金沙江一级支流龙川江水体氮磷含量动态变化分析

2007年至2009年在龙川江楚雄水文站进行采样分析，对龙川江N、P含量变化及输出特征进行了研究。结果表明：总氮、总磷的月均含量分别为1.088～3.834mg•L-1和0.091～2.036 mg•L-1，其中，N以NO3- -N为主，约占氮含量的39.4%～93.7%；P输出以PP为主，含量超过TP的93.6%。TN、NH4+-N和NO3- -N的含量随着流量增大而先升高后降低的趋势，据此分析流域内主要的N源为农业面源污染；总磷含量随悬浮物含量和流量的增加而增加，且相互之间存在着极其显著的正相关关系，因此，判断控制雨季土壤的冲刷侵蚀是有效控制磷径流输出的最重要方式。     

淡水环境下3种红树植物对氮磷的去除效应应

2010年7 ~ 12月,通过水培盆栽试验研究了桐花（Aegiceras corniculatum）、海莲（Bruguiera sexangula）和无瓣海桑（Sonneratia caseolaris）对生活污水的净化效果,设置了3个浓度梯度,即N1P1（TN 为3.96 mg• L-1,TP为 0.47 mg• L-1）,N2P2（TN为 19.8 mg•L-1,TP 为2.35 mg•L-1）和N3P3（TN为 39.6 mg•L-1,TP为 4.7 mg•L-1）。研究结果表明：随着水培时间的增加,水体盐度、总氮和总磷含量显著下降（P <0.001）。桐花、海莲和无瓣海桑对生活污水总氮去除率达74.5% ~ 97.4%,总磷去除率达72.3% ~ 95.7%。栽培有红树植物的系统对氮磷的去除率显著高于无植物系统,分别为无植物的1.28倍 ~ 3.2倍和1.24倍 ~ 2.71倍。红树植物氮磷质量分数分别为6.81 mg•g-1±0.85 mg•g-1 和 1.41 mg•g-1±0.46 mg•g-1。当污水浓度低时（N1P1）,红树植物主要是通过累积作用去除水体氮磷,占总去除效应的42.2% ~ 63.3%和46.1% ~ 85.8%。当污水浓度高时（N3P3）,红树植物氮磷累积量仅占4.5% ~ 10.4%和6.7% ~ 14.9%。     

扁吻鱼保护生物学研究---栖息地饵料、鱼类群落

2003年以来作者对现今扁吻鱼唯一栖息地生物饵料及鱼类群落环境进行了初步研究。结果显示：克孜尔水库有浮游植物7门34种（属），平均密度145.7×104ind•L-1，平均生物量1.225mg•L-1，硅藻密度及生物量均占优势；浮游动物35种（属），平均密度958.6ind•L-1，原生动物占优势；平均生物量1.449mg•L-1，枝角类和桡足类占优势；底栖动物1种（属），平均密度9.1ind•m-2，平均生物量0.08g•m-2；水生植物2种（属）。栖息地分布鱼类19种，土著种10种，外来种9种，隶属2目3科13属，其中鲤科15种，占78.9%，鳅科3种，占15.8%，鱼叚虎鱼科1种，占5.3%。初步探讨了扁吻鱼所面临的生态环境问题。     

