ABSTRACTS AND KEY WORDS

Effects of Adding Bacillus sp. Z5 in Diet on Growth, Immune Parameters and Anti-disease Ability of Litopenaeus vannamei
Abstract The el-tects ot addlngBaclllus sp Z5 in shrimp pellet with the amounts of 108CFU/g on growth, immune parameters and anti-disease ability of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were studied. The result shows that the shrimps grew faster in Bacillus treatment group and the yield was 24% more than that in the control. After 21 days, the activity of Phenoloxidase in Bacillus group significantly increased. After 42 days,     

C02浓度对光生物反应器高效培养的湛江叉鞭金藻和盐藻的影响

The effects of CO2 concentration on the growth and photosynthesis of Dicrateria zhang, jiangensis and Dunaliella sp, in 100 liter air lift photobioreactors were investigated. The results showed that biomass of both algae significantly increased in high CO2 concentration (above 700μL ? L^-1) compared to low CO2 concentration (350μL?L^-1) ,and the culture periods were shorter, However, no significant difference as observed in growth rate when the alga cultured in CO2 concentration of 700μL? L^-1 and 1000μL? L^-1, respectively. These for the maximum photosynthetic rate(Pm) and saturating irradiance level(Ik) of the two species remarkably raised with the elevated CO2 concentration, so was the initial slope(α)of Dunaliella sp.     

芝芪菌质对罗氏沼虾生长和免疫及中肌苷酸含量的影响

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of Zhiqi Fungal Substance on their performance, immunity , and meat quality in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Macrobrachium rosenbergii were allotted into four groups randomly. The control group were fed with basal diet, the others were the treated groups fed with basal diet supplemented with 0.25% ,0.5% ,1% Zhiqi Fungal Substance for 35 days, respectively. The results showed Zhiqi Fungal Substance can imporve the production of shrimpand and the survival rate. Zhiqi Fungal Substance increased the LSZ and SOD level（P 〈 0. 05） compared to control. Addition of 0.5% and 1% Zhiqi Fungal Substance increased the AKP and the ACP level（P 〈 0. 05）. It is indicated that dietary Zhiqi Fungal Substance can improve the flavor of cultured shrimp.     

Using SSR Marker to Trace Chinese Shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis Released in Natural Sea——A Feasible Strategy for Assessment of Release Effect in Natural Resources Recovery Program

Enhancement release has been proven effective in natural resources recovery of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis in the last several decades in China, however, to assess the effectiveness of enhancement release, we still need to develop a high-efficient and easy-operational method to replace those physical-tagging release method with labor intensive, size-and number-limited. In the present study, single(with maternal known) parentage identification using eight simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers genotype fingerprint was used to trace Chinese shrimp released in Bohai Bay in 2013. A total of 884 shrimp spawners were collected from two hatcheries in Tianjin City respectively after enhancement release of shrimp larvae in May 2013. A total of 844 shrimp samples were recaptured around the release location approximately 4 months after the shrimp larvae were released into the natural sea. Genotype data of 8 SSR loci of the 1,726 samples were used for maternal-offspring parentage identification using CEervus 3.0 software. The allele number in each locus ranged from 8 to 68 with an average value of 33.25, which produced the cumulative exclusion probability with one parent known of all these sight loci up to 99%. Among the 844 recaptured shrimp samples, 448(♂:♀=212:232, gender information was lost for 4 samples) were successfully traced to their 337 maternal parents using a logarithm of odds(LOD) 3.0 threshold. Among these 337 maternal parents, 253 had a single offspring, 62 had two offspring, 18 had three offspring, 3 had four offspring, and 1 had five offspring. For the first time, a large number of released shrimp were identified from recapture samples, and this study showed that it is possible to trace all released Chinese shrimp without using any type of physical tag in enhancement release activities. This not only means more precise recapture ratio assessment than ever expected, but also this method demonstrates an effective method for large-scale hatchery release as well as for organisms used in hatchery enhancement which are not suitable for physical tagging.     

一种生物净水剂对河蟹养殖水体水质净化效果研究

The biological cleaning agent Pondplus was dowsed each ten days at different dosage into breeding ponds for Chinese mitten crab with stocking rate at 12 000 ind./ha, to evaluate its purification effects on water environment in breeding ponds and its effects on Chinese mitten crab growth. The results showed that dousing treatment improved the water quality significantly as evaluated according to the parameters of DO, CODMn, NH4 ＋ - N and NO2 - -N. Particularly, when the air temperature was higher than 35℃, the diurnal observation on DO values at the bottom of ponds showed that dousing at 450 g/（ ha•m） gave a DO value higher than 4 mg/L all day long, which was 2 mg/L higher than that of control. The observed increase of Chinese mitten crab were 14. 9% , 27.8% , 27.8% by average weight, when dousing at 150, 300, 450 g/（ha • m） , respectively. Accordingly, the production increased by 8.5%, 11.9%, 18.6% through its promotion of Chinese mitten crab growth, and the economic efficiency were enhanced by 96.2% , 159.8% , 180.9%.     

