光照周期对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长、能量分配及生化指标的影响

在循环水实验系统中,设置1 L∶23 D、9 L∶15 D、12 L∶12 D、15 L∶9 D、24 L∶0 D(光L∶暗D)共5个光照周期处理组,研究其对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长及部分生化指标的影响。实验结束时褐牙鲆幼鱼的体质量为41.10~43.98 g,不同处理组间无显著差异,体质量未表现出与日光照周期长短的相关性。日生长系数只在21~30 d阶段内出现显著差异,整个实验期间的平均日生长系数为1.86~2.02,不同处理组间不存在显著差异,日生长系数随日光照周期的延长略呈下降趋势。不同阶段的摄食率在31~40 d阶段出现显著差异,12 L∶12 D处理组摄食率显著高于9 L∶15 D处理组。在整个实验期间,1 L∶23 D的褐牙鲆幼鱼摄食率为1.64,显著低于12 L∶12 D的褐牙鲆幼鱼的摄食率(1.79)。整个实验期间,1 L∶23 D的褐牙鲆幼鱼平均饲料转化效率为113.49,显著高于12 L∶12 D、15 L∶9 D、24 L∶0 D的褐牙鲆幼鱼,并略高于9 L∶15 D的褐牙鲆幼鱼,饲料转化效率随光照时间的延长呈下降趋势。实验期间摄食能的分配比例仅在排泄能上出现显著差异,15 L∶9 D最高,12 L∶12 D最低,其他各项能量分配均无显著差异。不同光照周期对耗氧率影响显著,15 L∶9 D最高,为0.252 mg/(g·h),24 L∶0 D最低,为0.173 mg/(g·h)。耗氧率随着光照时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势。血浆生长激素和类胰岛素生长因子I含量在不同处理组间也不存在显著差异,随光照时间延长也未表现出明显变动趋势。血浆褪黑素含量随光照时间的增加呈先下降后上升的趋势,12 L∶12 D处理组MT含量最低,但与其他处理组差异不显著。实验结束时肌肉RNA/DNA比值随光照周期延长呈先上升后下降变动趋势,其中15 L∶9 D和24 L∶0 D处理组的肌肉RNA/DNA比值显著高于1 L∶23 D处理。肝脏RNA/DNA比值以12 L∶12 D最高,15 L∶9 D最低。实验结果表明光照周期对褐牙鲆幼鱼摄食量和饲料转化效率产生显著影响,但摄食量减少的处理组由于耗氧率降低因而饲料转化效率得到提高,因此光照周期对生长没有显著影响。光照周期明显影响血浆褪黑素、肌肉和肝脏RNA/DNA比值,但生化指标的差异与生长无明显相关性。     

高温—最佳温度循环对褐牙鲆生长、能量分配和身体成分的影响

环境温度短周期波动对鱼类的生长和能量代谢有重要影响,实验在室内可控条件下,对褐牙鲆幼鱼在经历高温—最佳温度循环的生长与能量分配进行了研究。在为期40 d的实验中,驯养于20 ℃的褐牙鲆幼鱼在每个为期10 d的循环中分别经历0 d(H₀)、2 d(H₂)、4 d(H₄)、6 d(H₆)和8 d(H₈)的26.5 ℃高温胁迫后,剩余的天数恢复到最佳温度(20 ℃)下养殖。实验结束时,经历不同天数高温胁迫的各处理组的褐牙鲆幼鱼以干重、湿重、蛋白质和能量表示的鱼体重均显著小于对照组(H₀)。实验期间摄食量少和分配于生长的能量减少是导致经历高温胁迫的处理生长减慢的主要原因。经历高温胁迫的处理组的摄食量都显著低于对照组,但摄食率、消化率以及饲料转化效率都与对照组无明显差异。经受高温处理的H₂、H₄和H₆组分配于生长的能量与对照组没有显著差异,但H₄组的能量损失于粪便最多,H₆组的能量损失于排泄的比例最高。H₈组褐牙鲆幼鱼个体分配于生长的能量比例显著低于其他处理,代谢消耗的能量比例显著高于其他处理。经历不同温度循环处理的褐牙鲆幼鱼单位体重日摄食能与对照组相比没有显著差异,但分配于生长的能量却显著低于对照组。结果表明,褐牙鲆幼鱼对高温—最佳温度循环的适应能力较差,生长受到温度周期波动的抑制。     

