A Survey of Water Quality Characteristics of Effluent from Hawaiian Aquaculture Facilities

Ten water quality parameters were measured in influent and effluent water at 11 aquaculture facilities in Hawaii. The data were grouped into four categories based on the types of organisms cultured: freshwater fish, freshwater prawn, marine fish, and marine shrimp. Within each category, concentrations of most parameters were lognormally distributed and spanned one to two orders of magnitude. Geometric mean concentrations of suspended materials, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and pigments were highest in effluent from freshwater prawn ponds and lowest in marine fish pond effluent. Nitrate/Nitrite and total ammonia concentrations were higher in fish pond effluent than in crustacean pond effluent. Parameter concentrations were generally higher in effluent than in influent water, with freshwater fish and prawn ponds exhibiting the greatest increases in suspended materials and pigments. In contrast, nitrate/nitrite concentrations were lower in effluent than in influent waters. These data provide a basis for analyzing the environmental impacts of warm-water aquaculture effluent discharges.     

循环水养殖大菱鲆试验

通过循环水养殖大菱鲆,养殖250 d后大菱鲆平均体重550 g,平均日增重2.3 g,饵料系数1.1。循环水养殖大菱鲆,既能减少环境污染,又能节水、节煤、节电,1000 m2养殖面积能降低生产成本近10万元。     

网箱养殖对千岛湖水环境的影响

通过对千岛湖网箱养殖区内外水域的四季水质调查,分析得出网箱养殖对千岛湖局部水域会产生明显的影响。造成养殖区水域的DO、pH下降,TN升高,不同季节和不同的水层影响存在差别。冬季对浅层的DO、pH产生明显下降,影响区域小;春季对表层的DO、pH产生明显下降,影响区域大;夏季受水温分层,影响不明显;秋季造成各层水体DO、pH下降,TN上升,影响区域大。千岛湖网箱养殖在春季和秋季对养殖区局部水域影响明显,但分散的网箱养殖对水域影响范围较小,对千岛湖水体短期内影响不明显。     

Acute Toxicity of Copper Sulfate and Chelated Copper to Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Channel catfish fingerlings Ictalurus punctatus were exposed to copper sulfate or a commercial chelated copper product in a series of static toxicity tests conducted using waters with a wide range of total alkalinity and hardness values. Estimates of mean 96 h LC50 values were 0.05, 0.73, 0.95, and 0.98 mg/L as Cu for copper sulfate and 0.06, 1.51, 1.97, and 1.74 mg/L as Cu for the chelated copper product in waters having total alkalinities of 16, 76, 127, and 240 mg/L CaCO₃ respectively. On a copper basis, the chelated product was significantly ( P < 0.05) less toxic to fish than copper sulfate in all waters except that of the lowest total alkalinity. Highly significant ( P < 0.01) linear relationships were found between LC50 values for copper from copper sulfate and pH, log [total alkalinity], and log [total hardness], of test waters. These results cast doubt on the validity of the formula commonly used to calculate practical copper sulfate pond treatment rates, which is based upon a simple linear relationship between application rate and total alkalinity.     

上川岛至海陵岛海域中华白海豚种群特征初探

珠江口中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)种群从伶仃洋一直连续分布至上川岛海域。为探究上川岛以西海域是否也有中华白海豚分布,于2013-2015年采用船基截线法在上川岛至海陵岛海域进行了8个航次的考察。结果显示各个航次均有中华白海豚的目击记录,考察期共目击到78群次(约623头次),部分个体有重复目击记录,证实了该海域常年栖息着一定数量的中华白海豚。海豚的目击分布以下川岛、漭洲岛周围水域,以及东平港至庙湾角近岸水域较为集中。海豚的平均目击率与珠江东部河口(伶仃洋)和珠江西部河口区处于同一水平,海豚聚群规模较大并发现有大于30头的超大规模聚群,整体的年龄组成较为年轻化,表明上川岛至海陵岛海域是中华白海豚的重要栖息地,具有较好的保护潜力。     

Chemistry of Sediment Pore Water in Aquaculture Ponds Built on Clayey Ultisols at Auburn, Alabama

The composition of sediment pore water was determined for ponds constructed on clayey Ultisols at Auburn, Alabama. Pore water was anaerobic and contained much higher concentrations of ferrous iron (Fe²⁺), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus (TP), total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), and sulfide (S²⁻) than surface or bottom waters. Concentrations of SRP and TP in pore water were higher in ponds with high soil phosphorus concentrations than in a new pond with less soil phosphorus. Increased concentrations of organic matter in soil or larger inputs of feed to ponds favored greater microbial activity in soils and higher concentrations of TAN in pore water. The pH of pore water was 6.5–7.0, and pH was apparently controlled by the equilibrium:

Movement of Fe²⁺, SRP, and S²⁻ from pore water into pond water apparently was prevented by the oxidized layer of soil just below the soil-water interface. Pond managers should concentrate on maintaining this oxidized layer to reduce the tendency for toxic substances to diffuse into the pond water.     

