不同秸秆还田量对冬春季稻虾田大型底栖动物的影响

为探明不同秸秆还田量对冬春季稻虾田大型底栖动物群落结构的影响，于2018年12月—2019年7月，采取田间小区试验，共设置3种秸秆还田量(1500、3500、4500 kg/hm²)组和1个对照组(还田量0),分析投放克氏原螯虾前后不同还田量处理对大型底栖动物的物种多样性、密度以及生物量的影响。试验结果表明，各组物种多样性指数在克氏原螯虾投放前表现为3500 kg/hm²>4500 kg/hm²>1500 kg/hm²>0,投放后表现为0>3500 kg/hm²>4500 kg/hm²>1500 kg/hm²。投放克氏原螯虾前，总密度和生物量与还田量的关系均表现为4500 kg/hm²>3500 kg/hm²>1500 kg/hm²。投放后，还田量1500 kg/hm²组、3500 kg/hm     

虾蟹类养殖中饵料生物的培养技术

虾蟹类是以底栖动物为饵料的,所以在池塘内培育天然的动、植物是幼蟹、幼虾最理想的优良饵料,可促进虾、蟹的早期生长,增强虾、蟹的体质,增强抗病能力。同时也是充分利用池塘生产力,降低养虾成本,养殖大规格虾的一个有效的措施。许多生产实践证明,重视饵料生物培养可降低投饵系数,提高经济效益。一、池塘中的饵料生物广义来说,池塘中的底栖小动物及硅藻都是虾、蟹的饵料,包括原生动物、甲壳类、圆虫类、昆虫类、软体动物和底栖硅藻等。在虾、蟹胃内经常见到的饵料生物如     

虾蟹类养殖中饵料生物的培养技术

虾蟹类是以底栖动物为饵料的,在池塘内培育天然的动、植物是幼蟹、幼虾最理想的优良饵料,可促进虾、蟹的早期生长,增强虾、蟹的体质和抗病能力。同时也是充分利用池塘生产力,降低养虾成本,养殖大规格虾的一个有效的措施。许多生产实践证明,重视饵料     

汉江中下游底栖动物群落结构特征研究

2011年7月(丰水期)、10月(平水期)和2012年4月(枯水期)对汉江中下游段底栖动物进行调查。共采集到底栖动物57种,隶属4门7纲15目31科,其中水生昆虫31种、寡毛类3种、软体动物13种、其他类群10种。常见种为钩虾(Gammaridae sp)、长臂虾种1(Palaemonidae sp1)、匙指虾(Atyidae sp)、苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)、梨形环棱螺(Bellamya purificata)、方格短沟蜷(Semisulcospira cancellata)和椭圆萝卜螺(Radix swinhoei)。检出物种数排序为枯水期丰水期平水期,中游段检出的物种数(50种)明显多于下游段(22种),中下游出现频率均大于30%的物种有方格短沟蜷、椭圆萝卜螺和长臂虾种1。汉江中、下游的底栖动物群落结构差异不显著(P=0.1423),方格短沟蜷、长臂虾种1、梨形环棱螺、多足摇蚊、钩虾和匙指虾对中下游底栖动物群落结构差异的贡献率均超过5%,累计贡献率达57.55%。底栖动物群落结构组成上枯水期和丰水期(P=0.0961)、枯水期和平水期(P=0.1261)差异均不显著,丰水期和平水期差异达到显著水平(P=0.002)。钩虾和方格短沟蜷对枯水期和丰水期之间底栖动物群落结构差异的贡献率超过10%,长臂虾种1、方格短沟蜷和栉水虱对枯水期和平水期以及丰水期和平水期之间底栖动物群落结构差异的贡献率均超过11%。底栖动物平均密度枯水期199.71个/m2,丰水期168.45个/m2,平水期160.71个/m2;平均生物量平水期45.59 g/m2,丰水期40.7981 g/m2,枯水期37.0052 g/m2。底栖动物的密度和生物量在各时期的差异均不显著(P0.05),但在空间分布上中游(丹江口-皇庄)高于下游(皇庄以下)(P=0.0813)。Shannon-Wiener指数枯水期1.6121,丰水期1.5197,平水期0.7868,从中游往下,生物多样性逐渐降低。     

海水池塘覆网养殖缢蛏高产试验

研究了在海水池塘蟹、虾、贝立体养殖过程中,采用在滩面下覆网养殖缢蛏的可行性及相关技术。结果表明:试验塘面积1.67hm2,缢蛏产量18 000kg/hm2,梭子蟹产量840kg/hm2,日本对虾产量540kg/hm2,池塘综合平均产值达到24万元/hm2。起捕缢蛏人工需时覆网的为未覆网的39%,人工起捕率覆网的为未覆网的2.67倍,人工工资减少了3 070元,平均可减少人工工资55 260元/hm2,实现省时省钱和较好的经济效益。     