盐度胁迫及恢复对牙鲆幼鱼生长、能量分配和身体成分的影响

采用生物能量学方法对不同盐度对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长和补偿生长的影响进行了研究.研究结果表明,盐度12～40的范围对平均体重为2.6g的褐牙鲆幼鱼的湿重生长没有显著影响,而盐度5(IS5)和47(IS47)会明显阻碍平均体重为6.9g幼鱼的生长,但IS5的生长延缓在30d的恢复生长(盐度19,IS19)后获得完全补偿,而IS47处理最终未能赶上IS19处理.盐度操作对幼鱼摄食能、摄入的能量分配于呼吸消耗、排粪的比例均有显著影响,而对排泄损失的能量比例没有明显影响.对于单位体重日能量分配而言,盐度操作对摄食能、呼吸消耗、生长、排粪损失的能量有明显的影响,但对排泄能量损失没有显著影响.研究还发现,盐度操作对褐牙鲆幼鱼身体水分和蛋白质含量没有显著影响,但对脂肪和能量含量有一定影响.结果表明,盐度19左右为褐牙鲆幼鱼生长最适合的盐度,其对盐度的适应范围较广,特别是对低盐度表现出极强的耐受和适应能力.     

不同钙、镁浓度对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长及SOD和CAT酶活力的影响

在盐度30和水温20℃条件下,配制钙、镁(1∶3)总浓度A(700mg/L)、B(1100mg/L)、C(1600mg/L,对照)、D(2200mg/L)、E(2800mg/L)的人工海水,研究了5种人工海水对褐牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus幼鱼生长、肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力的影响。观察发现,褐牙鲆幼鱼初次接触高钙、镁浓度人工海水(D组和E组)时产生应激反应,鱼体呈弓形,呼吸频率降低,摄食不积极,适应7d左右恢复正常。经60d养殖实验,各处理组实验鱼食物转化效率(FCE)无显著差异(P0.05),成活率均在90%以上。0~20d时实验鱼特定生长率(SGR)和摄食率(FI)差异显著(P0.05),低浓度组大于高浓度组,20d后,FI无显著差异(P0.05),40~60d时低浓度组SGR小于高浓度组。各处理组SGR和FI随钙、镁总浓度上升呈下降趋势,实验进行到60d时,低浓度组A的SGR和FI分别为高浓度组E的1.13倍和1.04倍。不同钙、镁浓度对实验鱼的免疫酶活性亦有显著影响。D组实验鱼SOD酶活力和肝比重显著高于其他各处理组;E组SOD酶活力显著低于其他实验组(P0.05),CAT酶活力也低于其他处理组,但各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。研究结果表明,实验初期钙、镁浓度通过影响褐牙鲆的摄食而影响其生长,低钙、镁浓度组实验鱼生长较快,高浓度组生长较慢。经60d养殖驯化,除E组外的各处理组特定生长率差异不显著,过高浓度钙、镁对褐牙鲆的免疫酶活性产生一定抑制作用。建议养殖褐牙鲆时应注意避免水体钙、镁含量过高。     

低盐度胁迫不同时间对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长的影响

将驯养于海水盐度为19的褐牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）幼鱼放入盐度为5的海水中胁迫0周（对照）、1周、2周、3周和4周后,立即将海水盐度调节至19,养殖到第10周,观察幼鱼的生长情况。研究发现,低盐度海水养殖的褐牙鲆幼鱼体质量仅在低盐胁迫的第1周内显著小于对照组,不同处理的日生长系数在第3周与第5周呈现显著性差异,其余时间阶段内不同处理的体质量和日生长系数未见显著差异。胁迫阶段褐牙鲆幼鱼摄食率整体上略低于对照处理,但恢复阶段摄食率未出现大于对照处理的一致趋势。整个试验期间经低盐度处理的褐牙鲆幼鱼饲料转化效率略大于对照处理。试验结果显示,低盐度5对褐牙鲆幼鱼的生长没有产生长期影响,也不能通过较长时间的低盐度养殖引起褐牙鲆幼鱼的补偿生长效应。     