Using SSR Marker to Trace Chinese Shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis Released in Natural Sea — A Feasible Strategy for Assessment of Release Effect in Natural Resources Recovery Program

Enhancement release has been proven effective in natural resources recovery of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis in the last several decades in China,however,to assess the effectiveness of enhancement release,we still need to develop a high-efficient and easy-operational method to replace those physical-tagging release method with labor intensive,size-and number-limited.In the present study,single(with maternal known)parentage identification using eight simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers genotype fingerprint was used to trace Chinese shrimp released in Bohai Bay in2013.A total of 884 shrimp spawners were collected from two hatcheries in Tianjin City respectively after enhancement release of shrimp larvae in May 2013.A total of 844 shrimp samples were recaptured around the release location approximately 4 months after the shrimp larvae were released into the natural sea.Genotype data of 8 SSR loci of the 1,726 samples were used for maternal-offspring parentage identification using CEervus 3.0 software.The allele number in each locus ranged from 8 to 68 with an average value of 33.25,which produced the cumulative exclusion probability with one parent known of all these sight loci up to 99%.Among the 844 recaptured shrimp samples,448(♂:♀=212:232,gender information was lost for 4 samples)were successfully traced to their 337 maternal parents using a logarithm of odds(LOD)3.0 threshold.Among these 337 maternal parents,253 had a single offspring,62 had two offspring,18 had three offspring,3 had four offspring,and 1 had five offspring.For the first time,a large number of released shrimp were identified from recapture samples,and this study showed that it is possible to trace all released Chinese shrimp without using any type of physical tag in enhancement release activities.This not only means more precise recapture ratio assessment than ever expected,but also this method demonstrates an effective method for large-scale hatchery release as well as for organisms used in hatchery enhancement which are not suitable for physical tagging.     

象山港浮游动物生物量和丰度的季节变动

On the basis of the data of zooplankton collected from 20 stations in Xiangshan Bay in January, April, July and October, 2000, the abundance and biomass of zooplankton and the relations to mariculture environment are analyzed in this paper. The results show that there were significant seasonal variations in zooplankton biomass and abundance in the surveyed area. The biomass peaked in July, followed by April and October, and the lowest biomass appeared in January. The highest abundance was observed in April, followed by July, October and January. There were similar horizontal distribution patterns for the biomass and abundance of zooplankton. They both decreased from bay head to bay mouth in January and April, but increased from bay head to bay mouth during October. Biomass and abundance were distributed evenly in the surveyed area in July. The zooplankton biomass and abundance in cage culture area were apparently lower than those in non-culture area indicating that cage culture has negative effects on zooplankton in surrounding waters.     

对虾免疫机能研究概况

Shrimp farming is an important source of revenue and employment in many developing countries.However, infectious diseases have adversely affected the profitability of shrimp industry. For this reason, disease prevention is a priority and shrimp immunology has become a crucial research area of this field. In this paper, the current importance and problems of shrimp-culture were described and the research advances in shrimp immunological defence mechanisms were summarized. The immunological tools are powerful and useful to evaluate the health state of the shrimp. The immunologies of shrimp mainly consist of cellular immunity and humoral immunity. In regard to cellular parameters, they are composed of haemocyte count (THC), differential haemocyte count (DHC) and reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs). The immunity ceils exert their defence functions through phagocytizing, enveloping, etc, and the changes of THC and DHC are related to health state of shrimp. The ROIs generated during post phagocytic event which maybe an important marker to evaluate the immunological capability and phenoloxidase activity have been considered as a potential marker which is relevant to the health of the shrimp too. Concerning humoral parameters, prophenoloxidase (ProPO) and phenoloxidase,antimicrobial peptides and proteins, hemagglutinin and plasma proteins were described. The determining methods of immunity parameters were discussed. The response of shrimp to pathogens such as bacteria, virus, etc. and environmental factors such as DO, pH, etc, were also reviewed. It is well-known that the immune responses induced by immunizing crustacean or shrimp are mainly the non-specific immune responses. The potential of immunological parameters, including the changes of THC and DHC, the production of ROIs, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, antibacterial activity of plasma, and so on, to appraise the healthy state of shrimp were partly discussed. The future directions for the evaluation of the immunological capability of shrimp were proposed.     