草鱼幼鱼对烟酸需要量

草鱼幼鱼的初始体重为12.43±0.80g，试验分为7组，其饲料中烟酸含量分别为5.1、9.8、16.6、32.2、66.7、130.1、271.5 mg•kg-1，每组设3个重复，每桶30尾鱼，日投喂率2％～3％，饲养试验周期为8周。研究不同含量烟酸对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料系数、机体营养组分、造血功能及血脂的影响，以确定草鱼幼鱼饲料中适宜烟酸需要量。试验结果表明：1.添加烟酸显著提高了特定生长率、增重率和草鱼幼鱼的存活率，对草鱼幼鱼肥满度无显著影响；烟酸含量为32.2 mg•kg-1时草鱼的特定生长率和增重率最大，饲料系数最低，并与其它各组存在显著差异；2.添加烟酸对草鱼全鱼水分、灰分无显著影响，显著提高了全鱼粗脂肪含量，但各添加组间无显著差异；饲料中烟酸含量为66.7mg•kg-1时，粗蛋白显著高于对照组及9.8 mg•kg-1组；3.添加烟酸显著提高了血液红细胞计数和血红蛋白含量，但对血清胆固醇和甘油三酯无显著影响，烟酸含量为16.6 mg•kg-1及以上时显著提高血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇，与对照组和9.8 mg•kg-1组存在显著差异。基于折线法分析，草鱼幼鱼获得最佳生长时的饲料中烟酸最低需求量为25.5 mg•kg-1。 关键词：草鱼；烟酸；生长；需要量     

真鲷维持氮需要量的研究

采用氮平衡试验和无氮日粮法研究了体重为50、100、150、200和250 g左右真鲷幼鱼，在饲喂粗蛋白质含量为38%～46%饲料条件下的维持氮需要量(Nm)。氮平衡试验结果表明：在总摄入氮中，氮沉积量的变化为0.15～0.30 mg•g-1•d-1，占总摄入氮12.1%～20.3%；粪氮排泄量为0.20～0.32 mg•g-1•d-1，占总摄入氮16.4%～21.6%；而内源氮排泄量是总摄入氮中主要的氮消耗部分，为0.80～0.96 mg•g-1•d-1，占总摄入氮的62.8%～67.7%。维持氮需要量与体重呈正相关，体重越大，Nm越大；但单位体重的Nm与体重呈负相关，个体越小，单位体重的Nm越大。在试验的体重范围内，单位代谢体重的Nm′，各生长阶段中没有显著差异(P>0.05)，平均为0.498 mg•g-1•d-1。无氮日粮法的结果表明：Nm′与无氮日粮的采食量呈负相关；随着真鲷采食量下降，Nm′增加；当无氮日粮的采食量为零（绝食）时，Nm′值为0.510 mg•g-1•d-1，与150 g体重的氮平衡试验0.508 mg•g-1结果相接近。考虑到试验鱼的应激反应和结果的稳定性，建议在维持氮测定时采用氮平衡试验方法。本试验还给出了不同生长期维持鱼体蛋白质所需要的饲料蛋白质含量。图3表6参22     

铜暴露对鲤鱼消化器官消化酶活性的影响

摘 要：实验测定了外界铜离子对鲤鱼的肝胰脏和肠道中消化酶活性的影响，结果表明：在各铜离子浓度条件下，蛋白酶的活性由高到低的顺序为：肝胰脏＞中肠＞后肠＞前肠；淀粉酶活性由高到低的顺序为：中肠＞前肠＞肝胰脏＞后肠；脂肪酶活性由高到低的顺序为: 肝胰脏＞后肠＞前肠＞中肠；随着铜离子浓度的增加，4种消化器官中的3种消化酶活性均表现出先升高后降低的趋势；0.28和0.56 mg•L-1的铜离子对4种消化器官中的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性均有不同程度的激活作用，而0.84mg•L-1的铜离子则对4种消化器官中的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性均有不同程度的抑制作用；0.28、0.56和0.84 mg•L-1的铜离子对4种消化器官中的脂肪酶活性均有不同程度的激活作用；鲤鱼肠道中的蛋白酶活性对铜离子的浓度变化较敏感，可以考虑用作水体铜离子污染的环境生物学指示。     

邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯（BBP）对斑马鱼的毒性效应研究

经急性毒性试验，求得邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯（BBP）对斑马鱼96小时半致死浓度（LC50）为3.98 mg•L-1。在此基础上，设置4个浓度梯度：0、0.332、0.665、1.33 mg•L-1，研究了在不同的时间（7、14、21、28d）暴露下，BBP对斑马鱼超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响。结果表明，随着时间的延长，SOD活性呈现先上升后下降的趋势，在14d时，各处理组SOD活性达到最高水平；实验期间（0-28d），各处理组AChE活性被显著抑制，整体呈现下降趋势；CAT活性，在7d时，除0.665 mg•L-1浓度组有极显著抑制作用（p＜0.01）外，其余各浓度组CAT活性均与对照接近，无显著差异，14d开始，除了0.332 mg•L-1浓度组高于对照组，其他浓度组与对照组相比均呈现先下降后上升的趋势。BBP对斑马鱼SOD、AChE、CAT活性产生的影响，其变化可作为水体污染的分子生物标记物，为制订BBP水质标准及对其进行生态风险评价提供科学依据。     

饲料中添加硫酸锌对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长合机体抗氧化功能的影响

试验以硫酸锌为锌源，评价不同锌水平对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼（Oreochromis aureus♂×Oreochromis niloticus♀）生长和抗氧化能力的影响。体质量为(4.13±0.32)g罗非鱼随机分配在18个水族箱中，每箱20尾，每3个箱为1个处理组，分别以添加锌为0、20、40、80、160和320 mg•kg^-1的6种饲料投喂，日投喂率为鱼体重5%～9%。8周的试验结果表明：20mg•kg^-1锌饲料组的增重率和鱼体蛋白含量显著高于其它各组(P＜0.05)，蛋白质效率、饲料转化率也明显高于其它各组；全鱼脂肪含量随着饲料锌水平的升高而升高，但320mg•kg^-1锌饲料组降低；20mg•kg^-1锌饲料组，脊椎骨中锌离子浓度达到最大值且显著高于0mg•kg^-1锌饲料组(P＜0.05)；20mg•kg^-1与40mg•kg^-1锌饲料组的血液中红细胞数量显著高于其它各添加组(P＜0.05)，20mg•kg^-1锌饲料组的血液中血比容显著高于0mg•kg^-1组(P＜0.05)，与其它各组没有显著差异；肌肉中，硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(TBARS)(Thiobarbituricacid reactive substances)的量，锌为0mg•kg^-1饲料组显著高于其它各组(P＜0.05)。综上所述，饲料中锌添加量为20mg•kg-1饲料促进了罗非鱼生长，使鱼体抗氧化功能增强。     

饲料维生素E添加量对花鲈生长、组织中维生素E积累量

采用单因子试验设计方法，进行了饲料中添加维生素E对花鲈生长（增重率、存活率、特定生长率、饲料效率）、组织中维生素E积累量和免疫指标（血清中溶菌酶活性和总补体活性）影响的研究，设计了5个不同维生素E水平（0.6、24.7、49.0、98.8、198.2 mg•kg-1）的等氮等能饲料，对花鲈进行为期8周的生长实验，每个水平含3个重复，每个养殖单元放养初始体重为10.1g左右的花鲈20尾。饲养试验在海水网箱（1.5×1.0×1.0 m)中进行。结果表明：饲料中未添加维生素E组的增重率、饲料效率、特定生长率以及存活率显著低于维生素E添加组，随着饲料中维生素E添加量由0.6提高到49.0 mg•kg-1时，花鲈的增重率和特定生长率显著提高，以增重率和特定生长率为指标，花鲈最佳生长性能的饲料维生素E添加量为60.5 mg•kg-1左右；对鱼体生物学指标的分析表明，饲料中维生素E添加量达到49 mg•kg-1时能显著影响鱼体的肝体比指数，鱼体水分、粗脂肪不受饲料中维生素E添加水平的影响,然而对鱼体粗蛋白含量的影响显著；随着饲料中维生素E添加量由0.6提高到49.0 mg•kg-1时，花鲈肌肉和肝脏中维生素E的积累量显著升高，但当维生素E添加量达到49.0 mg•kg-1后，肌肉和肝脏中维生素E的积累量变化不显著；饲料中未添加维生素E组的花鲈血清溶菌酶和总补体活性显著低于维生素E添加组，花鲈血清溶菌酶和总补体活性随着维生素E添加量的增加而显著升高，饲料维生素E添加量达到98.8 mg•kg-1时，血清溶菌酶和总补体活性较高。综上所述，花鲈生长和免疫的维生素E适宜添加量为60.5～98.8 mg•kg-1左右。     