氨氮胁迫下凡纳滨对虾运动行为与能量分配模式变化

为研究氨氮胁迫下凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)行为和能量分配的变化,将体质量为(4.89?0.27)g的凡纳滨对虾幼虾分别置于氨氮质量浓度为0.02 mg/L(对照)、1.00 mg/L、2.50 mg/L、5.00 mg/L,水温(28?0.5)℃的水族箱中养殖2周,监测其行为并对其生长、体组分和能量收支进行测定。结果表明,随氨氮浓度升高,凡纳滨对虾白昼的活动频率、游走距离呈先升后降趋势,而夜间则呈逐渐下降趋势,5.00 mg/L组白昼和夜间活动频率及游走距离均显著低于对照组(P0.05);特定生长率及摄食率均呈逐渐下降趋势,处理组显著低于对照组(P0.05);2.50 mg/L和5.00 mg/L组的凡纳滨对虾脂肪含量和能值均显著低于对照组(P0.05);各处理组摄食能量分配于生长的比例随着氨氮浓度的增大而降低,而消耗于代谢的比例随氨氮浓度增大而升高,与对照组相比,5.00 mg/L组的摄食能用于生长比例下降4.57%,用于代谢消耗的比例上升5.70%。上述结果表明,氨氮胁迫下凡纳滨对虾的夜间活动水平明显下降,摄食量减少,能量利用效率降低,生长速度减慢。     

盐度对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长的影响及其在盐度胁迫后的补偿生长

褐牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）幼鱼取自山东省胶南市养殖场,盐度设置范围分别为12-40和5-47。实验表明,盐度12-40对平均初始体质量约2.6g的褐牙鲆幼鱼的湿重生长、湿重摄食率和湿重饲料转化效率均没有显著影响（P〉0.05）,但对蛋白质和能量表示的特定生长率、摄食率、饲料转化效率都有显著影响（实验周期为30d）。盐度5（IS5）和47（IS47）处理能够使初始体质量为6.93g的褐牙鲆幼鱼在10d内的生长显著比盐度19（IS19）处理慢（P〈0.05）,并且由于低盐度（盐度为5）引起的生长阻滞能够在30d内得到完全补偿,而高盐度（47）引起的生长阻滞未能得到补偿。在整个恢复期间（11-40d）,IS5处理的摄食率显著高于IS47处理（P〈0.05）,IS19处理处于中间水平。在盐度恢复至19后,不同处理在所有阶段的饲料转化效率和整个实验期间的平均饲料转化效率相互之间不存在显著差异。以上结果表明,低盐度（盐度为5）导致的生长阻滞的补偿主要依靠提高摄食率获得。结论认为,褐牙鲆幼鱼对盐度尤其对低盐度的适应能力较强。     

气/水混合溶解机在封闭式循环养殖系统中的应用试验

在封闭式循环养殖系统中，采用气／水混合溶解机调节虹鳟养殖水中的溶氧量。设置4种溶氧量，分别为7．05、8．82、11．84、15．80mg／L，其中8．82mg／L为对照组，充空气；试验30d，对虹鳟幼鱼（体长13．0—18．5em）的生长率、能量收支及机体的营养组成进行研究。试验结果表明，7．05mg／L的低溶氧组鱼在生长率和饲料转化效率方面均明显低于对照组（P〈0．05），而11．84mg／L和15．80mg／L的高氧组鱼食物转化效率高，生长率明显提高。由摄食能的分配结果可见，随着溶解氧的升高，虹鳟幼鱼的摄食能用于生长和代谢的比例提高。表明在封闭式循环养殖系统中高溶解氧对虹鳟幼鱼生长具有良好的促进作用。     

