亚硝酸盐对草鱼种外周血细胞的影响

采用红细胞计数、白细胞分类计数等方法,研究了不同浓度亚硝酸钠(0、0.5、1.0、2.0 mg/L)和不同作用时间(24、72、120、168、264 h)对草鱼种外周血细胞的影响.结果表明:实验组草鱼红细胞数量明显低于对照组(P＜0.01),2.0 mg/L组红细胞数量减幅最大,2.0 mg/L组与1.0、0.5 mg/L组比较差异极显著(P＜0.01),1.0 mg/L组与0.5 mg/L组比较差异不显著(P＞0.05);随着亚硝酸盐作用时间的延长,实验组红细胞数量逐渐减少,120 h内变化变化明显.72 h与24 h比较差异显著(P<0.05),120 h与72 h差异极显著(P＜0.01),120、168、264 h之间差异不显著(P＞0.05).镜检血涂片共观察到血栓细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞等4种白细胞.实验组血栓细胞比例明显低于对照组,并随亚硝酸盐浓度增加及作用时间的延长而下降;淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞比例明显高于对照组,并随亚硝酸盐浓度增加及作用时间的延长而上升;单核细胞由于数量极少,变化不明显.实验表明,亚硝酸盐对草鱼外周血细胞数量有显著影响,2者之间存在一定的浓度效应和时间效应关系.     

亚硝酸盐对草鱼红细胞渗透脆性的影响

研究不同浓度亚硝酸盐(0.5、1.0、2.0 mg/L)及不同处理时间(24、72、120、168、264 h)对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)红细胞渗透脆性的影响.结果表明:与对照组比较,实验各组草鱼红细胞脆性最小抵抗值、最大抵抗值极显著升高(P＜0.01); 2.0 mg/L浓度组红细胞渗...     

分子氨对草鱼鱼种红细胞渗透脆性的影响

研究了不同质量浓度分子氨(0.2、0.5、1.0 mg/L)处理不同时间(24、72、120、168、264 h)后对草鱼鱼种红细胞渗透脆性的影响.结果表明,试验组草鱼红细胞的渗透脆性明显增大,红细胞脆性最小抵抗值、最大抵抗值与对照组比较差异极显著(P＜0.01);1.0 mg/L组红细胞脆性增幅最大,脆性最小抵抗值、最大抵抗值与0.2、0.5 mg/L组差异极显著(P＜0.01).试验时间内,对照组草鱼细胞渗透脆性无明显变化,试验组红细胞脆性随时间延长而逐渐增大,168 h内增幅较大,24、72、120、168 h红细胞脆性最小抵抗值、最大抵抗值比较差异极显著(P＜0.01);168 h后增幅变小,264 h与168 h之间差异不显著(P＞0.05),264 h与120 h比较差异极显著(P＜0.01).试验表明,分子氨可致草鱼红细胞渗透脆性增加,二者间有一定的浓度效应关系,并有明显的时间蓄积效应.     

镉对鲤遗传毒性和外周血细胞数量的影响

将鲤(Cyprinus carpio)分别暴露于0.16、0.31、0.63、1.26 mg/L Cd2+溶液中,研究Cd2+对鲤外周血红细胞微核率、核异常率、红细胞和白细胞数量的影响,探讨Cd2+对鲤遗传毒性和外周血细胞数量影响的变化规律和趋势。结果显示:Cd2+对鲤红细胞微核率和核异常率的影响存在浓度-效应和时间-效应关系。与对照组相比,1.26 mg/L Cd2+组鲤在不同暴露时间的红细胞微核率和核异常率均极显著(P<0.01),核异常率在72 h显著(P<0.05)增加,72 h后表现为极显著(P<0.01)增加。Cd2+对鲤外周血淋巴细胞、单核细胞和嗜中性粒细胞比例的影响存在浓度-效应和时间-效应关系。相同Cd2+浓度下,鲤淋巴细胞比例随暴露时间增加先降低后上升,同一暴露时间淋巴细胞比例随Cd2+浓度增加而降低。相同Cd2+浓度下,鲤单核细胞和嗜中性粒细胞比例随暴露时间增加先升高后降低,同一暴露时间嗜中性粒细胞比例随Cd2+浓度增加而升高。研究表明,Cd2+对鲤具有遗传毒性效应,且随Cd2+浓度增加而增强。     

长鳍裸颊鲷外周血细胞的显微结构

报道了长鳍裸颊鲷(Lethrinus erythropterus)外周血细胞的显微结构。血涂片经过WRIGHT氏染色,在Olympus BX51显微镜下观察,可鉴别出红细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、血栓细胞和单核细胞等7种类型的血细胞。红细胞数量最多,多为椭圆形,具有圆核;在白细胞中,数量多少依次是血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞,嗜碱性粒细胞在外周血液中很罕见。血栓细胞体积最小,嗜中性粒细胞最大。淋巴细胞包括小淋巴细胞、中淋巴细胞和大淋巴细胞3种。     