乌鲁木齐塔桥湾水库渔业水质分析

2013年5-9月对乌鲁木齐塔桥湾水库渔业水质展开了调查,通过监测酸碱度(pH)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、非离子氨(NH3-N)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、溶解氧(DO)、水温(T)、蓄水量(V)共计11个项目,分析水库水质。利用相关性分析、单项污染指数、综合营养状态指数及主成分分析,对乌鲁木齐塔桥湾水库渔业水质的质量现状和污染特征进行研究。结果显示,水质呈弱碱性,pH月均值在7.45~8.59;NH3-N、NH4+-N、TN、CODMn、TP均严重地超过渔业水质标准限值;月均氮磷比为20.31~156.60:1,月均综合营养指数为58.9~78.3,水体一直处在氮元素过剩和富营养状态,营养盐和有机物是塔桥湾水库的主要污染物。水库多项水质因子之间存在密切的相关性,其中营养盐TN、TP、NO2--N、NH4+-N 两两之间的相关系数为0.742~0.890,蓄水量与TN、TP、NO2--N、NH4+-N、NH3-N、pH、Chl-a的相关系数在0.585~0.943。主成分分析表明,营养盐和有机物对水质的影响随时间而改变,5－8月,营养盐对水质的影响作用减弱,有机物、水温和溶解氧对水质的影响作用增强。积累的数据为新疆渔业养殖提供了资料,为渔业主管部门加强水产品质量安全源头监管提供参考,并对我国现有渔业水质标准中的氨氮和非离子氨指标规定进行了探讨。     

基于模糊评价法的洱海稳态阶段分析

稳态转化理论被广泛应用于各种系统的变化,也常常用于描述水生和陆生生态系统状态发生本质、渐进和持续的转变过程。对淡水湖泊生态系统而言,研究其变化过程及驱动因子将有助于理解当前水环境问题的本质特征,为水环境整治与生态修复提供理论支撑。为了确定典型高原湖泊洱海所处的稳态阶段及其转换取向,在野外调查研究及文献资料数据分析的基础上,尝试用模糊评价法分析洱海所处的稳态转换阶段。评价结果表明,洱海1985-2001年处于清水稳态,2002年系统发生跃迁,2003年退化到藻草共存、草藻共存的过渡态。从2009-2010年洱海各阶段的隶属度来看,系统仍有可能转化为藻型浊水稳态,警示对洱海的保护和治理工作不可松懈。在缺乏水生物数据的条件下,模糊评价法可用于稳态转换评价。     

Interannual-decadal variability of demersal fish assemblages in the Tsushima Warm Current region of the Japan Sea: Impacts of climate regime shifts and trawl fisheries with implications for ecosystem-based management

Data sets for two bottom trawl fisheries, the coastal pair-trawler fishery and offshore single-trawler fishery in the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC) region of the Japan Sea, were compiled and analyzed for the last three decades (1974-2006). These data sets were used to (1) identify and compare the variability in demersal fish assemblages, and (2) relate these to water temperature to examine the impacts of climate regime shifts. Principal component analysis (PCA) of catches of target species in the two trawler fisheries showed synchronous decadal variability with step changes around 1986/1987 and 1996/1997. These step changes strongly suggest the effect of the late 1980s climate regime shift, which was characterized by an abrupt change from a cool to a warm condition in the TWC. The first and second principal components (PC1 and PC2) for both trawler fisheries agreed closely with winter and summer water temperature in the Japan Sea, respectively, suggesting PC1 (PC2) was associated with cold- (warm-) water species. However, between warm- and cold-water species the response pattern to water temperature was different. CPUE (catch per unit effort) of warm- (cold-) water species correlated positively (negatively) with water temperature, indicating the increase in water temperature has a positive (negative) effect on warm- (cold-) water species. Cold-water species decreased (increased) both in biomass and distribution during the warm (cold) regime, while warm-water species increased in biomass and/or distribution during the warm 1990s. These results suggested that the demersal fish assemblage structure changed abruptly as a consequence of the late 1980s climate regime shift. Impact of fishing was unclear on the demersal fish assemblage as a whole, but fishing pressure has been intensified for specific species under unfavorable climate regimes even with a declining fishing effort. Differing response patterns between warm- and cold-water species to climate regime shifts suggest the importance of integrated assessment and ecosystem-based management for the whole trawl fishery rather than only for individual target species.     