移植生物饵料在中国对虾与梭子蟹混养中的应用

移植生物饵料养殖中国对虾技术模式由来已久,但随着中国对虾养殖业的连年不景气,中国对虾养殖的二次创业感觉希望渺茫,移植生物饵料养殖中国对虾似乎已经成为过去,2012年连云港对虾综合试验站按照国家虾产业体系的相关要求,在试验基地的4口池塘内开展了移植蜾赢蜚、蓝蛤等在中国对虾与梭子蟹混养中的应用,试验取得了比较理想的结果,与周边的相同模式的池塘相比,试验池塘对虾发病迟,对虾各池塘平均产量达765 kg/hm2,比周边池塘高75～450 kg/hm2,梭子蟹的公蟹平均产量达630 kg/hm2,母蟹平均产量达690 kg/hm2,比周边池塘分别高105～390 kg/hm2和90～480 kg/hm2,试验池塘养殖效益明显高于周边池塘.现简单的将技术操作情况介绍如下,以供养殖同行们参考.     

怒江西藏段大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性研究

于2007年、2008年的7月先后2次对怒江流域西藏段干、支流大型底栖动物进行了调查。应用ShannonWiener、Margalef和Pielou指数分析了干、支流大型底栖动物的多样性,结果显示:17个采样断面(干流8个,支流9个)共采集到底栖动物34种(属),隶属于25科,其中以水生昆虫种类最多(76.0%);研究区域内干、支流底栖动物密度和生物量分别为132.77 ind/m2、3 967.51 mg/m2,95.39 ind/m2、2 339.64 mg/m2;干流底栖动物现存量明显高于支流,但其物种多样性(H、D、J)组成却低于支流。研究发现,干、支流大型底栖动物群落结构的差异主要与底质类型有关,底栖动物生物多样性与海拔高程变化之间无明显关系。     

东山湾海马齿生态浮床原位修复效果研究

针对规模化网箱养殖的自身污染问题,在东山湾八尺门鱼类养殖海区开展海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)生态浮床原位修复研究。经过一年的生长,八尺门修复区海马齿平均茎长1.28 m,平均根须长0.52 m,生物量达152.5×10~3 g/m~2,通过生长吸收对C、N、P的积累量分别为5 214.0、378.5、22.9 g/m~2。经过两年的原位修复,浮床修复区海水的DO比对照区高11.9%;浮床对石油类、悬浮物和COD的去除率分别为42.3%、14.9%和10.0%,对TN的去除率为11.7%,对NH_4-N、NO_3-N和PO_4-P的去除率分别为19.9%、16.4%和9.2%;由于海水的流动性和影响因素的复杂性,浮床对TOC、NO_2-N和TP的去除效果不理想。综上,海马齿生态浮床能够在一定程度上改善修复区海水水质,减轻网箱养殖水体的营养负荷。     

梭子蟹与脊尾白虾、贝类生态混养技术

生态混养是一种模仿生物原始生态系统的科学的水产养殖模式。在同一海水池塘中养殖蟹、虾与贝类，可以充分利用养殖水域空间与池塘滩面，实现水中有虾、水底有蟹与泥中有贝类的全方位、立体化养殖模式。浙江省象山县高塘岛乡共有350hmz海水池塘采用蟹虾贝混养技术，平均每667m^2产缢蛏200kg、脊尾白虾15-20kg、梭子蟹60-75kg，每667m^2。产值8000～11000元、利润4500～5500元，创建了一套经济效益较为稳定的生态养殖技术。     

北京密云水库底栖动物群落结构及其时空变化

为了研究南水北调中线调水工程运行对密云水库底栖动物群落结构及其生物多样性的影响,2014-2016年在密云水库设置了7个采样点每月采样1次(冰封期除外),进行底栖动物调查,分析了底栖动物群落结构、密度、生物量、优势种及其生物指数变化。结果显示,调查期间共检出底栖动物17种,其中摇蚊幼虫12种,环节动物5种。底栖动物平均密度为455.0个/m~2,平均生物量为2.70g/m~2,其中优势种为红裸须摇蚊(Propsilocerus akamusi)和克拉泊水丝蚓(Limnodrilus claparedianus)。底栖动物群落呈现出明显的时空变化,11月密度和生物量达最大值,分别为808.9个/m~2、6.94g/m~2;8月出现最小值,分别为180.4个/m~2、0.72g/m~2。水平分布上,水库中心底栖动物密度和生物量达最大值,分别为916.7个/m~2、6.08g/m~2;白河坝为最小值,分别为307.1个/m~2、0.70g/m~2。底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数均在4月达最大值,分别为1.43、1.13、1.14;9月出现最小值,分别为0.38、0.27、0.31;3项指数在潮河口达最大值,分别为1.08、0.64、1.01,在潮河坝、白河坝指数相对较低。同时分析了随着密云水库水深增加,底栖动物群落的结构变化。研究表明,受调水的影响,目前密云水库底栖动物群落结构不稳定,处于重构期。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.