褐牙鲆幼鱼工厂化养殖密度优化软件的初步实现

为解决当前褐牙鲆(Paralicthys olivaceus)工厂化养殖过程中对养殖密度难以把握的问题,在水温(20.0±0.4)℃、空气充氧与纯氧充氧模式下,探讨溶解氧和养殖密度对小规格(1.26±0.45)g与较大规格(14.00±2.10)g褐牙鲆幼鱼生长的影响.根据试验结果,分析这2种规格褐牙鲆幼鱼的最适养殖密度,并通过线性回归法,建立了褐牙鲆幼鱼最适养殖密度的标准曲线.运用.NET C#开发了在Windows系统下运行的褐牙鲆幼鱼工厂化养殖密度优化软件,初步实现在人机交互界面上对褐牙鲆幼鱼合理养殖密度的查询.     

溶解氧与养殖密度对褐牙鲆幼鱼血细胞数量及血红蛋白含量影响的研究

20±0.4℃及循环水条件下,研究了溶解氧与养殖密度对褐牙鲆幼鱼（全长11.84±0.45cm）血细胞数量及血红蛋白含量的影响。溶解氧含量和养殖密度设置为两种模式：5.5±0.5mg/L（空气充氧）对应养殖密度为100、200、300和400ind/m^2与14±2mg/L（纯氧充氧）对应养殖密度为200、400、600和800ind/m^2。实验历时30d,存活率均达到94%以上。结果表明,（1）空气充氧条件下,红细胞数目（RBC）、白细胞数目（WBC）、血红蛋白（Hb）含量均有随养殖密度增大而增加的趋势,但各处理之间差异不显著（P〉0.05）;（2）纯氧充氧条件下,3项指标也有随养殖密度增大而增加的趋势。其中红细胞数目、白细胞数目差异不显著（P〉0.05）,血红蛋白含量差异显著（P〈0.05）;（3）养殖密度为200ind/m^2时,纯氧充氧条件下血红蛋白含量显著低于空气充氧条件（P〈0.05）,红细胞数目、白细胞数目差异不显著（P〉0.05）。养殖密度为400ind/m^2时,纯氧充氧条件下红细胞数目、白细胞数目和血红蛋白含量3项指标均显著低于空气充氧条件（P〈0.05）。实验结果支持提高溶解氧水平可以缓解养殖密度带来的拥挤胁迫这一结论。     

Effects of feeding frequency and dietary energy level on growth and body composition of juvenile flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel)

A two (dietary energy levels; low energy, LE and high energy, HE) × 4 (feeding frequency; one feeding in 2 days, one feeding daily, two times daily and three times daily) factorial experiment was performed to determine the effects of dietary energy level and/or feeding frequency on the growth and body composition of juvenile flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The survival rate was not significantly different among treatments. Weight gain of fish fed the LE and HE diets significantly increased as feeding frequency increased. The weight gain of fish fed the LE diet was higher at each level of increasing feeding frequency. The weight gain of fish fed the HE diet was higher than that of fish fed the LE diet once in 2 days and once daily, but weight gain of fish fed the HE diet was lower than the LE diet three times daily. Daily feed intake was significantly influenced by feeding frequency, but not by dietary energy level. Feed efficiency of fish fed the HE diet once daily was significantly higher than that of fish fed the LE diet once in 2 days, but no significant difference in feed efficiency was observed among other groups of fish. The protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the LE diet once in 2 days was the lowest. Feeding frequency and dietary energy level had a significant effect on the body lipid content. A feeding frequency of two times or three times daily would be effective, depending on dietary energy level for maximum growth of juvenile flounder grown from 3.5 to 15 g.     

