安徽省克氏原螯虾白斑综合征病毒缺失区序列分析

为了解安徽省克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)缺失区ORF23/24和ORF14/15的遗传差异及其与世界各地WSSV的遗传进化关系,2016年4月—8月,在安徽省6个市采集了9个养殖克氏原螯虾样本进行WSSV套式PCR检测,扩增病毒缺失区ORF23/24和ORF14/15,将获得的序列进行比较分析。结果显示,9个样本均在第1轮PCR扩增中获得阳性结果,其ORF23/24区与中国台湾株(TW)比对,缺失5 892 bp或9 310 bp,其ORF14/15区与WSSV祖先株(TH-96-Ⅱ)比对,缺失5138 bp或5948 bp。其中8个样本中WSSV与2008至2010年在江苏的克氏原螯虾中检测到的一些毒株的ORF23/24和ORF14/15区缺失情况相同,且这些病毒ORF14/15区均缺失5 138 bp,与TW株缺失情况相同。     

湖北地区克氏原螯虾白斑综合征病毒变异区ORF14/15、ORF23/24基因序列比较分析

试验扩增、克隆了在湖北地区采集的19份克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)白斑综合征病毒(White spot syndrome virus,WSSV)阳性样品的变异区ORF14/15和ORF23/24基因,通过测序比较分析了湖北各WSSV毒株与Gen Bank公布的标准毒株间在变异区ORF14/15及ORF23/24基因的差异性。结果显示,19份WSSV阳性样品中有部分样品在变异区扩增出ORF14/15、ORF23/24基因片段,变异区基因序列分析发现,与Gen Bank已公布的标准毒株相比,存在大片段缺失。在变异区ORF14/15,有3个毒株扩增出1 442 bp的片段,4个毒株扩增出630 bp的片段,基于变异区ORF14/15构建的系统进化树显示,这些毒株归属两个不同的分支。在变异区ORF23/24,有2个毒株扩增出大小为2 096 bp的片段,进化分析发现这2个毒株在变异区ORF23/24的遗传距离较近。     

白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)在市售克氏原螯虾中携带情况调查

近年来白斑综合征成为制约克氏原螯虾养殖的重要病害。对市场销售的克氏原螯虾抽样调查,采用PCR仪检测白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)的携带情况,结果为:湖泊养殖的克氏原螯虾不携带WSSV,池塘单养的克氏原螯虾及江河野生克氏原螯虾携带WSSV。     

2014年中国不同地区对虾白斑综合征病毒ORF14/15和ORF23/24缺失区序列比较

对虾养殖面临诸多病害威胁,对虾白斑综合征病毒(White spot syndrome virus, WSSV)是养殖对虾主要病原之一,WSSV不同地理株的变异可能导致WSSV毒力的变化。为了解2014年中国大部分地区WSSV ORF14/15和ORF23/24的变异情况,本研究选择2014年1月–8月期间采集的48份WSSV阳性样本,用特异引物扩增ORF14/15和ORF23/24片段,连接于T载体,转化至Top10中,筛选阳性克隆,测序分析不同样本之间的缺失差异。结果显示,能够扩增ORF14/15和ORF23/24样品的比例分别为43.75%和33.33%。在ORF14/15扩增中,分别扩增出1260 bp、1270 bp、1892 bp和2662 bp片段,与TH-96-Ⅱ比对共有4种缺失情况,即缺失6540 bp、6530 bp、5908 bp和5138 bp。而在ORF23/24扩增中,分别扩增出1140 bp和1146 bp片段,与中国台湾株(TW)比对有两种缺失情况,即缺失12070 bp和12064 bp。研究结果表明,WSSV在中国大部分地区存在一定程度的变异,而不同毒株之间在ORF14/15可变区差异比较明显,在ORF23/24可变区差异不大,但均具有大片段缺失。     

养殖克氏原螯虾体内白斑综合征病毒的绝对定量分析

近年来克氏原螯虾的养殖受到WSSV的威胁,病毒在宿主组织中的绝对定量对于了解病毒的致病性具有重要意义,但克氏原螯虾组织中WSSV的绝对定量分布还有待研究。实验调查了湖北省5个主养区克氏原螯虾WSSV的感染率,结果表明80%以上克氏原螯虾都携带有WSSV。采用WSSV-VP28蛋白特异性抗体对克氏原螯虾提取蛋白进行Western Blot检测,在WSSV-PCR阳性样品中可检测到VP28特异性条带,在WSSV-PCR阴性样品中没有检测到相应条带。采用实验室建立的WSSV绝对定量PCR方法,对携带病毒的克氏原螯虾6个组织(鳃、胃、肠、血淋巴细胞、肝胰腺和心脏)进行检测。结果表明,在鳃、胃和肠可检测到较多病毒量(约108拷贝/mg),其次是血淋巴细胞(107拷贝/mg)、肝胰腺(106拷贝/mg),在心脏中病毒的含量最低(103拷贝/mg),表明病毒的复制存在组织特异性。结果显示WSSV主要存在于消化系统中,预示着克氏原螯虾可能主要在摄食过程中感染WSSV;不同地区克氏原螯虾组织病毒携带量表现出一定差异,预示着WSSV感染可能受到环境因素的影响。     

