Trawling experiment in a circular water tank to assess the effects of towing speed,light intensity,and mesh shape on active escape of undersized fish

ABSTRACT:   To assess the effect of towing speed and light intensity on the active escape of undersized fish through diamond and square mesh panels, a trawling experiment was simulated in a circular water tank. Juveniles of Japanese dace Tribolodon hakonensis (13-cm length class) were used as experimental fish. They were forced to swim inside a closed framed net with either diamond or square mesh (65-mm mesh size) that was moved using a speed-controllable motor. A submersible infrared CCD camera was used to observe and record the behavior of fish inside the net when it passed in front of the camera. Results indicated significant effects of towing speeds and light intensities ( P  < 0.05) on the escape of fish through the diamond and square meshes. Increase in light intensity enhanced the ability of fish to escape at lower towing speeds. At higher towing speeds, few fish could escape under light conditions. A strong negative correlation was found between towing speed and the frequency of fish escape (diamond mesh R ² = 0.99, square mesh R ² = 0.96). There was no significant difference between the numbers of fish escaping through the diamond and square meshes. These results suggest that the square-mesh panel may not be effective in the trawl cod end under dark or very low light intensity at high towing speed.     

东海区中国毛虾张网网具的优化设计

通过对单锚毛虾张网和单锚桁杆毛虾张网模型试验,研究了该两种张网的流体阻力及扩张装置对网具的影响。结果表明：（1）毛虾张网网口上下或两侧采用悬链线式剪裁装配,与平面装配对比,在网具形状上前者优于后者。（2）单锚毛虾张网网口上下采用悬链线式剪裁装配,在拖速0.13～0.78m/s范围内,拖速逐渐增加时,水平扩张由15～30%递增,网口高度也随之增加;同一拖速下,采用悬链线式剪裁装配的网口高度均高于平面剪裁装配。单锚桁杆张网两侧采用悬链线式剪裁装配,其网口高度随拖速的增加而下降缓慢;在同一拖速下,与平面装配对比,悬链线式剪裁装配的网口高度增幅为-5.6%～43.4%。（3）同样主尺度、相同拖速、结构相似,而网口上下和两侧采用悬链线式剪裁装配,与平面装配比较,在拖速为0.13～0.78m/s增加过程中,流体阻力增加较为平缓;主尺度相近、相同拖速、网口两侧采用帆布装置扩张与桁杆扩张比较,在拖速为0.13～0.78m/s增加过程中,流体阻力增加幅度较大。（4）网口上下和两侧采用悬链线式剪裁装配的单锚张网模型和网口两侧采用悬链线式剪裁装配的单锚桁杆张网模型的迎流面积的结果表明：拖速为0.13m/s时,两者的迎流面积相差3.1%,而当拖速为0.78m/s时,前者是后者的3倍有余。     

拖网作业参数对南极磷虾捕捞效率的影响

为了解南极磷虾(EuphausiasuperbaDana)拖网作业中捕捞效果及影响因素,根据2017年12月—2018年6月随"龙腾"轮在南极海域生产时收集的作业参数、网具深度和声学数据等信息,利用声学方法获取磷虾集群质量中心深度与期望入网渔获量,结合网位变化和渔捞统计情况量化捕捞效率;利用广义可加模型(GAM)分析不同拖速和曳纲长度下,网位与磷虾集群质量中心的偏离程度,研究其对网具捕捞效率的影响。结果表明:(1)磷虾集群质量中心水深为(37.29±9.72) m,拖网稳定拖曳期间网位深度为(30.72±10.41) m,网位调整幅度为(11.52±7.09) m。网位与磷虾集群质量中心深度偏离(6.33±3.58) m。(2)网次渔获量为(16.25±6.77) t,拖曳过程中网口始终对准磷虾集群质量中心进入网口的磷虾总量为(27.06±10.19) t,捕捞效率为(63±19)%。(3)网位与磷虾集群质量中心深度差值对捕捞效率影响极显著(P0.001),两者吻合较好时捕捞效率高;拖速与捕捞效率呈显著相关关系(P0.05),拖速增大网位上升,捕捞效率越低;曳纲长度增加网位下降,但曳纲长度变化与捕捞效率相关性不明显(P=0.087)。研究结果将有助于南极磷虾拖网作业中有效利用磷虾行为特征,改善网具性能,提高拖网捕捞效率。     

