活力测定显示,菌株M rM0602胞外产物具有很高的蛋白酶活力,且耐热性很强,65℃仍保持较高活性。常规药物敏感性试验表明,菌株M rM0602对环丙沙星和恩诺沙星高度敏感。     

罗氏沼虾胞质锰超氧化物歧化酶的功能

为了解超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)分子生物学特性和免疫功能，实验克隆了罗氏沼虾胞质锰SOD基因 (MrcMnSOD)，制备多克隆抗体，并分析在嗜水气单胞菌感染下该基因的表达模式。结果显示，嗜水气单胞菌感染可显著诱导MrcMnSOD在转录水平和蛋白质水平进行高表达。为探究MrcMnSOD参与免疫应答的机制，进一步的抑菌实验表明，该蛋白质可显著抑制3种革兰氏阴性细菌 (大肠杆菌、副溶血性弧菌、嗜水气单胞菌)和2种革兰氏阳性细菌 (无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌)的生长，且抑制作用与蛋白质浓度的关系不显著。研究表明，MrcMnSOD可能作为一种免疫相关分子参与免疫应答反应。本研究初步探讨了MrcMnSOD的免疫生物学功能，旨在为深入研究罗氏沼虾SOD的功能奠定相关基础。     

Evaluation of levamisole as a feed additive for growth and health management of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis)

Three separate experiments were conducted with juvenile hybrid striped bass to determine the effects of levamisole as a feed supplement on growth performance, innate immunity and specific antibody responses, as well as resistance to Streptococcus iniae and Aeromonas hydrophila infection. A basal diet was formulated to contain 40% protein, 10% lipid and an estimated digestible energy level of 3.5 kcal/g. Four levels (100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) of levamisole were added to the basal diet in place of cellulose. After the 3-week feeding period in feeding trial 1, enhanced weight gain was generally observed in fish fed the diets supplemented with a low level (< 500 mg/kg) of levamisole. Dietary supplementation of levamisole at 100 mg/kg significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced growth and feed efficiency, compared to fish fed the basal diet. Fish fed diet supplemented with 1000 mg levamisole/kg diet showed chronic toxicity signs of inferior growth, reduced feed intake and feed efficiency. Although the extracellular superoxide anion production of head kidney cells, hematocrit, serum lysozyme and peroxidase were not significantly affected by dietary treatments, intracellular superoxide anion production of head kidney macrophages of fish fed 250 mg levamisole/kg diet was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of fish fed the other four diets. The hypothesized benefits of dietary supplementation of levamisole in reducing mortality from infection of pathogenic bacteria including S. iniae and A. hydrophila were not proven after two separate 3-week feeding trials and disease challenges in the present study. Agglutinating antibody titers of individual fish were highly varied and not significantly influenced by dietary levamisole at the tested levels.     

α-苯基苯并吡喃对中华绒螯蟹免疫相关酶的影响

用α-苯基苯并吡喃作为饲料添加剂饲喂中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)10 d后,测定了其对中华绒螯蟹血淋巴细胞中相关免疫因子的影响。实验设3个α-苯基苯并吡喃添加重复组,分别为A组(2 mg/kg)、B组(4 mg/kg)、C组(6 mg/kg)和1个对照重复组(0 mg/kg)。结果表明:α-苯基苯并吡喃添加剂量为4 mg/kg(B组)可显著地提高中华绒螯蟹血淋巴细胞中酚氧化酶(PO)、溶菌酶(LSZ)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活力(P<0.05),说明具有生物活性的α-苯基苯并吡喃可刺激中华绒螯蟹机体免疫相关酶活性的提高。     

Effect of oxidized fish oil and α‐tocopherol on growth,antioxidation status,serum immune enzyme activity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis

The impact of dietary α‐tocopherol on juvenile Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis was experimentally evaluated in a 10‐week study. Crab were fed with nine diets including three levels of α‐tocopherol (0, 100 and 300 mg kg^?1 diet) and three levels of fish oil oxidation (fresh, moderate and high) in triplicates. Fresh and moderate oil oxidization enhanced weight gain, but moderate and high oil oxidization lowered survival and feed efficiency. The 100‐mg α‐tocopherol kg^?1 diet resulted in higher hepatopancreas MDA than other α‐tocopherol diets. High oil oxidization led to the lowest serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPH‐PX). The serum SOD and GPH‐PX activities in crab fed 100 mg α‐tocopherol were higher than in those fed other α‐tocopherol diets. The diet without α‐tocopherol addition lowered lysozyme and phenoloxidase (PO) activities compared to other α‐tocopherol diets. Fresh fish oil diet increased PO activity compared to oxidized oils. High oil oxidization caused significantly more mortality than fresh or moderate oxidization after 7‐d postchallenge with Aeromonas hydrophila. Supplementation with α‐tocopherol significantly enhanced resistance to bacterial infection. This study indicates that α‐tocopherol can protect lipid from peroxidation and enhance disease resistance.     