犬牙缰虾虎鱼外周血细胞的显微结构

采用Wright氏染色,对犬牙缰虾虎鱼外周血液进行观察,并进行各细胞测定,可鉴别出红细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞,以及幼稚、正在分裂、分解和解体状态的红细胞,未发现嗜酸性粒细胞。红细胞数量多,椭圆形,具椭圆核;血栓细胞体积最小,成3~5个聚集分布,大淋巴细胞体积最大。淋巴细胞可分为大、中、小淋巴细胞。在数量上,血栓细胞最多,淋巴细胞次之,单核细胞,嗜碱性粒细胞和嗜中性粒细胞则较少。     

人工养殖不同年龄史氏鲟的血液学参数

测定了5个年龄组人工养殖史氏鲟的血液学参数，其中红细胞（RBC）、红细胞比积（HCT）、血红蛋白（HGB）、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量（MCH）、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度（MCHC）、白细胞（WBC）等随年龄的增长而上升，WBC、HCT5年龄组与1～4龄各年龄组间有显著和极显著差异（P〈0．05）；HGB、MCH、MCHC相邻组间无显著性差异；平均血红细胞体积（MCV）、血栓细胞（PLT）、血红蛋白含量分布宽度（HDW）等1～4龄变化不大，仅在5龄MCV、PLT有较显著的上升，而HDW有显著的下降；红细胞体积分布宽度（RDW）则保持相对稳定，各年龄组间无显著差异；平均血栓细胞体积（MPV）变化不显著，随年龄增长呈下降趋势。在白细胞分类计数DLC值变化中，白细胞中各类细胞比例依次为淋巴细胞（Lym）〉嗜碱性粒细胞（Baso）〉嗜中性粒细胞（Neut）〉单核细胞（Mon），随着年龄的增长，Lym的含量逐渐下降，而Baso、Neut和Mon均呈上升趋势。     

军曹鱼稚鱼外周血细胞及其形态学观察

以出膜后第60天的军曹鱼外周血液为材料,利用光镜显微技术研究了其血细胞的种类和形态。外周血液包括5种类型的血细胞,红细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和血栓细胞。血细胞计数测得红细胞密度为(2.97±0.82)×109ind.mL-1,白细胞密度为(1.39±0.94)×106ind.mL-1,淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、单核细胞和血栓细胞在白细胞中所占的比例分别为(53.00±8.51)%、(17.59±4.28)%、(4.78±1.37)%和(24.63±4.08)%。未见到嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞。血细胞计数结果表明,红细胞数量远远大于白细胞,白细胞中淋巴细胞数量最多,单核细胞数量最少。实验还观察到处于分裂状态的红细胞、细胞表面有伪足样胞突的小淋巴细胞和细胞表面有许多微绒毛突起的大淋巴细胞、核呈多种形态的单核细胞和中性粒细胞及不同形态的血栓细胞等。     

中华鳖血象的研究

本文研究了在温室养殖条件下中华鳖的血象。红细胞数为（1．29±0．42）×1012／L。白细胞数为（1．22±0．44）±109／L。血红蛋白为（8．66±1．95）g％。白细胞分类百分比依次为：中性粒细胞（47．1±11．3）％、淋巴细胞（29．4±13．5）％,嗜天青粒细胞（15．0±6．3）％、嗜碱性粒细胞（7．8±2．8）％、单核细胞（0．67±0．67）％、嗜酸性粒细胞（0．15±0．26）％。中性粒细胞核指数为0．7651±0．1013。     

亚硝酸钠对鲫鱼肝脏过氧化氢酶活性的影响

采用室内模拟方法,研究了不同亚硝酸钠浓度(0.5mg/L、1.0mg/L、2.0mg/L和3.0mg/L)处理不同时间后对鲫鱼肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。实验结果表明:在处理后24h,各浓度处理组的CAT活性增加;当处理时间延长时,2.0mg/L和3.0mg/L处理组CAT活性受到抑制,抑制程度与其剂量高低和暴露时间的长短呈正相关,表现出显著的浓度-效应和时间-效应关系;而0.5mg/L和1.0mg/L处理组CAT活性在暴露后48h显著升高,在96h时下降至稍低于对照组。结果表明,CAT活性对亚硝酸钠胁迫较为敏感,提示有可能成为水体中亚硝酸盐氮浓度升高的一个合适的生物指示剂。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.