Mesh selectivity of encircling gill net for gizzard shad Konosirus punctatus in the coastal sea of Korea

ABSTRACT:   Fishing experiments were carried out in Yeongil Bay, Korea using an encircling gill net with four different mesh sizes and two different hanging ratios to measure the mesh selectivity for gizzard shad Konosirus punctatus . Twenty-six trials were conducted giving a total catch of 485 gizzard shad. The 'share each length's catch total' (SELECT) analysis with maximum likelihood method was used to fit the different functional models, the normal, lognormal, and bi-normal model, for a selectivity curve to the catch data. In addition, two cases in which the relative fishing intensity was either estimated or fixed were compared. The bi-normal model with the fixed relative fishing intensity was found to fit the data best. For the selectivity curve on the bi-normal model, the relative length (the ratio of fish length to mesh size) with the maximum efficiency was obtained as 3.70. From this, the focal fish lengths in the commercial encircling gill net, with mesh size ranging from 5.0 to 6.0 cm, were inferred to be 18.5–22.2 cm.     

拖速和曳纲长度对南极磷虾中层拖网网位的影响

利用2015年2—7月随青岛远洋捕捞有限公司南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)大型中层拖网渔船"明开轮"赴南极南舍得兰群岛水域执行农业部南极海洋生物开发利用项目期间收集的网位(D)、网口高度(H)、曳纲投放长度(L)和拖速(V)等数据,分析了拖速和曳纲长度对拖网网位和网口高度的影响。本研究中,网口高度定义为网口上下纲深度之差;网位定义为网口中心位置水深。根据渔船作业习惯和虾群群体特点,曳纲投放长度范围138~258 m,每档间隔20 m。拖速1~3 kn,间隔0.5 kn。结果表明:(1)网口高度变化范围为13.6~24.1 m,网位水深变化范围为50~70 m;(2)作业过程中,南极磷虾拖网网位变化主要由曳纲长度决定,曳纲从138 m开始投放时,每增加20 m,网位平均下降深度约1.9 m,网口高度平均减小1.1 m,曳纲长度对网位和网口高度均产生极为显著的影响(P0.01);(3)拖速由1.0 kn变化至3.0 kn时,网位平均上升速率约2.9 m/kn,网口高度平均减小速率为2 m/kn,平均降低19.8%,拖速对网位和网口高度的影响显著(P0.05);(4)不同曳纲长度时的各拖速区间内的平均网位变化速率呈先减小后逐渐增大的规律。本研究结果不仅可为南极磷虾渔船船长根据虾群的群体大小、水层变化及其与网具的位置关系,适时调整曳纲长度和拖速,使网位到达预设水层,实现瞄准捕捞提供参考,还可为研究南极磷虾拖网网具性能的优化以及南极磷虾拖网网具设计的改进提供基础资料。     

Effects of entrance design on catch efficiency of arabesque greenling traps: a field experiment in Matsumae, Hokkaido

ABSTRACT:   A field experiment was conducted in the Matsumae area of Hokkaido, Japan, during June and July 2002, to investigate the effects of different entrance designs on the catch efficiency of fish traps by fishing with commercial traps (entrance inclination angle [α] = 37°; funnel length of entrance [ L _f ] = 22 cm) and experimental traps. The experimental traps were of the same size and similar design as commercial traps, with different entrance inclination angles (trap E1: α = 46°; E2: α = 27°; E3: α = 0°; all L _f  = 22 cm) or funnel lengths (E4: α = 37°, L _f  = 8 cm). In total, 2200 fish during 200 trap hauls were captured. The catch was significantly higher using both traps E2 and the commercial trap than with trap E3 ( P  < 0.05), and the catch of trap E2 was higher than that of the commercial trap. There were no significant differences in mean fish body length or the frequency distributions of body length among trap types (E1, E2, E3 and commercial). The funnel length of the entrance also affected the catch of traps. Trap E4 had significantly higher catches than the commercial trap ( P  = 0.04) when traps were deployed for a 1-day soak time. Fish body length frequency distributions did not differ between trap E4 and the commercial trap. The results showed that catch can be greatly affected by trap entrance designs.     

