氟喹诺酮类药物在水产动物体内的药动学和残留规律

目前氟喹诺酮类药物已经成为水产养殖中普遍使用的高效抗感染药物之一,被广泛应用于各种水产动物疾病的预防和治疗.概述了国内外对环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星等氟喹诺酮类药物在水产动物体内的应用和研究现状,包括检测方法、模型研究、药物动力学(吸收、分布和消除)、生物利用度和残留消除规律等的研究情况,并总结分析了生理差异、药理、环境等各种因素对其在水产动物体内的药物动力学和残留消除规律的影响.     

氟喹诺酮类药物在水产动物体内的药动学和残留规律

目前氟喹诺酮类药物已经成为水产养殖中普遍使用的高效抗感染药物之一，被广泛应用于各种水产动物疾病的预防和治疗。概述了国内外对环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星等氟喹诺酮类药物在水产动物体内的应用和研究现状，包括检测方法、模型研究、药物动力学（吸收、分布和消除）、生物利用度和残留消除规律等的研究情况，并总结分析了生理差异、药理、环境等各种因素对其在水产动物体内的药物动力学和残留消除规律的影响。     

罗非鱼、南美白对虾体内药残状况研究

以广东省养殖罗非鱼及南美白对虾为实验对象,就其体内土霉素等多种渔药残留及分布状况进行研究, 比较不同规格罗非鱼及南美白对虾体内渔药残留差异,分析渔药在罗非鱼及南美白对虾不同部位的残留状况。结果表明在罗非鱼体内已烯雌酚、呋喃唑酮、氯霉素3种渔药未见检出,南美白对虾体内已烯雌酚、呋喃唑酮、氯霉素、(口恶)喹酸和喹乙醇5种渔药均未见检出,而土霉素等常规用药在罗非鱼和南美白对虾体内均有不同程度的检出。渔药残留量因其规格大小及部位而异,趋势为大规格样品渔药残留量相对较高,在罗非鱼及南美白对虾体内的增长情况与其体重具有负相关性;罗非鱼内脏渔药残留量明显高于肌肉组织,虾头为虾渔药残留的主要场所。     

养殖业禁用氯霉素后的对策与出路

根据国家农业部文件,截止2002年5月15日,氯霉素原料及单方、复方制剂产品一律停止经营和使用。 氯霉素之所以能在养殖业得到广泛使用,是因为它广谱抗菌。口服吸收以及体内分布良好,在中性体液中结构较稳定,分解慢,对病原菌引起的疾病有较好的治疗作用。正是其本身化学结构(如P-位硝基)的缺陷,如果大量或长期使用,会损害动物肝功能,并引起血液毒性、免疫抑制等多种不良反应和耐药性。人类如果食用了含有一定氯霉素残留的食品会导致再生障碍性贫血,因此政府明文禁止食品动物使用氯霉素及制剂。养殖业禁用氯霉素是政府为了适应WTO要求,从源头上保障动物源性食品的卫生和安全。否则,受害者不仅是消费者,养殖     

新一代抗生素———氟苯尼考及其在水产养殖中的应用

氟苯尼考属于氯霉素类广谱抗生素,对水产动物多种致病菌的抑制效果非常显著,并且不会导致人类的再生障碍性贫血,因此,目前已广泛应用于水产养殖业。文章介绍了氟苯尼考的理化特性以及药效学,主要综述了该药在水产动物体内的药代动力学研究进展,并指出其应用前景。     

喹诺酮类药物在鱼体内的药动学及残留研究概况

研究药物在鱼体内的动力学及残留是优化给药方案,确定起捕前的正确休药期,提高水产品质量,促进水产品出口等的理论基础。综述了喹诺酮类药物在鱼体内的动力学及残留研究概况,动力学中各个相关过程(包括吸收、分布、代谢和排泄)及其影响因素等。国内学者在该领域做了一些工作,但与国外相比仍处于起步阶段。     

