金沙江中下游细鳞裂腹鱼的年龄生长及种群动态

探究金沙江中下游细鳞裂腹鱼(Schizothorax chong)的年龄、生长及种群动态,可为其资源保护提供理论依据。2013-2017年在金沙江中下游干流攀枝花、巧家及其支流雅砻江、黑水河下游江段采集细鳞裂腹鱼170尾,逐尾测量全长、体长、体重,取臀鳞与微耳石为年龄鉴定材料,研究细鳞裂腹鱼的年龄结构、生长特征与种群动态。结果表明,金沙江中下游细鳞裂腹鱼以低龄个体(1~3龄)为主,臀鳞及耳石均能够作为其低龄个体的年龄鉴定材料;细鳞裂腹鱼体重(W)和体长(L)关系式为W=7.00×10^-6L^3.1885(R²=0.9867,n=170),雌雄个体间体长-体重关系无显著性差异(P>0.05);渐进体长(L_∞)为774.74 mm,生长系数(k)为0.13,理论生长起点年龄(t 0)为-0.13龄;渐进体重(W∞)为11407.01 g,体长生长方程为L_t=774.74[1-e^-0.13(t+0.13)],体重生长方程为W_t=11407.01[1-e^-0.13(t+0.13)^]3.1885,拐点年龄为8.79龄;种群总死亡系数(Z)为0.82,自然死亡系数(M)为0.26,当前开发率(E)为0.68,高于理论最大开发率(E_max)0.388;相对单位补充渔获量和生物量的结果也表现为过度捕捞特征,种群已处于过度利用状况。针对细鳞裂腹鱼的生态习性特征及其资源现状,建议采取生态调度、支流栖息地恢复及控制非法电捕等措施以保护其资源。     

黑龙江细鳞斜颌鲴鱼生长的研究

本文研究了镜泊湖细鳞斜颌鲴的年龄与生长。通过对细鳞斜颌鲴鳞片上形成的年轮鉴定和退算，镜泊湖细鳞斜融鲴的1龄鱼体长为5．5cm；2龄鱼12．6cm；3龄鱼18．2cm；4龄鱼23．1cm；5龄于26．8cm；6龄鱼29．0cm。体重与体长的相关表达式为：w=0.01287513.0553,r=0.999。根据Von.Bertalanffy的生长方程的理论公式运算，其生长参数：L∞=40.8cm;W∞=1024g;-k=0.244;to=0.332,r=0.998.tip=5.2龄；Tmax＝13．7龄。     

厦门杏林湾鲻鱼年龄和生长的研究

厦门杏林湾鲻鱼鳞片年轮可作为年龄鉴定依据。鳞片边缘增长率a的周年变化，表明鳞片年轮每年形成一次，新年轮主要在10-11月间出现。已计算出鲻鱼体长与鳞长、体长与体重的关系式。3龄鱼以前属于幼鱼生长阶段，体长和体重的相对增长率较大，生长指标较高；3龄鱼以后则进入成鱼生长阶段。其生长适合于von Bertalanffy生长方程，体重生长曲线的拐点位于2龄至2．5龄之间，其生长速度和加速度曲线能反映生长过程的变化特征，合理捕捞的生物学指标应以生长转折点较为适当，限制捕捞1龄和2龄的港养鲻鱼是提高单位面积产量的关键之一。     

伊犁裂腹鱼不同年龄鉴定材料的年轮特征比较

对伊犁河雅玛渡河段2010年1～4月采集的39尾伊犁裂腹鱼[Schizothorax （Racoma） pseudaksaiensis （Herzenstein）]样本进行了体表鳞片、臀鳞、脊椎骨、耳石和背鳍条共5种年龄鉴定材料的年轮特征研究。结果表明,体表鳞片没有明显的年轮特征,不能作为年龄鉴定材料,其他4种材料可作...     