Catch‐related fish injury and catch efficiency of stow‐net‐based fish recovery installations for fish‐monitoring at hydropower plants

Hydropower‐related damage to fish remains a great challenge, making objective monitoring of turbine‐related fish injury a necessity. The catch of fish at turbine outlets is currently realised by net fishing, but potential catch‐related injuries are largely unknown. Catch efficiency and fish‐friendliness in relation to fish handling, exposure time, floating debris and fish biomass of four fish recovery installations were assessed using seven species. Highly species‐specific lethal and sublethal effects were observed. Exposure time had the strongest effects on catch‐related damage, being up to 150‐fold increase after 12 hr compared to 1 hr. Up to 84% mortality occurred in the most sensitive species Thymallus thymallus L. Besides exposure time, higher current speed and biomass within the net resulted in greater fish damage. To minimise catch‐related effects, keeping emptying periods <1–2 hr and considering the effects of current speed, fish and debris biomass are crucial to increase data comparability among studies.     

四片式高口双拖网

本文反映黄海区群众渔业双拖网改进研究取得的一项新成果,报导了设计的依据、改进的特点、网模水池试验及海上实测的验证数据。经三年捕捞试验,取得了比原型网增产40％以上的显著效果。     

江浙沿海桁拖网作业性能的初步研究

本文报道了江浙沿海桁拖网作业性能试验的初步结果。作者将现用的桁拖网分为三个类型、五种结构模式，经过网具模型静水池试验和海上实测，对各类桁拖网的作业性能进行了比较研究。试验的结果表明，在现用的各类桁拖网中，以大网目双囊虾、蟹两用拖网的性能最佳，在相同拖曳阻力条件下，其网口高度最大，而且生产上能兼捕虾蟹。但其网口部位的网目似乎存在偏大的缺点，有漏虾现象。在其他各类中，小网目多囊桁拖网的性能一般优于双囊桁拖网。作者认为，桁拖网捕虾的渔获效率主要取决于网具的水平扩张即桁杆长度。现用桁拖网的桁杆长度已达到渔捞操作所允许的最大长度，但实际作业拖网所用功率一般都在渔船额定功率的10％以下，存在着能耗极不经济的状况，对此，极有研究改进之必要。     

A method for calculating numerical estimates of gear selectivity curve

The present paper proposes a method for estimating the numerical curve of gear selectivity without the assumption of function of selectivity curve and estimating confidence intervals, using data of catch per unit effort at length for several nets of different mesh sizes obtained from fishing experiments. The paper assumes such geometric similarity as the selectivity is the same if the rate of fish length to mesh size is the same. The basic idea is due to a technique of numerical integration that uses the derivatives at various points. The natural logarithm of selectivity is expressed by an approximation equation using its cumulated derivatives. The values of derivatives at various lengths are calculated from the data. The confidence intervals are made from the bootstrap samples. The method was applied to the data of catch at length by mesh size of gill net for pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha . Data collection, modification and issues of the method are discussed.     

海州湾秋季坛子网网目选择性研究

2018年秋季,利用囊网内径网目为25、35、45、55 mm的坛子网在黄海海州湾渔场N 35°02.335′,E 119°24.842′附近海域进行了11网次试验。从Logistic选择性模型、坛子网不同网目对主要渔获物小黄鱼的选择性曲线、渔获物组成、幼鱼比例及选择性分析等方面,研究坛子网网囊的选择性。试验结果显示,坛子网九月主要渔获物为小黄鱼、带鱼和三疣梭子蟹;随网囊网目尺寸的增加,渔获物质量逃逸率及尾数逃逸率均迅速增加,网目尺寸为55 mm时其值均超过80%,且质量逃逸率及尾数逃逸率的值比较接近;渔获物组成中,小黄鱼、银鲳和三疣梭子蟹幼体比例非常高,基本全为幼体,带鱼幼鱼比例也超过70%;根据小黄鱼的可捕体长,获得坛子网针对小黄鱼的最适网囊网目尺寸,为(40.59±3.19)mm。研究结果可为我国海州湾渔具管理以及渔业资源的可持续发展与管理提供科技支撑。     