黄鳝质量安全风险分析

黄鳝(Monopterus albus)养殖产业近年发展较快,已在中国18个省、自治区、直辖市进行养殖,连续10年产量超过30万t。黄鳝养殖方式主要为池塘网箱养殖,其特殊的生态养殖方式对水环境污染小,影响黄鳝产品质量安全的原因主要为养殖环境及投入品。养殖环境中的重金属、农药残留等通过食物链及其他途径影响黄鳝产品质量。在人工养殖环境下,黄鳝体内重金属未超标,而野生环境下的黄鳝,尤其是黄鳝苗,其体内重金属超标风险较高。通过对黄鳝体内农药残留进行调查,主要检测了敌敌畏、氟虫腈、五氯酚钠和林丹4种农药,从检测结果看,黄鳝体内这4种农药的残留情况总体良好,敌敌畏和氟虫腈都未检出,林丹和五氯酚钠仅在个别样品有检出;对黄鳝配合饲料的检测未发现重金属超标,未检测到雌二醇、己烯雌酚和甲基睾酮等性激素;研究发现,作为动物饲料源的水蚯蚓和蚯蚓可能是黄鳝体内砷的重要来源,螺等鲜活饵料可能是黄鳝其他重金属的重要来源;渔用药物中,防治寄生虫药物阿苯达唑在投喂养殖期间的黄鳝体内有一定比例检出并超标,呋喃类药物、氯霉素,氟苯尼考、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星和磺胺类等有部分检出,但含量未超标。通过近10年的抽样调查,没有发现违禁药物与激素在黄鳝体内超标,近10年黄鳝质量安全是稳定的。     

氯霉素在菲律宾蛤仔体内生物富集和残留消除规律的研究

在半静态条件下,研究了氯霉素在菲律宾蛤仔体内富集和消除规律。试验结果表明:菲律宾蛤仔对水体中氯霉素的富集能力较低,内脏团和肌肉部分的富集系数1.8;氯霉素的蓄积量随时间的延长和给药浓度的增加而增加,在6~8 d可趋平衡;各部位的富集和消除情况存在明显差异,内脏团的富集速度快于肌肉,肌肉的生物学半衰期长于内脏团。     

GB/T 22338—2008方法测定水产品中氯霉素残留量存在的不足与探讨

我国国家标准《动物源性食品中氯霉素类药物残留量测定》(GB/T 22338—2008)规定了对水产品中氯霉素类(CAP、氟甲砜霉素和甲砜霉素)残留测定的气相色谱—质谱(GC-MS)法,但在检测过程中发现加标回收率经常超过100 %,且不稳定,难重复。在实际检测中,应用食品中氯霉素残留量气相色谱质谱联用负化学源法测定的标准操作程序检测水产品中氯霉素的残留量可以获得更为理想的结果,更能满足检测工作需要。文章指出基质效应是造成前一种方法加标回收率偏高的主要原因,详细介绍了后一种方法的前处理过程和实验条件,并对改进的部分进行了探讨。     

水产用抗生素及其使用注意事项(连载二)

<正>(上接2015年第8期)3.酰胺醇类酰胺醇类又称氯霉素类抗生素,包括氯霉素、甲砜霉素、氟苯尼考等,属于广谱抗生素。氯霉素系从委内瑞拉链球菌培养液中提取获得,是第一次可用人工合成的抗生素,现已禁止使用。氟苯尼考为动物专用抗生素。本类药物不可逆地结合于细菌核糖体50S亚基的受体部位,阻断肽酰     

Changes in the distribution of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the southern Gulf of St Lawrence — effects of environmental change or change in environmental preferences?

Density-independent redistribution in response to changing temperature conditions and density-dependent redistribution in response to changing temperature preferences are two contrasting hypotheses to explain changes in the distribution of cod populations. I tested these hypotheses using survey data on the distribution of cod during the feeding season in the southern Gulf of St Lawrence. These tests used indices of cod distribution as the dependent variable and indices of cod abundance and bottom temperature as explanatory variables. Both hypotheses were often supported in univariate tests that ignored confounding between the two explanatory variables. Tests that accounted for this confounding indicated an effect of cod abundance on distribution for ages 4–8⁺ years, and 3⁺, but provided no support for an effect of environmental conditions on distribution except for age 3. Variation in the temperature distribution of cod was consistent with an effect of abundance on interannual variation in distribution and with no effect of environment except for age 3 cod. Age 3 cod were consistently under-represented in areas of very cold bottom water but older cod were not. As predicted by bioenergetic considerations, cod tended to occupy colder water at high levels of abundance, suggesting a mechanism for density-dependent shifts in distribution. Shifts in cod distribution during the feeding season in the southern Gulf appear to be more closely linked to density-dependent changes in environmental preferences than to density-independent responses to changing environmental conditions.     