Stable isotope variations in otoliths of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) and indications of the possible 1990 regime shift

Stable oxygen and carbon isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C) from archived otoliths of Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis, were measured to examine the most recent regime shifts in British Columbia and the Gulf of Alaska. δ¹⁸O values of these otoliths ranged from −1.5 to +2.8‰ VPDB, and were consistent with the life stages and migration behavior of halibut. δ¹³C varied from −3.3 to +0.9‰ VPDB, but did not show a transition from the juvenile to the adult stage as does δ¹⁸O. Evaluation of δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of mature halibut (ages 8–12) indicated that the 1977 regime shift might have a warming impact on the northeast Pacific fish stocks. In contrast, a possible regime shift around 1990 with a bottom seawater temperature decrease of about 2 °C might have occurred in both the areas. The connection between stable isotope variations in otoliths and the climate regime shifts is thus potentially useful in studying the population dynamics of Pacific halibut, and decadal scale (e.g., the last 20–30 years) ocean environmental changes.     

政府渔业管理职能转变应驶入快车道

当前,我国渔业正处在从传统渔业向现代渔业过渡的转型期,这对政府渔业管理职能提出了新的要求,但政府渔业管理职能转变的步伐却始终未能快步向前。论文分析了政府渔业管理职能转变迟缓引发的不良后果,根据我国渔业经济发展和渔业管理面临的新形势,对如何加快政府渔业管理职能转变进行了探索,提出只有切实加快政府渔业管理职能转变的进程,才是解决当前我国渔业管理种种问题的根本之道。     

Diet overlap between native bigmouth sleepers (Gobiomorus dormitor) and introduced predatory fishes in a Puerto Rico reservoir

Abstract –  Native fish species coexist with introduced species in Puerto Rico's freshwater systems, yet competition between these species has not been evaluated. We examined the extent of diet overlap between native bigmouth sleepers Gobiomorus dormitor and introduced largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and peacock bass Cichla ocellaris in a Puerto Rico reservoir. Bigmouth sleepers and largemouth bass exhibited an ontogenetic shift in feeding habits, whereas peacock bass were exclusively piscivorous at all sizes collected in this study. Biologically significant diet overlap was observed between large bigmouth sleepers and largemouth bass, but not between large bigmouth sleepers and peacock bass, or between large largemouth bass and adult peacock bass. No significant diet overlap in any species combination was observed in small or medium size classes. Better understanding of the ecology of these coexisting predators should lead to improved conservation of bigmouth sleepers, and improved fisheries management for all three predatory species.     

From carbon flux to regime shift

The basic assumption in biological oceanography – and in GLOBEC – is that physical forcing at a wide range of space and time scales determines most of the dynamics of marine populations. This has been very productive and provides the global context for GLOBEC and other programmes. How far can it take us in the future; and, alternatively, what role is played by community interactions?     