莱州湾海域春季不同网目尺寸地笼网渔获性能分析比较

为了让地笼网在人工鱼礁区进行捕捞许可提供科学依据,2018年4月在渤海莱州湾海域采用套网法进行地笼网不同网目尺寸(20、30、40、50、60 mm)的渔获物调查,探讨不同网目尺寸地笼网的渔获性能。对试验结果从相对重要性指数(IRI)、渔获量、主要渔获物优势体长、尾数和重量逃逸率、经济品种渔获量和口虾蛄体长分布进行分析。结果显示,试验共捕获渔获物37种,其中优势种8种;渔获物的数量与种类逃逸率随着网目尺寸增加而增加,40~60 mm网目种类逃逸率达80%左右,尾数逃逸率超过90%,质量逃逸达50%以上,表明40~60 mm网目具有明显的释放效果;经济品种渔获量占比与网目尺寸呈正相关;以主要渔获种类口虾蛄分析,使用50 mm网目捕捞未达到可捕体长的口虾蛄占比最少,为10.3%;经综合分析,50 mm网目尺寸地笼网的渔获性能较好,符合生产和生态的要求,因此推荐在海洋牧场海域使用50 mm网目地笼网。     

The relationship between stock and catch and the effect of bait on catch as determined for a UK recreational catch and release fishery

Abstract Twelve anglers fishing in a UK navigation canal for a total of 42 h caught 567 fish, mainly gudgeon, Gobio gobio (L.) ( n =306) and roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.) ( n =253) at an average catch rate of 13.4 fish angler-h⁻¹ or 128.5 g angler-h⁻¹. The species and size of fish caught were compared with the numbers determined by depletion estimates at six sections of canal using micromesh seine netting. Fifty four percent of fish caught in the net were < 60 mm FL. Gudgeon (60–99 mm) were over-represented in the anglers' catches whilst roach (60–99 mm) were under-represented. The size distribution of roach and gudgeon caught by anglers using two types of bait (small maggots and chironomid larvae) was examined and smaller fish were found to be caught using the latter.     

Y型幼鱼释放装置在张网渔具中的应用初探

近年来,张网渔具渔获中幼鱼比重大的问题突出,而使用放大网目等传统手段在一些场合下并不适用。本研究设计制作了一种新型刚性幼鱼释放装置,该装置由3个框架组合构成、框架使用铰链连接、外型呈Y型,并通过2014年冬季海上测试,分析这一装置对幼鱼的释放效果。海上对比试验结果显示,安装于张网囊头网部、不锈钢材料、栅栏间距2 cm、分隔框架与来流方向呈60°的装置能释放90%的幼鱼并同时保留大部分大个体渔获。该Y型幼鱼释放装置角度可调等特点使其功能得以扩展、适用性增大,可为今后开展过滤性渔具幼鱼释放研究提供参考。     

Sampling performance and operational quality of a frame trawl used to catch juvenile fish

SUMMARY: A sampling trawl with a rigid mouth; that is, the frame trawl, was designed so as to catch the large larval and juvenile fish more efficiently. The net consisted of four 13 m panels (nylon multifilament and twine diameter φ 0.75 mm, mesh size 8 mm). The frame of the net's mouth was composed of four stainless steel pipes (length 4 m, diameter φ 76 mm, thickness 5 mm). Several operations were conducted to investigate the capability of catching juveniles. A lot of Sardinops melanostictus juveniles, which are generally difficult to catch, were caught during every operation. Underwater observations proved that juveniles could not elude the capture. The frame trawl requires no special handling and is possible to operate in a rough sea.     

Assessment of efficiency and impacts of gillnets on fish conservation in a tropical freshwater fishery

1. Gillnets are commonly used in tropical multi‐species fisheries and there is a need to investigate the comparative efficiency and impacts of this gear on fish populations and diversity. The efficiency and the impact of gillnets of distinct mesh sizes were compared in the Lower Tocantins River (Brazilian Amazon).
2. Fish sampling was conducted in 12 floodplain lakes using gillnets of distinct mesh sizes and 345 fish landings were recorded. Indicators of gillnet efficiency were: (1) catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of total fish sampled; (2) CPUE of fish caught by fishers; (3) CPUE of commercial fish sampled; and (4) proportion of biomass of commercial fish sampled. Indicators of impact were: (1) the number of non‐commercial fish (by‐catch); (2) the proportion of fish above the length at first maturity; (3) mean fish size (length); (4) total number of fish species and of rare fish species caught.
3. Gillnets of 8 cm mesh size showed a higher CPUE in fish samples and fish landings. This mesh size also showed reduced impacts (lower numbers of non‐commercial fish caught and higher proportion of adult fish).
4. Gillnets of 6 cm mesh size caught a smaller proportion of adult fish, smaller fish, more species and more rare species. Therefore, intensive use of these gillnets could increase the risk of regional species extinctions and impair the provision of ecosystem services by target fish.
5. Gillnets of 8 cm mesh size could improve fish catches while minimizing adverse effects of gillnet fishing. The practical management recommendation would be to replace the more damaging small mesh gillnets by gillnets with intermediate mesh size. This recommendation could simultaneously protect small‐sized rare species and larger fish, being broadly applicable to other small‐scale and multi‐species fisheries that use gillnets intensively in tropical countries with high fish diversity.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