草鱼和青鱼消化酶的分布特性

选择草鱼(C tenopharyngodon idellus)和青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)作试验鱼,对它们消化道的酸性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、淀粉酶以及三酰基甘油脂酶沿消化道及肝脏和胰腺中的活性分布进行了比较研究。研究表明:这些酶在消化道中呈现不同的分布规律,在肝脏和胰腺中酶的活性高于在消化道中相应酶的活性;同种鱼不同消化酶的分布有所差别;两种鱼消化组织中的各种酶活性分布规律也有差别;青鱼和草鱼的主要消化酶在不同消化器官中的分布有较大差别。     

枸杞岛铜藻空间分布机制初探*

为了查清铜藻空间分布格局与影响因子之间的关系,采用水下采样方法对不同生境条件下铜藻分布和生长情况进行了调查,并从大小两个尺度(站点间和站点内)分析了铜藻空间分布与影响因子之间的关系。结果发现,在站点尺度上,铜藻多集中分布于隐蔽的内湾处,分布密度和株高显著高于暴波站点(P<0.05),暴波站点的波浪和水流运动大小以及浊度显著高于隐蔽站点(P<0.05),说明暴波强度是影响铜藻水平分布和生长的主要因子之一;在站点内,铜藻垂直分布特征明显,潮间带低潮区铜藻分布密度和株高显著高于潮下带(P<0.05),且分布在潮间带低潮区的藻苗平均株高最高;铜藻分布密度和株高与附着基粗糙度、坡度、坡向表现出一定的相关性,但经相关性分析表明,水深与铜藻分布密度最相关(r=-0.337,P=0.001),粗糙度次之(r=0.175,P=0.092),与坡度和坡向相关性不高,说明了与水深相关的光照条件可能是影响铜藻垂直分布和生长的另一个主要因子。研究表明,附着基物理特征不是影响铜藻分布的主导因子,由波浪和水流运动引起的沉积物再悬浮影响到铜藻所需的光照条件,进而影响到铜藻的分布与生长,以此推断出沉积物可能是影响铜藻空间分布格局的主导因子。     

利用时空物种分布模型研究海州湾大泷六线鱼的时空分布

为了解海州湾大泷六线鱼时空分布特征及其影响因素，根据2013—2019年秋季在海州湾开展的底拖网渔业资源调查和环境观测数据，构建了时空物种分布模型(spatio-temporal species distribution models)，分析其分布与环境因子的关系，通过残差分析比较其与广义加性模型的残差独立性和异质性，运用交叉验证检验模型预测性能，最终结合delta方法对其分布进行预测并计算栖息地适宜性指数(habitat suitability index, HSI)和资源分布重心。时空模型的偏差解释率为65.50%，模型分析表明，影响大泷六线鱼资源分布最主要的环境因子为水深(22.11%)，其次为底层水温(12.98%)，底层盐度(0.09%)的影响较小，水深与其分布存在正向相关性，底层水温与其分布存在负向相关性，底层盐度与其分布存在弱正向线性关系。时空模型的残差独立性和异质性较GAM更强，其交叉验证回归线斜率为0.90±0.38。模型预测结果表明，大泷六线鱼主要分布在34.5°N以北，120.0°E以东的海域，其栖息地适宜性指数的高值区域呈现逐年收缩的趋势，资源分布重心呈现向东北...     

Forecast skill for predicting distribution shifts: A retrospective experiment for marine fishes in the Eastern Bering Sea

Forecasting distribution shifts under novel environmental conditions is a major task for ecologists and conservationists. Researchers forecast distribution shifts using several tools including: predicting from an empirical relationship between a summary of distribution (population centroid) and annual time series (“annual regression,” AR); or fitting a habitat‐envelope model to historical distribution and forecasting given predictions of future environmental conditions (“habitat envelope,” HE). However, surprisingly little research has estimated forecast skill by fitting to historical data, forecasting distribution shifts and comparing forecasts with subsequent observations of distribution shifts. I demonstrate the important role of retrospective skill testing by forecasting poleward movement over 1‐, 2‐ or 3‐year periods for 20 fish and crab species in the Eastern Bering Sea and comparing forecasts with observed shifts. I specifically introduce an alternative vector‐autoregressive spatio‐temporal (VAST) forecasting model, which can include species temperature responses, and compare skill for AR, HE and VAST forecasts. Results show that the HE forecast has 30%–43% greater variance than predicting that future distribution is identical to the estimated distribution in the final year (a “persistence” forecast). Meanwhile, the AR explains 2%–6% and VAST explains 8%–25% of variance in poleward movement, and both have better performance than a persistence forecast. HE and AR both generate forecast intervals that are too narrow, while VAST models with or without temperature have appropriate width for forecast intervals. Retrospective skill testing for more regions and taxa should be used as a test bed to guide future improvements in methods for forecasting distribution shifts.     

Determining spatial feed distribution in sea cage aquaculture using an aerial camera platform

Within this paper we describe an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based method to estimate the spatial feed pellet distribution in salmon fish-cages and exploit it within a case study to determine the radial pellet distribution for different rotor spreaders and blower configurations. Compared to previously used methods, capturing pellets thrown from a rotary feed spreader in rows of Styrofoam boxes, the UAV based method is simpler and faster to setup and allows to cover a larger portion of the sea cage surface area. We compare results obtained with the Styrofoam box method with results we obtained by an automatic analysis of aerial videos taken by the UAV during feeding experiments. The employed method helps to gain insight into the spatial feed pellet distribution in full-scale salmon fish-cages where the feeding pipe and actual fixation of the spreader may influence the dynamic behaviour of the feeding system. This can also be seen as a step towards a continuous measuring of the feed pellet distribution, particularly in view of possible future feeding systems that may allow to adapt the feed pellet distribution to the actual fish distribution.     