湖北省潜江地区克氏原螯虾(procambarus clarkii)白斑综合征(White Spot Syndrome)PCR诊断及组织病理学观察

近年来在湖北省范围内人工养殖的克氏原螯虾暴发了严重的疾病,其中白斑综合征病毒（WSSV）已成为危害克氏原螯虾健康养殖的重要病原。2016年5月湖北省潜江市养殖区暴发了一种传染性疾病,为探究此次疾病病因和流行规律,将染病虾进行临床症状观察、对病料进行PCR检测、系统发育树分析、人工感染和组织病理学观察。结果显示,发病克氏原螯虾临床症状主要表现为摄食减少,活力下降,反应迟钝;组织病理学观察结果显示,克氏原螯虾的肝胰腺、肠、肌肉、鳃组织均出现不同程度变性和坏死以及炎性细胞浸润等典型病理学变化,与WSSV感染克氏原螯虾出现的病变相似;PCR检测患病克氏原螯虾样品,结果显示WSSV呈阳性,阳性检出率为55.56%（15/27）,未检测到斑节对虾杆状病毒（MBV）和传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒（IHHNV）;检测产物测序并进行系统发育树分析,结果显示,该基因序列与WSSV的EG3株（KR083866.1）核苷酸序列同源性为100%。将病虾的肝胰腺、肠和肌肉组织投喂健康克氏原螯虾,投喂组均表现为急性死亡（累积死亡率为100%）,并出现与自然发病虾相同的症状。WSSV的巢式PCR检测结果显示,人工感染病虾为WSSV阳性。根据以上显示,本次养殖克氏原螯虾大规模死亡的病原是WSSV。     

湖北省潜江地区克氏原螯虾白斑综合征PCR诊断及组织病理学观察

近年来在湖北省范围内人工养殖的克氏原螯虾暴发了严重的疾病,其中白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)已成为危害克氏原螯虾健康养殖的重要病原。2016年5月湖北省潜江市养殖区暴发了一种传染性疾病,为探究此次疾病病因和流行规律,将染病虾进行临床症状观察、对病料进行PCR检测、系统发育树分析、人工感染和组织病理学观察。结果显示,发病克氏原螯虾临床症状主要表现为摄食减少,活力下降,反应迟钝;组织病理学观察结果显示,克氏原螯虾的肝胰腺、肠、肌肉、鳃组织均出现不同程度变性和坏死以及炎性细胞浸润等典型病理学变化,与WSSV感染克氏原螯虾出现的病变相似;PCR检测患病克氏原螯虾样品,结果显示WSSV呈阳性,阳性检出率为55.56%(15/27),未检测到斑节对虾杆状病毒(MBV)和传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV);检测产物测序并进行系统发育树分析,结果显示,该基因序列与WSSV的EG3株(KR083866.1)核苷酸序列同源性为100%。将病虾的肝胰腺、肠和肌肉组织投喂健康克氏原螯虾,投喂组均表现为急性死亡(累积死亡率为100%),并出现与自然发病虾相同的症状。WSSV的巢式PCR检测结果显示,人工感染病虾为WSSV阳性。根据以上显示,本次养殖克氏原螯虾大规模死亡的病原是WSSV。     

克氏原螯虾白斑病毒株(WSSV-Cc)基因组的一个印迹

从自然感染、濒死的克氏原螯虾中分离出的白斑病毒株(Cambarus clarkii whispovirus,WSSV-Cc或Cc株)是一株基因组较小的新毒株。为寻找白斑病毒进化过程在基因组中留下的印迹,进行了显微和超微观察、基因组架构与系统发育分析及相关基因扩增等研究。选择Cc株74L、86L、87R、88R、92R和95R的6个基因,与8个白斑病毒株的同源基因所编码蛋白序列构建进化树,结果可分为克氏原螯虾病毒(Cc株、CN02株、Pc株)和海水对虾病毒(CN株、CN01株、CN03株、CN04株、TW株和KR株) 2支。再对不同毒株的同源蛋白进行多重序列比对,显示Cc-87R是与海水对虾病毒株同源蛋白差异显著、缺失跨膜区(TMD)及其相邻287 aa序列、但仍有完整PI3K_rbd结构域的病毒膜蛋白。进一步设计和使用87R-F/87R-R和238-F/87R-R两对引物,分别以淡水小龙虾病毒Cc株和海水对虾病毒CN株的基因组为模板进行核酸扩增,结果从Cc株模板中扩增到大小为709 bp,含Cc-87R全部序列的核酸片段;而从CN株的模板中却扩增到大小分别为1 600和4 810 bp,仅含Cc-87R部分序列的核酸片段,为Cc-87R是Cc株基因组中一个序列结构独特的印迹提供了实验证据。这一发现将有助于克氏原螯虾白斑病毒病原的检测及其流行趋势预警。     