全双工射频识别技术的过鱼效果监测与分析

全双工射频识别系统(RFID)相较于半双工具有操作简便、数据传输方便等优势,国外广泛应用于鱼道过鱼效果评价。针对而国内相关研究较少的现状,以植有PIT标签的仿野生齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)识别与否作为评判系统监测效率高低的依据,定量分析鱼体入射角度、鱼体入射范围、鱼体长大小和游泳速度对全双工射频识别系统监测效率的影响,以接收到监测数据作为因变量,构建Logistic回归模型,利用AIC模型准则筛选出最优的Logistic回归模型。结果表明,游泳速度(P=0.001)和鱼体长大小(P=0.03)与系统成功监测概率呈负相关。鱼体入射角度(0°～90°)对系统监测效率的影响不显著(P0.05);鱼体入射范围0～10 cm的监测效率显著高于入射20～30 cm和30～40 cm(P0.05)。为进一步提高鱼道监测效率,建议在开展实际鱼道工程监测前,应掌握鱼类基础参数(如体长)和行为(如游泳速度)数据,合理布置天线位置,将有助于为监测评估后的鱼道优化设计提供技术支撑和数据参考。     

拖网网目尺寸及其速度效应的探讨

拖网的网目大小(特别是网具前部)对拖速有直接影响，而拖速又对捕捞效率产生重要作用。从理论上说，不但存在着没有渔获效果的临界低速，而且应有一个具有良好渔获效果的最佳拖速．在渔船功率与网具尺度不变的条件下，网目大小的确定应以保证拖网达到最佳拖速为目的。网目可按下式确定：     

Observations on the artisanal stake net fishery for shrimps in the Negombo Lagoon, Sri Lanka

Abstract  The artisanal, stake net fishery for shrimp in the Negombo lagoon, Sri Lanka, was studied over 2 years. There are around 22 sites, at which 57–63 stake nets can be fixed, at sites close to the sea mouth of the Negombo lagoon. The estimated mean catch rates of the fishery were 23.21 and 26.19 kg per operation in 1998 and 1999, respectively. The estimated annual fish productivity from the fishery reduced from 240 t in 1998 to 215 t in 1999. Subadults of penaeid shrimps formed 82% of the stake net catch. The net monthly income per fishermen varied from Rs. 5000 to 33 200 (mean = 13 667). In the Negombo lagoon stake net fishery, a mechanism for equity sharing was formulated by the fishing community.     

Size selectivity of a trammel net for oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana

ABSTRACT:   The size selectivity of a trammel net for herded oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana in Tateyama Bay, Chiba Prefecture, was estimated by comparison between the mantle length frequency distributions of oval squid caught by a trammel net and by a set net. The measured mesh sizes of the inner net of the trammel net and of the final section of the set net were 85.3 and 11.3 mm, respectively. In the trammel net fishery where oval squid are herded into the net, most of the oval squid are caught in the bag-shaped inner net. Hence, the logistic function was employed for the size selectivity curve of the trammel net. The 'share each length's catch total' (SELECT) model was implemented for the estimation of the selectivity curve. The size selectivity r ( l ) of the trammel net for the oval squid was expressed as a logistic function of the mantle length l : r ( l ) = exp(−18.57 + 0.88  l )/[1 + exp(−18.57 + 0.88  l )]. From these logistic parameter estimates, the 50% selection mantle length and selection range ( L ₇₅– L ₂₅) were calculated as 21.07 and 2.49 cm, respectively. The selection probability of oval squid whose mantle girth was equivalent to the mesh perimeter of the inner net was 0.09. Accordingly, oval squid of a girth smaller than the mesh perimeter were likely to pass through the mesh to escape from the net.