人工鱼礁投放误差分布研究

人工鱼礁建设海域的鱼礁实际分布状态与设计方案的鱼礁配置组合之间往往存在着不同程度的偏离差异,而如何从单位鱼礁和鱼礁群层面上评估鱼礁投放误差,是评价人工鱼礁投放质量乃至建设效果的基本前提。本实验选择港湾、岛礁、开阔等典型海域的人工鱼礁区,以重心位置、外围面积、重叠面积、单体数量以及平均间距为指标,在单位鱼礁的层面上,对实际投放的人工鱼礁进行误差计算与分析。结果显示,各指标的误差整体上基本服从正态分布,某个鱼礁区指标的误差可能服从多种合理的拟合分布,不同投礁海域的同一个误差指标具有类似的分布规律,不同的误差指标拟合分布的情况也有可能相同。重心位置误差、重叠面积误差以及单体数量误差在不同区域极限误差相同,其标准化误差分布范围分别为[0,1]、[0,1]、[0,0.451],而其他误差要素在不同区域得到的极限误差略有差异,总体上,外围面积误差分布在[0,1]之间,礁体间距误差和总体误差的分布范围分别为[0,1],[0,0.890]。通过对人工鱼礁投放误差规律及误差范围的分析,才能对投放误差进行等级划分,进一步为鱼礁投放评价标准的划分提供依据。     

东海及黄海南部带鱼的海底水温分布特征分析及分析方法改进

为了解东海及黄海南部带鱼随海底水温变化的分布特征并优化其分析方法,本实验基于2014—2015年4个季度大面积调查获得的带鱼资源分布数据,在前期研究的基础上对水温范围分析方法进行了优化,避免了分析当中的一些主观因素,创建了一种新的生物主体温度范围分析方法,并与传统频率方法和先前生物主体方法进行了比较。结果显示,频率法覆盖站点比例相对较好,但生物量覆盖率相对较差;先前生物主体法,生物量累积覆盖率最高,站点覆盖率也相对不错,缺点是操作过程加入的主观因素较多,且分布范围不连续、包含个别狭小范围;新方法,因其温度范围相对集中、短小,导致站点和生物量两方面的覆盖率均不是很高,但其所确定温度范围内的生物量密度最高,找到了能容纳最多生物量的最小范围,且分布范围相对连续、集中。生物空间分布的特征会直接影响温度范围分析方法的结果,如带鱼空间分布相对均匀,导致其频率分布中的一个分支与生物主体分布保持基本一致,而小黄鱼的空间分布相对集中,导致其频率分布与生物主体分布存在较大差别。分析还发现,生物量较高的群体一般均分布在水温较高的水域,这可能与群体良好的营养状况和快速生长的需求相关;生物空间上分布的不均匀特征,可能与物种的食物需求和捕食特点相联系;根据带鱼高生物量群体的时空分布特征,分析推测该群体可能对应带鱼的春夏生殖鱼群和秋季生殖鱼群。     

Vertical distribution and migration of fish larvae in the NW Iberian upwelling system during the winter mixing period: implications for cross‐shelf distribution

The vertical distribution and vertical migrations of fish larvae and implications for their cross‐shelf distribution were investigated in the northern limit of the NE Atlantic upwelling region during the late winter mixing period of 2012. The average positive values of the upwelling index for February and March of this year were far from normal, although the average hydrographic conditions during the period of study were of downwelling and the water column was completely mixed. Fish larvae, most in the preflexion stage, were concentrated in the upper layers of the water column and their distribution was depth stratified, both day and night. However, the larval fish community was not structured in the vertical plane and fish larvae did not show significant diel vertical migration (DVM), although five species showed ontogenetic vertical migration. In regions of coastal upwelling and in the absence of DVM, the location of fish larvae in the water column is crucial for their cross‐shelf distribution. Thus, the cross‐shelf distribution of the six most abundant species collected in this study can be explained by the surface onshore flow associated with coastal downwelling, retaining larvae of the coastal spawning species with a relatively shallow distribution in the shelf region and transporting larvae of slope spawning species onto the shelf. The wide vertical distribution shown by larvae of the offshore spawning species could be an adaptation of these species to ensure that some larvae reach the inshore nursery areas.