Optimal dietary taurine level for growth of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

The requirement for taurine in juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was determined by feeding diets containing various levels of taurine and cystine. Test diets supplemented with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of taurine or with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of L -cystine were prepared. The basal diet contained 55% protein from white fish meal. These diets were fed to juvenile Japanese flounder with an initial mean bodyweight of 0.9 g (total length (TL) 48 mm) for 5 weeks. Approximately 1.4% taurine content in the diet was required for optimum growth of juvenile flounder. A positive linear relationship was noted between the content of taurine accumulated in the muscle, liver and brain and the level of taurine in the diet. However, there was no increased taurine content in tissues of fish fed the cystine-supplemented diet. In contrast, the fish fed control and cystine-supplemented diets showed higher contents of cystathionine in the tissues. The concentration of cystathionine in tissues rapidly decreased with an increase of taurine in the diet. It was also observed that for each of the dietary groups, a trace amount of taurine was excreted. These results suggest that the taurine content in the diet affects the sulfur amino acid metabolism of juvenile Japanese flounder, and indicate that juvenile flounder are unable to biosynthesize taurine from cystine.     

Compensatory Growth of Juvenile Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus L. and Changes in Biochemical Composition and Body Condition Indices during Starvation and after Refeeding in Winter Season

Compensatory growth and changes in biochemical composition, hematocrit and body condition indices of juvenile flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were assessed during starvation and after refeeding. Twenty juvenile fish were stocked into each 200‐L flow‐through tank to give five treatments with three replicates per treatment: control group fish (C) were hand fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 8 wk, whereas the Sl, S2, S3, and S4 fish were hand fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 7, 6, 5, and 4 wk after 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk of starvation, respectively. During starvation, weight decreased linearly with periods of feed deprivation up to 3 wk. Survival was not significantly different among treatments. At the end of the feeding trial, weight gain (g/fish) and specific growth rate (SGR) of flounder in S2 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of fish in S3 or S4, but not significantly different from those of fish in C or Sl. Feed consumption of flounder (g/fish) was proportional to duration of feeding except for that of fish in S2. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) values for flounder in S2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those for fish in C, but not significantly different from those for fish in Sl, S3, or S4. During starvation, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and lipid content of flounder without liver decreased with periods of feed deprivation. However, HSI and condition factor (CF) for flounder in S2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those for fish in Sl, S3, S4 and C except for CF in Sl at the end of the feeding trial. Proximate composition of flounder without the liver was not significantly different among treatments at the end of the feeding trial. In considering above results, juvenile flounder achieved compensatory growth with up to 2‐wk feed deprivation. Compensatory growth of flounder fed for 6 wk after 2‐wk feed deprivation was well supported by improvement in SGR, FER, and PER. HSI could be a good index to monitor changes in body condition during starvation and after refeeding.     

Effects of Limited Dissolved Oxygen Supply on the Growth and Energy Allocation of Juvenile Chinese Shrimp,Fenneropenaeus chinensis

Information about the effect of hypoxia exposure on energy allocation is helpful for better understanding how aquatic animals tolerate and adapt to a hypoxic environment. The growth, molting, and energy allocation were investigated in juvenile Fenneropenaeus chinensis exposed to five different dissolved oxygen (DO) seawaters (2.09 ± 0.15, 3.10 ± 0.29, 4.13 ± 0.25, 4.73 ± 0.12, and 5.48 ± 0.09 mg/L DO) for 30 d. When DO was below 4.13 mg/L, the growth of shrimp was depressed. Feed ingestion and feed conversion efficiency decreased with the decrease of DO. Less feed ingestion was caused by lower daily metabolic energy. Higher proportion of ingested energy lost in metabolism, exuviations, and nitrogen excretion caused lower feed conversion efficiency. More energy lost in exuviations, lower survival rate, soft carapaces of dead shrimp, and cannibalism were found in oxygen deficient groups and it implicated that hypoxia could delay the shrimp recovering from molting and cause cannibalism and higher mortality. The results indicated that hypoxia was an important factor affecting the amount and fitness of shrimp stock because it could cause a high rate of mortality and growth depression.     