稻鱼生态兼作轮作优质高产技术及其效益评价

Based on the Rice Fish Concurrent living theory and pond aquaculture high yield technology, combining Rice Fish Concurrent Farming technique in the model of pit pond aquaculture and the Rice Fish in turn Farming technique in the model of field pond aquaculture, the high quality and yield ecological technique model of early rice fish concurrent farming and late complete aquaculture in paddy field was established, which contain one submodel of fingerlings farming to juvenile and another submodel of juvenile fish farming to adult fish. The model demonstration base covering 20 hm2 paddy field was established in Songyang village, Gechuan town, Liancheng county of Fujian province. Production results showed： Early rice harvest average yield increased 22% very significantly （P 〈 0. 01 ） in both submodels, and 453 kg juvenile fish was produced per 667 m2 paddy field implementing the submodel of fingerlings farming to juvenile fish, whose production value and profit were 5 182￥ and 1 662 ￥ RMB, respectively, and were very significantly increased 2.5 times and 3.7 times （P 〈 0.01 ） respectively than planting only two harvests paddy without aquacuhure; 710 kg adult fish was produced per 667 m2 paddy field implementing the suhmodel of juvenile fish farming to adult fish, whose production value and profit were 6 428￥ and 2 005 ￥ RMB, respectively, and were very significantly increased 3.2 times and 4.7 times （P 〈 0. 01 ） respectively than planting only two harvests paddy without aquaculture; There were good economic, social and ecological benefit.     

大菱鲆胚胎的玻璃化冷冻保存

Vitrification solutions were examined for their suitability of cryopreservation of turbot (Seophthulnms maximus) embryos. PMPI gave higher survival rate (75.68%) than other vitrification solutions and was considered to be suitable liar the cryopreservation of turbot embryos. The freezing point of the vitrification solutions consisted of PG and MeOH in the proportion of 3:2 was measured when the vitrification solutions were cryopreserved. It showed that the vitrification solutions with a cryoprotectant concentration of over 41% have no freezing point and the freezing points of vitrification solutions containing 33.33%-40% cryprotectants were between -32.4℃ and -65.4℃， The freezing point decreased with the increase of cryoprotectant concentration. The resistance of turbot embryos at different stages to the cryoprotectants was studied, It was found that the turbot embryos from 4-5 pairs somite to tail bud were more resistant to cryoprotectants and suitable to vitrify. A live embryo was obtained after cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen for 14h and was hatched out。     

基于地标点几何形态测量法识别北部湾4种白姑鱼矢耳石形态

利用2010 年4 月至2010 年10月采自北部湾海域的49尾截尾白姑鱼(Pennahia anea)、50尾大头白姑鱼(P. macrocephalus)、49尾斑鳍白姑鱼(P. pawak )和29 尾白姑鱼(P．argentata)矢耳石样本, 运用基于地标点法的几何形态测量学方法研究了4种鱼类矢耳石形态识别问题。耳石经图像处理后提取地标点坐标值, 进行相对扭曲主成分分析, 通过判别分析来区分4种白姑鱼的耳石, 利用薄板样条分析和网格变形将耳石形态变异矢量可视化。结果表明, 在相对扭曲主成分分析中, 第1、2、3主成分分别解释了总变异的46.57%、25.39%和10.02%, 降维效果较好。其中Ⅰ型地标点6、7, Ⅱ型地标点5、8, 贡献作用较大, 解释了主要形态变异, 表明白姑鱼属的矢耳石形态差异主要表现在听沟“蝌蚪纹”的颈部、头宽部和尾部。逐步判别分析和交互验证结果显示, 截尾白姑鱼、大头白姑鱼和斑鳍白姑鱼的区分效果明显, 判别成功率在81.6%~100%, 白姑鱼区分效果不明显, 判别成功率为58.6%。研究结果表明, 利用石首鱼科特有的“蝌蚪纹”形态进行4种白姑鱼矢耳石种类识别, 存在一定的错判风险, 需要在相关耳石形态学研究与摄食生态学应用中引起注意。本研究以北部湾4种白姑鱼属鱼类矢耳石为例, 利用二维图像分析技术, 检验基于地标法的几何形态测量学方法在4种白姑鱼耳石形态变异和耳石识别应用上的适宜性, 以及听沟“蝌蚪纹”等主要形态特征在白姑鱼属种类识别的有效性, 以期为进一步开展耳石形态学在石首鱼科种类鉴定与系统进化、摄食生态学和渔业群体识别中的应用提供参考和科学依据。