克氏原螯虾养殖技术（六）

克氏原螯虾生存能力较强，能在一些常见鱼虾蟹等水产品种不能生存的水体中存活，所以，许多养殖户认为养殖克氏原螯虾不会有病害发生。其实从江苏这几年的养殖状况来看，克氏原螯虾养殖病害发生率还是比较高的，尤其是主养塘口，例如由白斑综合征病毒（WSSV）引起的细菌性急发感染，导致克氏原螯虾批量死亡。该病的发病率和发病面积逐年上升，已严重影响了克氏原螯虾的养殖产量和效益，亟需加强其预防控制工作。另外，导致养殖虾损失的另一个重要因素是敌害生物吃食。现就此提出防治方法。     

克氏原螯虾自噬相关基因PcAtg2的克隆及其在白斑综合征病毒胁迫下的表达分析

为了解自噬相关基因Atg2在克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkia)先天免疫中的作用,本研究克隆了克氏原螯虾Atg2 (PcAtg2)基因全长序列。生物信息学分析显示,PcAtg2蛋白编码序列全长为9 966 bp,推测其编码2 189个氨基酸。组织定量表达分布显示,PcAtg2在克氏原螯虾的各个组织中均有表达,其中在肝胰腺中表达最高,在眼柄中表达最低。在白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)感染实验中,PcAtg2基因表达量在不同组织中均呈现显著上调趋势。RNA干扰(RNAi)实验显示,PcAtg2基因沉默后,WSSV在克氏原螯虾体内的增殖明显被抑制,同时,自噬相关基因的表达量上调。透射电镜分析结果显示,在WSSV感染后,PcAtg2基因沉默组中克氏原螯虾肝胰腺组织中的自噬小体多于对照组。本研究结果可为了解克氏原螯虾应对WSSV胁迫下的调控机制提供理论参考。     

白斑综合征病毒感染克氏原螯虾后的PCR检测及组织病理学研究

采用投喂感染白斑综合征病毒(White Spot Syndrome Virus,WSSV)对虾肌肉的方式,对养殖克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)进行人工感染,以确定WSSV对养殖克氏原螯虾的易感性。结果发现,投喂病虾感染组螯虾的死亡率达到90%,而对照组未出现死亡。采用PCR对试验组螯虾的肌肉进行WSSV检测,发现投喂感染组的阳性检出率为100%,对照组的阳性检出率均为0。PCR检测结果发现,濒死螯虾的肝胰腺、中肠、肌肉、鳃、性腺、心脏六种组织的PCR结果均为WSSV阳性,而对照组的各组织检测结果均为阴性。组织切片的光镜观察也证实,濒死螯虾的肝胰腺、中肠、肌肉、鳃、性腺、心脏及血淋巴等组织均发生了不同程度的病变。     

Oral vaccination trials with crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, to induce resistance to the white spot syndrome virus

The potential of oral vaccination against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in crayfish Procambarus clarkii was investigated. The protective effect of binary ethylenimine (BEI)-inactivated WSSV was tested by oral vaccination, followed by an oral challenge with WSSV. The crayfish fed with feed pellets coated with BEI-inactivated WSSV showed a resistance to WSSV on the seventh day post vaccination (dpv). The relative percentage survival values were 60%, 70% and 75% for the vaccinated once, twice and thrice with inactivated WSSV. Following an intramuscular injection experiment, no mortality was recorded in the inactivated WSSV group and the negative control at 17 days post challenge. The cumulative mortalities in the heated WSSV group and WSSV group were 100%. Shrimp that survived the WSSV challenge on the seventh day after cessation of oral vaccination were positive for the presence of WSSV by a polymerase chain reaction assay specific for WSSV. This result indicated that inactivated WSSV could protect crayfish against WSSV by oral delivery.     

Response of crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, haemocytes infected by white spot syndrome virus

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a serious pathogen of aquatic crustaceans. Little is known about its transmission in vivo and the immune reaction of its hosts. In this study, the circulating haemocytes of crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, infected by WSSV, and primary haemocyte cultures inoculated with WSSV, were collected and observed by transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy following in situ hybridization. In ultra-thin sections of infected haemocytes, the enveloped virions were seen to be phagocytosed in the cytoplasm and no viral particles were observed in the nuclei. In situ hybridization with WSSV-specific probes also demonstrated that there were no specific positive signals present in the haemocytes. Conversely, strong specific positive signals showed that WSSV replicated in the nuclei of gill cells. As a control, the lymphoid organ of shrimp, Penaeus monodon, infected by WSSV was examined by in situ hybridization which showed that WSSV did not replicate within the tubules of the lymphoid organ. In contrast to previous studies, it is concluded that neither shrimp nor crayfish haemocytes support WSSV replication.     