溶氧水平对黄颡鱼稚鱼摄食、生长及呼吸代谢的影响

在(28±0.5)℃循环水环境中设置4种溶氧水平,分别为2.92 mg/L(G1组)、4.71 mg/L(G2组)、6.77 mg/L(G3组)、9.68 mg/L(G4组),研究初始体重为(1.62±0.02)g的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidracoR.)稚鱼的生长、摄食及呼吸代谢规律。结果显示:G3组特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FE)均显著高于其它各试验组(P<0.05)。试验鱼的耗氧率、排氨率与溶氧水平无正相关性,G3组的耗氧率、排氨率始终显著高于其它三组。第6周测定发现:摄食后1~4 h内耗氧率和排氨率均呈现迅速上升,到达最大值后再缓慢下降,二者均在09∶00和21∶00出现高峰,G3组的耗氧率高峰值分别为0.345、0.331 mg/g.h,G3组的排氨率高峰值分别为24.194、17.770μg/g.h。结果表明:不同溶氧条件下,黄颡鱼稚鱼的耗氧率、排氨率变化过程具有类似的特征,二者在能量代谢机制上相互关联;在6.77 mg/L的溶氧水平下,黄颡鱼稚鱼生长最快、呼吸代谢最为旺盛。     

Effect of dietary taurine levels on growth and feeding behavior of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary taurine levels on growth and feeding behavior of juvenile Japanese flounder. Three different taurine level diets were prepared by supplementation of taurine (T-0%, 0.5% and 1.5%) to the basal diet. Fish meal washed with 70% ethanol to remove taurine was used as the sole protein source. Feeding experiments were carried out twice at 20 °C by using different size of fish (average body weight: 0.3 g in Experiment I and 3.7 g in Experiment II). The feeding behavior of fish was observed throughout the experimental period. At the end of experiments, fish were killed for amino acids analysis.

The final average body weight and feed efficiency of juvenile Japanese flounder fed the T-1.5% diet was significantly higher than those of fish fed the T-0% diet in Experiments I and II. Abnormal feeding behavior such as multiple feeding while swimming in the water column was observed in the T-0% group in Experiment I. These findings indicate that taurine is essential for normal growth and development of normal feeding behavior of juvenile Japanese flounder.     

Optimum dietary protein level for maximum growth of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel)

This experiment was conducted to determine the optimum dietary protein level for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel) fed a white fish meal and casein‐based diets for 8 weeks. Olive flounder with an initial body weight of 4.1 ± 0.02 g (mean ± SD) were fed one of the six isocaloric diets containing 35%, 45%, 50%, 55% and 65% crude protein (CP) at a feeding rate of 4–5% of wet body weight on a dry‐matter basis to triplicate groups of 20 fish per aquarium. After 8 weeks of feeding, per cent weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency ratios of fish fed the 55% CP diet were not significantly higher than those from fish fed the 50% and 65% CP diets, but significantly higher than those from fish fed the 35% and 45% CP diets. Fish fed the 50%, 55% and 65% CP diets had significant higher specific growth rates than did fish fed the 35% and 45% CP diets; however, there was no significant difference among fish fed the 50%, 55% and 65% CP diets. The protein efficiency ratio was inversely related to the dietary protein level; that is, maximum efficiency occurred at the lowest dietary protein level. Broken‐line model analysis indicated that the optimum dietary protein level was 51.2 ± 1.8% for maximum weight gain in juvenile olive flounder. The second‐order polynomial regression analysis showed that the maximum WG occurred at 57.7% and it revealed that the minimum range of protein requirement was between 44.2% and 46.4%. These findings suggest that the optimum dietary protein level for maximum growth could be greater than 46.4%, but less than 51.2% CP in fish meal and casein‐based diets containing 17.0 kJ g^?1 energy for juvenile olive flounder.     