三道河水库大眼鳜的年龄和生长

依据大眼鳜鳞片上的疏密切割等特征鉴定年龄。渔获个体以Ⅱ龄鱼为主占８６％。鳞长与体长关系Ｌ＝１２１３２６Ｓ１０５０８。体长与体重关系Ｗ＝１２３８×１０－２Ｌ３１９８９。体长、体重与年龄的关系适用ＶｏｎＢｅｒｔａｌａｕｆｙ生长方程拟合：Ｌｔ＝Ｌ∞（１－ｅ－０５０８３（ｔ－０３９９））；Ｗｔ＝Ｗ∞（１－ｅ－０５０８３（ｔ－０３９９）３１９８９。拐点年龄为２５６ａ，与生长指标陡然下跌年龄和性成熟年龄基本一致。为了资源的持续利用应限捕体重５３０ｇ、相应体长２８３ｃｍ以下个体     

伊犁裂腹鱼不同年龄鉴定材料的年轮特征比较

对伊犁河雅玛渡河段2010年1～4月采集的39尾伊犁裂腹鱼[Schizothorax (Racoma) pseudaksaiensis (Herzenstein)]样本进行了体表鳞片、臀鳞、脊椎骨、耳石和背鳍条共5种年龄鉴定材料的年轮特征研究。结果表明,体表鳞片没有明显的年轮特征,不能作为年龄鉴定材料,其他4种材料可作为伊犁裂腹鱼的年龄鉴定材料。样本为2+龄时,4种年龄材料鉴定结果的吻合率为100%;3+和4+龄鉴定结果吻合率较高,分别是87.3%和85.4%;5+～8+龄个体吻合率较低,为63.9%。伊犁裂腹鱼3+龄以上个体进行年龄鉴定时不能仅用1种鉴定材料,而应以耳石为主,其他年龄材料为辅。     

长鳍吻(鱼句)年龄和生长的研究

对443尾长鳍吻鮈标本作了年龄和生长研究。用鳞片鉴定年龄并退算鱼的生长.得出体长与鳞径、体长与体重的相关式及生长方程。体重生长拐点在2.2龄。限制捕捞3龄以下个体,有利于资源增殖.     

海湾网箱养殖斜带髭鲷的生长特性

2002～2005年期间在广东省饶平柘林湾海上网箱采集斜带髭鲷Hapalogenys nitens标本共515尾,以鳞片的年轮作为年龄鉴定依据,对其生长特性进行研究。结果表明,1～5龄鱼体长与鳞长的关系式为L=175·17r 227·22,体长与体重关系式为W=0·0001L2·8677,体长与全长的关系式为Lt=1·1736Lb 3·6206,应用von Berta-lanffy生长曲线拟合生长规律,求得斜带髭鲷的各项生长参数为渐进体长L∞=452·418mm,W∞=4315·455g,体重生长曲线的曲率k=0·2799,理论上体长和体重为零时的年龄t0=-1·1869龄,体重生长拐点年龄t0=2·738龄。     

张氏的年龄结构及生长特性

以鳞片作为年龄鉴定材料,对长江上游特有鱼类张氏(Hemiculter tchangi Fang)种群的年龄结构和生长特性进行了研究。结果表明:张氏鳞片的年轮结构呈疏密切割型,2~3月是年轮形成最多的月份。其渔获物由1~4龄组成,其中857尾为1~2龄,占总数的83.84%;雌∶雄性比为1.07∶1,符合1∶1理论比值(X2=0.754,P>0.05,n=1001),随着年龄的增长呈雌鱼多于雄鱼的趋势。体长主要分布在81~180 mm(94.9%),体重主要分布在2.9~50.0 g(67.69%)。体长和鳞径呈直线关系,体长和体重呈幂函数关系且幂指数接近3,属于匀速生长类型,生长方程为Lt=196.05(1-e-0.36(t+1.26));Wt=97.195(1-e-0.36(t+1.26))3.145,拐点年龄为1.92龄,相应的体长体重分别为133.5 mm、29.13 g。     

月鳢年龄与生长的研究↑（*）

月鳢鳞片可作为年龄鉴定的依据,其年轮形成时期在4～6月。鳞长与体长呈直线关系,体长和体重呈幂函数关系。月鳢2龄以前生长较快,2龄以后生长逐渐减慢,其生长适合于VonBertalanffy生长方程。为有效保护月鳢资源,应限制捕捞体重在200g以下的个体。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.