家蝇抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾生长性能及免疫相关指标的影响

通过8周的生长实验研究了饲料中添加家蝇幼虫抗菌肽提取物对初始体质量为(0.86±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的生长性能、体成分及免疫相关指标的影响。家蝇抗菌肽提取物添加量分别为0、1000mg/kg、2000mg/kg、3000mg/kg、4000mg/kg、5000mg/kg,每组饲料设4个重复,每个重复饲养40尾虾。结果显示,在一定添加水平范围内,家蝇抗菌肽能显著提高凡纳滨对虾成活率、增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率(P0.05),当抗菌肽提取物添加量为2000～3000mg/kg时,以上4个指标均达最高,且显著高于对照组(P0.05)。以增重率为评价指标,凡纳滨对虾饲料中家蝇抗菌肽提取物的最适添加量为2900mg/kg。当抗菌肽提取物添加量为2000～3000mg/kg时能显著提高虾体的粗蛋白和灰分含量,虾体粗脂肪不受添加抗菌肽水平的显著影响。添加2000～5000mg/kg抗菌肽提取物组与对照组相比能显著提高对虾血细胞数量;添加3000mg/kg抗菌肽提取物时对虾血细胞吞噬率最高。当抗菌肽提取物添加量为2000～3000mg/kg时,对虾血清中酚氧化酶PO、过氧化物酶POD、碱性磷酸酶AKP、溶菌酶LZM的活性和总抗氧化能力T-AOC均维持在一个较高的水平,且显著高于对照组;超氧化物歧化酶SOD的活性在各组组间差异不显著(P0.05)。肝胰腺中AKP、SOD、T-AOC活性各组间差异均不显著(P0.05);LZM活性以3000mg/kg组最高,显著高于其他组。结果表明,饲料中添加适量的家蝇抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾有一定的促生长作用,并能提高对虾的免疫相关指标。     

Immune response, growth and survival of Labeo rohita fingerlings fed with levamisole supplemented diets for longer duration

The study was to determine the effect of long-term administration of different dosages of levamisole on growth, immune response and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila & Edwardsiella tarda in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish were fed with four different dosages of levamisole (0, 125, 250 and 500 mg kg⁻¹ diet) for 56 days. Different serum biochemical and haematological parameters such as serum total protein content, albumin content, globulin content, albumin/globulin ratio, glucose content, leucocytes count; cellular immune parameters including superoxide anion production, phagocytic activities, lymphokine production index; humoural immune parameters including lysozyme, complement and serum bactericidal activities were evaluated after 14 days interval. After 56 days, fish were divided into two subgroups under each treatment group for challenge with pathogens A. hydrophila and E. tarda . The cumulative mortality (%) and agglutinating antibody titre was recorded on 28th day postchallenge. WBC count, phagocytic ratio, lymphokine production index, lysozyme activity and serum bactericidal activity were increased upon administration of levamisole dosages for long term. However, the growth performance and survival against pathogens was not significantly changed over 56 days administration of levamisole. But incorporation of moderate dosage of levamisole for 42 days results better immune response without effect on growth and survival of L. rohita fingerlings.     

Dietary copper requirements of juvenile grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus

To quantify dietary copper (Cu) requirements in grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus, copper sulfate was added to the basal diet at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 20 mg Cu/kg diet providing the actual dietary value of 0.11, 1.66, 2.41, 4.37, 6.56, 8.97, 11.03 and 20.05 mg Cu/kg diet, respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of grouper (initial body weight 13.35 ± 0.01 g) in a recirculated rearing system for 8 weeks. The Cu concentration in rearing water was monitored during the feeding period and ranged from 1.0-1.5 μg/l. Weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) were higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed diets with 4.37 and 6.56 mg Cu/kg diet than those in fish fed diets with ≥ 11.03 and ≤ 1.66 mg Cu/kg diet. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value was lowest in fish fed diets with 4.37 and 6.56 mg Cu/kg diet, intermediate in fish fed diets with 11.03 and ≤ 1.66 mg Cu/kg diet, and highest in fish fed the diet with 20.05 mg Cu/kg diet. Differences between each of the three groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Both hepatic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) and plasma ceruloplasmin activities in fish fell into four groups. Cu-Zn SOD value was highest in fish fed the diet with 6.56 mg Cu/kg diet, second highest in fish fed the diet with 8.97 mg Cu/kg diet, intermediate in fish fed the diet with 20.05 mg Cu/kg diet, and lowest in fish fed the diet with 0.11 mg Cu/kg diet; plasma ceruloplasmin was highest in fish fed the diet with 6.56 mg Cu/kg diet, second highest in fish fed diets with 2.41, 4.37 and 8.97 mg Cu/kg diet, intermediate in fish fed diets with ≥ 11.03 mg Cu/kg diet, and lowest in fish fed diets with ≤ 1.66 mg Cu/kg diet. All values in each of the four groups were significantly different from the values of three other groups (P < 0.05). Analysis by broken-line regression of WG, hepatic SOD activity and TBARS value and linear regression of whole-body Cu retention of the fish indicate that the adequate dietary Cu concentration in growing grouper is about 4-6 mg Cu/kg diet.     

Effects of dietary vitamin C on growth,antioxidant activity,and immunity in ricefield eel (Monopterus albus)

A 10-week feeding trial aimed to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin C (l -ascorbic acid) on growth, antioxidant activity, and immunity in ricefield eel, Monopterus albus. Six diets were formulated with different levels of vitamin C supplementation (0.1, 17.5, 34.8, 68.6, 139.7, and 278.5 mg/kg). The results indicated that the weight gain (WG) of the M. albus fed the diets with vitamin C was remarkably higher than that of the M. albus fed the control diet (p < .05), and the quadratic analysis showed an optimal vitamin C level of 80.66 mg/kg. Compared with the control group, serum lysozyme activities, the complement pathway, red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, immunoglobulin M, and phagocytosis percentage were significantly increased (p < .05) in the treatment groups, and superoxide dismutase activity, serum glucose, and malondialdehyde content were significantly decreased (p < .05) in the treatment groups. The challenge trial with Aeromonas hydrophila showed that the M. albus fed the diets with vitamin C had remarkably reduced cumulative mortality compared with those fed the control diet (p < .05), and mortality in the 68.60 mg/kg diet group was the lowest. Based on WG, the optimal vitamin C supplementation level for M. albus was estimated to be 80.66 mg/kg.     

饲料中添加叔丁基氢醌对大菱鲆生长、血液生化指标、非特异性免疫及肠道组织结构的影响

为研究饲料中添加不同含量叔丁基氢醌(TBHQ)对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、血液生化指标、非特异性免疫及肠道组织结构的影响,在饲料中分别添加0、150、450和750 mg/kg的叔丁基氢醌,配制成4种等氮等脂实验饲料,选择初始体质量(8.31±0.04)g大菱鲆幼鱼,随机分成4组,每组6个重复,每个重复30尾,采用饱饲投喂方式,每天投喂2次,饲养周期为12 W。结果显示,与对照组相比,450和750 mg/kg TBHQ添加组大菱鲆的增重率、特定生长率均显著降低;450 mg/kg TBHQ添加组实验鱼血清碱性磷酸酶活力显著高于150 mg/kg TBHQ添加组;150 mg/kg TBHQ添加组实验鱼血清白蛋白和高密度脂蛋白含量显著低于对照组和450 mg/kg添加组;450 mg/kg TBHQ添加组鱼的血清肌酐含量显著高于对照组;150 mg/kg TBHQ添加组鱼的血清总蛋白含量显著低于对照组;饲料中添加高剂量的TBHQ能够显著升高血清中CAT、溶菌酶活力(450和750 mg/kg)及头肾吞噬细胞呼吸爆发活力(750 mg/kg);饲料中TBHQ添加量为750 mg/kg时,血清SOD活力显著降低;与对照组相比,饲料中添加450和750 mg/kg TBHQ能够显著降低中肠肠道绒毛长度与肠道直径比,而添加750 mg/kg TBHQ时中肠肠道做绒毛长度与肠道直径的比值显著降低。研究表明,饲料中TBHQ的添加量为150 mg/kg时,对大菱鲆幼鱼生长及生理生化指标无显著影响,而饲料中添加450 mg/kg以上的TBHQ则会对大菱鲆幼鱼的生长及生理状况产生一定负面作用。