湖泊生态系统稳态转换驱动因子判定方法研究进展

湖泊生态系统会在长期的人为胁迫和短期的强扰动下发生稳态转换,灾变性稳态转换将会导致湖泊水环境在短时间内急剧恶化,进而延缓和加大治理的进程及成本。探求浅水湖泊稳态转换驱动因子是科学合理确定湖泊管理策略的关键所在,现有的驱动因子判定方法主要有实验观测、统计分析和模型模拟。实验观测缺乏对生态系统整体的判断,仅采用观测数据并不能得出导致稳态转换确切的原因和效应;统计分析难以对未来作出预警;模型模拟可有效规避上述2种方法存在的问题,特别是机理模型是今后分析稳态转换的主要方法。有必要加强统计分析与模型模拟的结合、生态模型与传统水质水动力模型耦合等方面的研究工作。     

Individual variability of diel vertical migrations in European vendace (Coregonus albula) explored by stationary vertical hydroacoustics

Abstract –  Diel vertical migration (DVM) is a widespread behavioural pattern in populations of aquatic animals. Its adaptive value is explained by a trade-off between the protection against visually feeding predators in the dark hypolimnion during daytime, and a higher food uptake in the upper food-rich layers during the night. Whereas vertical migration patterns of entire populations have been frequently described, less is known with respect to individual variability of DVM within fish populations. Here, individual migration patterns of European vendace ( Coregonus albula ) are described, obtained by stationary vertical hydroacoustics in Lake Stechlin (Germany) during the dusk and dawn phases of 2 months in 2004. The variability of speeds of depth change was high, with only a few fish rising or falling faster than 1 cm s⁻¹. Swimming activity was not dependent on fish size. There was some evidence that variability of echo strengths was highest in those fish which showed the greatest three-dimensional swimming distances which might indicate a limited swimbladder compensation during vertical migrations. However, migration seems to be performed mainly in a saltatory mode with vertical swimming always interrupted by phases of constant depth. It is suggested that these phases are used for pressure compensation by fish with the consequence that overall the frequency distribution of target strengths deviates only slightly between the start and the end of the recordings. Stationary hydroacoustics proved to be a useful tool for studying individual fish swimming behaviour.     

基于模糊评价法的洱海稳态阶段分析

稳态转化理论被广泛应用于各种系统的变化,也常常用于描述水生和陆生生态系统状态发生本质、渐进和持续的转变过程。对淡水湖泊生态系统而言,研究其变化过程及驱动因子将有助于理解当前水环境问题的本质特征,为水环境整治与生态修复提供理论支撑。为了确定典型高原湖泊洱海所处的稳态阶段及其转换取向,在野外调查研究及文献资料数据分析的基础上,尝试用模糊评价法分析洱海所处的稳态转换阶段。评价结果表明,洱海1985-2001年处于清水稳态,2002年系统发生跃迁,2003年退化到藻草共存、草藻共存的过渡态。从2009-2010年     

Ontogenetic habitat shifts and habitat use in an endangered minnow, Notropis mekistocholas

Henderson AR, Johnston CE. Ontogenetic habitat shifts and habitat use in an endangered minnow, Notropis mekistocholas . Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 87–95.
© 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Abstract –  Information on larval and juvenile habitat use is virtually absent for fishes. Our objective was to document habitat use of larval and juvenile Cape Fear shiners Notropis mekistocholas , an endangered species, in both natural and lab settings so that a better understanding of habitat requirements in all life stages can be achieved. We measured habitat parameters of areas used by all life stages of N. mekistocholas in the summers of 2007–2008 in the Rocky River, North Carolina. Field data suggests larvae use more shallow depths (mean = 31.6 cm) and reduced water velocities (mean = 0.02 m·s⁻¹) than adults (mean = 56.3 cm, 0.10 m·s⁻¹), and juveniles 15–25 mm often school with adults. Results of lab studies support field observations. In the mesolarval and metalarval stages N. mekistocholas were selective in their use of water velocity ( P  = 0.013) and depth ( P  = 0.001). In multiple juvenile stages, N. mekistocholas were selective for water velocity ( P  = 0.015), and depth ( P  < 0.001), choosing deeper depths and higher water velocities than larvae. These results demonstrate ontogenetic shifts in habitat use of N. mekistocholas and suggest that water velocity and depth are critical to successful recruitment for this species.