     

The bioactivity of gonadotropin releasing hormones and its regulation in the gilthead seabream,Sparus aurata: in vivo andin vitro studies

Thein vivo andin vitro potency of native and modified forms of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) to release gonadotropin (GtH) was studied inSparus aurata and correlated with their relative susceptibility to degradation by cytosolic-bound enzymes of the pituitary, kidney, and liver. Salmon (s) GnRH and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) are equipotent whereas analogs of these peptides ((D-Arg⁶-Pro⁹NET)-sGnRH, (D-Ala⁶-Pro⁹NET)-LHRH, (D-Trp⁶)-LHRH) are superactive in inducingin vivo GtH release (at 10 μg/kg body weight). In anin vitro superfusion system of pituitary fragments all analogs are equipotent to the native peptides (at 10⁻¹⁰ to 2.5 × 10⁻⁷M). sGnRH and LHRH are rapidly degraded by cytosolic peptidases of the pituitary, liver, and kidney. The preferred site of cleavage is the Tyr⁵-Gly⁶ bond. Substitution of the position 6 glycine by D-amino acids renders the 5–6 bond resistant to degradation and shifts the main site of cleavage to the Pro⁹-Gly¹⁰NH₂ bond. Substitution at position 6 (as above) and at position 10 with Pro⁹NET results in analogs that are resistant to degradation. We propose that enzymatic cleavage terminates GnRH bioactivityin vivo and thus increased resistance to degradation is a major determinant of GnRH analog superactivity.     

Cloning,molecular characterization and expression analysis of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) cDNA in goldfish,Carassius auratus

In the present study, a full-length cDNA encoding the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) was cloned from the liver of goldfish (Carassius auratus) by rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. The goldfish IGFBP-2 cDNA sequence was 1,513 bp long and had an open reading frame of 825 bp encoding a predicted polypeptide of 274 amino acid residues. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR results revealed that goldfish IGFBP-2 mRNA was expressed in all detected tissues. In liver, central nervous system and pituitary gland, goldfish IGFBP-2 expressed at high levels, followed by anterior intestine, middle intestine and kidney. In posterior intestine, ovary, skin, fat, spleen, muscle and gill, the goldfish IGFBP-2 expression levels were very low. Fasting and refeeding experiment showed that the mRNA expression of goldfish IGFBP-2 was up-regulated significantly in liver compared to the fed group and restored rapidly to normal level after refed. However, the mRNA expressions of IGFBP-2 in hypothalamus and pituitary of goldfish were insensitive to fasting. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of IGFBP-2 in hypothalamus, pituitary and liver were varied in periprandial changes and significantly down-regulated at 2 and 4 h after meal. These results imply that the IGFBP-2 mRNA expression may be associated with anabolic and catabolic metabolism and regulated by metabolic factors in goldfish.     

Stochastic modeling of production risk and technical efficiency of Thai koi (Anabas testudineus) farming in Northern Bangladesh

Thai koi is one of the high commercially valued farm fishes which have expanded tremendously in the northern part of Bangladesh. However, despite its impressive growth in the initial years, output of the industry is highly volatile across different years and farms. This research, following the Just and Pope framework, has made use of Kumbhakar’s (2002 Kumbhakar, S.C. (2002) Specification and estimation of production risk, risk preferences, and technical efficiency. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 84, 8–22.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) extended stochastic frontier model (SFM) to estimate production risk and technical efficiency (TE) in Thai koi farming. Results show that feed is the most important input significantly influencing production. Zeolite and pesticide appear to be risk-reducing, while fingerlings, labor, feed and salt turn out to be risk-increasing inputs. The inefficiency model indicates that labor and pond area significantly reduce the technical inefficiency. Feed, fingerling and lime also act as TE-improving factors. Education of farmers improves TE, while experience, training and frequency of water change do not impact the TE. The mean TE scores are 0.73 and 0.96 for the flexible risk estimate and conventional SFM estimates, respectively. TE values appear to become exaggerated when production risk is excluded from the model. SFM recognizes that risk is involved in Thai koi farming that causes lower TE.     