Dissolved Oxygen Level and Stocking Density Effects on Growth,Feed Utilization,Physiology, and Innate Immunity of Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

A factorial design with three levels of dissolved oxygen (DO)—low 1.0–1.5 mg/l (LDO), medium 2.5–3.0 mg/l (MDO), and normal 6.0–6.5 mg/l (NDO)—and two stocking densities—0.2 g/l (SD1) and 0.4 g/l (SD2)—tested the interaction between oxygen and stocking density on juvenile tilapia performance. After the feeding trial, fish were intraperitoneally injected by pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila, and fish mortality was observed for 10 days post challenge. Highest growth was observed in the NDO-SD1 group. Reduction in DO concentration from 6.5 to 3.0 or 1.5 mg/L caused a reduction in fish growth and feed intake, which increased significantly by increasing fish density. Crude protein and total lipid in whole-fish body decreased significantly at LDO, while total lipid content decreased also at high SD. Glucose, activities of aspartate amninotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, and uric acid in fish sera increased significantly, while total protein and total lipid decreased significantly at LDO and/or high density. Lowest fish immunity was observed in the LDO-SD2 group, suggesting that stress was maximized under LDO conditions and/or at high density.     

Effects of Dietary Protein and Energy Levels on Growth and Body Composition of Juvenile Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

A feeding trial of three protein levels (30, 40 and 50%) and two energy levels (300 and 400 kcal/100-g diet) factorial design with three replications was carried out to investigate the proper dietary protein and energy levels for the growth of juvenile flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . Weight gain of fish tended to improve with increasing dietary protein level. Weight gain of fish fed either the 40% or 50% protein diet with 300 kcal/100-g diet was significantly higher ( P < 0.05) than with 400 kcal/100-g diet. The best weight gain was obtained from fish fed the 50% protein diet with 300 kcal/100-g diet. Feed efficiency tended to improve with increasing dietary protein level. However, dietary energy level had no significant effect on feed efficiency of fish fed the 30% or 50% protein diet, but that of fish fed the 40% protein diet with 300 kcal/100-g diet was significantly higher than with 400 kcal/100-g diet. Protein retention tended to increase as dietary protein level increased and energy level decreased. Lipid content of fish fed the diet containing 400 kcal/100-g diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the diet containing 300 kcal/100-g diet at all protein levels. Fatty acid compositions such as linoleic acid, EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3) offish were directly affected by dietary lipid (squid liver oil and/or soybean oil) used for energy source. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the proper dietary protein and energy levels for the growth of juvenile flounder are 50% and 300 kcal/100-g diet, respectively.     

Compensatory Growth of Juvenile Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus L., and Changes in Proximate Composition and Body Condition Indexes during Fasting and after Refeeding in Summer Season

Compensatory growth of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus L., and changes in proximate composition and body condition indexes of fish during fasting and after refeeding were investigated during the summer season. Groups of 25 fish each (initial body weight of 16 g) were randomly distributed into fifteen 180‐L flow‐through tanks. Fish were fed the experimental diet containing crude protein 46.9% and crude lipid 8.0% with estimated energy level of 14.6 kJ/g diet for 6 d/wk. Five treatments in triplicate were prepared for this study: C, S1, S2, S3, and S4. Fish in the control group (C) were hand‐fed to apparent satiation twice daily. Fish in treatments S1, S2, S3, and S4 experienced 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk of starvation and were then hand‐fed to apparent satiation twice daily during the remaining 7, 6, 5, and 4 wk of the experiment, respectively. A group of starved fish in the similar size was stocked and fasted throughout the 8‐wk feeding trial for chemical and blood analysis. The feeding trial lasted for 8 wk. Weight of fish linearly decreased with week of starvation (P < 0.0001). Linear relationship between condition factor (CF) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) against week of starvation was observed in the starved group of fish. Survival was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by feeding strategy. However, weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of olive flounder in C, S1, and S2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of fish in S3 and S4. The poorest weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) were obtained in fish of S4. Feed consumption of olive flounder in C, S1, and S2 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of fish in S3 and S4. Feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and protein retention of olive flounder in C and S1 were not significantly (P > 0.05) different from those of fish in S2 but significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of fish in S3 and S4. Hematocrit, CF, and HSI of olive flounder were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by feeding strategy. Chemical composition of fish was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by feeding strategy. In considering these results, it can be concluded that juvenile olive flounder have the ability to fully compensate for 2‐wk feed deprivation during the summer season. Besides, feed efficiency in fish fed for 7 and 6 wk after 1‐ and 2‐wk feed deprivation was comparable to that in fish fed for 8 wk.