Per os challenge of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae and Farfantepenaeus duorarum juveniles with six geographic isolates of white spot syndrome virus

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most important pathogens of penaeid shrimp. It is widely distributed in most Asian countries where penaeid shrimp are cultured, as well as in the Gulf of Mexico and SE USA. The virulence of six geographic isolates of WSSV was compared using Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae and Farfantepenaeus duorarum juveniles. The six geographic isolates of WSSV originated from China, India, Thailand, Texas, South Carolina, as well as from crayfish maintained at the USA National Zoo. For challenge studies, virus infected tissues were given per os to L. vannamei postlarvae and Fa. duorarum juveniles. Resultant WSSV infections were confirmed by histological examination. The cumulative mortality of L. vannamei postlarvae reached 100% after challenge with each of the six geographic isolates of WSSV. However, the Texas isolate caused mortalities more rapidly than did the other shrimp isolates; the crayfish WSSV isolate was the slowest. In marked contrast, cumulative mortalities of juvenile Fa. duorarum reached only 35–60%, and varied among the geographic isolates of WSSV. Interestingly, in Fa. duorarum, the Texas WSSV isolate was also the most virulent, while the crayfish WSSV was the least virulent. The findings suggest that slight differences in virulence exist among geographic isolates of WSSV, and that susceptibility may vary with species and lifestages of the host.     

注射白斑综合征病毒对克氏原螯虾酚氧化酶活力的影响

将白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)、嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila,Ah)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)(DH5α)用注射法接种克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii),在0~72 h之间定时检测克氏原螯虾血细胞和肝胰脏中酚氧化酶(Phenoloxidase,PO)活力变化。结果显示:(1)0.1 mg/m L和1 mg/m L胰蛋白酶处理样品后,样品间差异不显著。(2)加胰蛋白酶处理与未加胰蛋白酶相比,供试克氏原螯虾PO活力均升高。(3)未加胰蛋白酶与加胰蛋白酶表现出相似的特征,WSSV和Ah注射组与对照组相比均表现为,12~48 h PO活力显著高于对照组,并且在48 h达到最大值,72 h时基本恢复正常;注射DH5α组与对照组相比没有显著性变化。可见感染WSSV后,克氏原螯虾体内酚氧化酶活力发生了变化,由此推测,PO参与了螯虾体内抵御病毒的免疫反应。     

Protection of Procambarus clarkii against white spot syndrome virus using recombinant subunit injection vaccine expressed in Pichia pastoris

ABSTRACT:   The potentiality of injection vaccine against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in crayfish Procambarus clarkii was investigated. WSSV envelope proteins VP19 and VP28 were expressed in yeast Pichia pastoris GS115. The purified recombinant proteins (2 µg/g of crayfish) were injected intramuscularly, and the same dose injected as a booster shot on fifth day after vaccination. The vaccinated crayfish were divided into two even groups and later challenged orally by WSSV-infected dead crayfish muscle (2 g/individual) on the third and 21st days after the booster shot. The relative percent survival (RPS) in the third-day group was the highest in VP28 (91%), followed by VP19 + VP28 (84%), and VP19 (45%). The RPS for the 21st-day group was the highest in VP28 (78%), followed by VP19 + VP28 (76%), and VP19 (17%). Development of vaccine by using recombinant proteins VP19 and VP28 expressed in yeast is feasible.     

Increased resistance to white spot syndrome virus in Procambarus clarkii by injection of envelope protein VP28 expressed using recombinant baculovirus

In order to investigate whether protein structure has an effect on protective effect of envelope protein of WSSV, VP28 protein was expressed both in Escherichia coli (pET-VP28) and insect (BmN) cells (BmNPV-VP28). The baculovirus (BmNPV) expression system was used to obtain correctly folded VP28 protein. Procambarus clarkii crayfish were intramuscularly injected with lysates of cells infected with recombinant pET-VP28 and BmNPV-VP28, respectively, and then challenged by intramuscular injection of WSSV to assess the duration of protection. The crayfish injected with BmNPV-VP28 showed generally lower mortality rates when compared to crayfish injected with pET-VP28, resulting in relative percent survivals of 92% and 39%, respectively, when compared to the control groups injected with empty vectors BmNPV and pET-30a. These results showed that VP28 protein produced in BmN cells gave much better protection than VP28 protein produced in E. coli.