Cortisol treatment improves the development of hypoosmoregulatory mechanisms in the euryhaline rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri

The effect of cortisol on osmoregulatory parameters was studied in rainbow trout, (Salmo gairdneri), kept in freshwater (FW) and/or transferred to seawater (SW). Repeated injections of 20 μg cortisol/g fish stimulated gill and gut Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity and reduced plasma Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels after 2 weeks of treatment in FW-adapted fish. Cortisol doses of 0.05 and 1.0 μg/g were without effect. Repeated injections of 10 μg cortisol/g stimulated gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity and reduced plasma Na+ and Cl⁻ levels in fish in FW, and significantly improved ion regulation after their transfer to 28SW. Higher doses of cortisol (10 and 20 μg/g) induced hyperglycemia, whereas low doses (0.05 and 1.0 μg/g were without effect or induced hypoglycemia. Plasma glucose levels decreased in cortisol-treated fish transferred to SW, whereas transient hyperglycemia was seen in the control fish.     

Molecular cytogenetic study of genome ploidy in the German mirror carp Cyprinus carpio

We examined the polyploidy of Cyprinus carpio, the German mirror carp. Specimens were collected in the field in Hulan, China, and treated with phytohemagglutinin and colchicine before the chromosome spreads and the karyotype of kidney cells were examined using silver staining, chromomycin A₃ (CMA₃)/distamycin (DA)/4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a 5.8S + 28S rDNA probe. One to twosilver stained (Ag) nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) were detected during metaphase and interphase events, with 80 % of the metaphase spreads and 69 % of the interphase nuclei showing two Ag-NORs signals. One CMA₃ signal was detected on the terminus of the short arm of each submetacentric chromosome 8 (SMC8) homolog (n = 2). The 5.8S + 28S rDNA probe hybridized at the terminus of the short arm of each SMC8 homolog (n = 2). The results of the Ag-NORs, CMA₃/DA/DAPI, and 5.8S + 28S rDNA FISH analyses were consistent with regard to the total number and location of the SMC8 NORs in the chromosome spreads and karyotype, indicating that, at the molecular cytogenetic level, the German mirror carp is an evolutionary tetraploid with two sets of chromosomes after diploidization.     

Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of medaka (Oryzias latipes) lysosomal neu4 sialidase

Glycoconjugates are known to be involved in many physiological events in vertebrates. Sialidase is one of the glycosidases, which removes sialic acid from glycoconjugates. In mammals, the properties and physiological functions of sialidases have been investigated, while there is little understanding of fish sialidase. Here, to investigate the significance of fish neu4 sialidase, neu4 gene was cloned from medaka brain mRNA and identified. Sialidase-specific motifs (GPG, YRVP and Asp-Box) were well conserved in the medaka neu4 polypeptide. Optimal pH of medaka neu4 sialidase was 4.6, but its activity was sustained even at neutral and weak alkaline pH. The neu4 considerably cleaved sialic acid from 4-methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-α-d-neuraminic acid and sialyllactose, but not from ganglioside and fetuin, which are good substrates for human NEU4. neu4 activity was mostly detected in mitochondria/lysosome fraction after biochemical fractionation, and indirect immunofluorescence assays revealed neu4 localization in lysosome in neu4 overexpressed cells. Next, developmental change in medaka neu4 and other sialidase mRNA levels were estimated by real-time PCR. Each sialidases showed different expression patterns in embryonic development: neu4 was up-regulated at late developmental stage in embryo, and neu3a mRNA level was quite high in 0.5 dpf. On the other hand, neu3b expression was drastically increased after hatching, suggesting that each sialidase may play a different role in embryonic development.     

Responses to ROS inducer agents in zebrafish cell line: differences between copper and UV-B radiation

Fish are commonly exposed to environmental pollutants, which in turns could induce an oxidative stress. So, it is important to understand the effects and the responses elicited by these toxicants in fish species, being fish cell lines important tools for this purpose. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of copper and UV-B radiation exposure on zebrafish hepatocytes (ZFL lineage) in terms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, sulfhydril groups content and mRNA levels of important genes related to cellular response to toxic agents. Exposure of ZFL cells to UV-B radiation (23.3 mJ/cm²) significantly increased levels of intracellular ROS and mRNA of both superoxide dismutase isoforms (sod1 and sod2), three glutathione S-transferase isoforms (gstα, gstµ and gstπ) and a heat shock protein (hsp70). However, no changes in nonprotein sulfhydryl groups (NP-SH) content, as well as in the mRNA levels of genes related to glutathione (GSH) synthesis and recycling, were observed. Contrary to this, copper exposure (20 mg/L) diminished NP-SH content and increased the levels of mRNA of genes related to GSH synthesis (gclc and gs). Moreover, copper exposure increases the mRNA levels of some genes related to antioxidant defenses (gpx and gstπ), biotransformation reactions (cyp1a1) and protein repair (hsp70). In conclusion, these results demonstrated that both toxicants could increase ROS levels in ZFL cell line, but the responses are different, which could be related to activation of different signaling pathways.