Dry-Tilling of Pond Bottoms and Calcium Sulfate Treatment for Water Quality Improvement

Three different pond bottom treatments were evaluated in 12 earthen ponds. Bottoms of four ponds on the Auburn University Fisheries Research Unit, Auburn, Alabama, were dried for 1 mo and tilled with a roto-tiller (dry-till treatment). Four other ponds were dried and tilled, and after filling with water, enough gypsum (calcium sulfate) was applied to give a total hardness of about 200 mg/L. Gypsum was reapplied as needed to maintain the hardness (dry-till with gypsum treatment). Four ponds were not subjected to bottom drying, tilling or gypsum treatment (controls). Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerings were stocked at 15,000/ha. Selected water quality variables were measured at 1- to 2-wk intervals during the growing season. Concentrations of most variables increased over time because feeding rate was increased progressively as fish grew. Compared to the controls, both treatments had lower concentrations of total phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus, and higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen ( P < 0.05). In addition, ponds of the dry-till with gypsum treatment had in addition lower concentrations ( P < 0.05) of chlorophyll a , chemical oxygen demand, gross primary productivity, and total alkalinity than control ponds. The reduction in chlorophyll a concentration suggested less phytoplankton in gypsum-treated ponds, and this effect was probably related to lower phosphorus availability because of calcium phosphate formation. Secchi disk visibility, total suspended solids concentrations, and turbidity did not differ significantly among the treatments ( P < 0.05). Total fish production and survival rate did not differ significantly ( P < 0.05) among the treatments. These findings suggest that water quality improvement can be achieved by drying and tilling pond bottoms between crops, and benefits possibly may be increased by treating low hardness waters with gypsum.     

Microbial communities in various waters used for fish larval rearing

A major concern in larvae production is a mass mortality caused by fish diseases. In larvae production, pumped‐up natural seawater filtered through a sand filter system is used for fish rearing, and microalgae and rotifer cultures. Here, we investigated the community structures of eukaryotic microbes, as well as total bacteria and vibrios, in various processed ‘waters’ used in a larvae production site. We observed that ultraviolet irradiation of seawater was effective to reduce not only total bacteria and vibrios but also eukaryotic microbes. Moreover, the community structures of total bacteria and vibrios in rearing waters for fish larvae were different from those in rotifer cultures fed with Chlorella, but rather similar to those in natural seawater and microalgae cultures. These results suggest that the bacterial community in rearing waters may originate mainly from natural seawater and then be selected by microalgae in rearing water. Overall, this study provides useful information for avoiding the risk of fish disease outbreaks in a larvae production site.     

碳酸盐类盐碱水驯化南美白对虾的试验

以淡化虾塘水添加天然盐碱水为试验用水驯化南美白对虾幼虾,探讨东北地区碳酸盐类盐碱水养殖对虾的技术。结果表明,每隔36、24、12 h各提高1次碱度2 mmol/L,经过12 d,幼虾从碱度3.17 mmol/L分别驯化至17.25、25.33、38.78 mmol/L的存活率为37%、44%及24%。通过驯化提高了幼虾对盐碱水环境一系列生态因子的综合适应能力,其生存环境由海水类型逐渐适应于内陆碳酸盐类盐碱水,是东北地区碳酸盐类盐碱水养殖对虾的有效措施。     

泉州市内陆水域水产养殖规划概述

该规划科学地利用内陆水域资源，规范养殖管理，提高养殖水域利用率；合理开发利用养殖水域，有效保护养殖水域生态环境，加快完善和推进养殖管理制度；促进渔区和谐发展，确保渔业增效、渔民增收，确保内陆水域水产养殖业的可持续发展。实施该规划后，力争到2015年全市淡水水产品总产量达2．5万吨以上，比2006年增加6313吨，年均增长3．75％；淡水养殖渔民人均纯收入达10000元以上。     

福建沿岸海域鲱形目鱼类资源评析

为了阐明福建沿岸海域鲱形目鱼类的资源现状,为保护和合理开发利用福建沿岸海域的鲱形目鱼类资源提供参考,分析了2006～2007年福建沿岸海域4个航次底拖网调查的渔获物中鲱形目鱼类的种类组成和渔获量。结果表明:4个航次共捕获鲱形目鱼类18种;鲱形目鱼类占所有鱼类总渔获量的比例平均为16.91%;鲱形目鱼类的平均资源密度和平均个体密度分别为87.19 kg.km-2和7 457.2 ind.km-2。在各种鲱形目鱼类中,赤鼻棱鳀(Thrissa kammalensis)的资源密度和个体密度最大,黄鲫(Setipinna taty)的资源密度占第二位,凤鲚(Coilia mystus)的个体密度占第二位;赤鼻棱鳀和黄鲫为鱼类优势种。与近20年前的调查资料相比较,鲱形目鱼类的资源量明显下降。     

再议东黄渤海带鱼种群划分问题

本研究根据中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所早年收集的1971—1982年带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)捕捞统计资料,从地理隔离、数量动态方面分析我国近海带鱼种群的划分问题。研究结果表明,东黄渤海带鱼存在两个种群,即黄渤海种群和东海种群。通过带鱼鱼群移动影像发现,黄渤海带鱼和东海带鱼在江苏北部近海(34?00?N,121?00?E)附近发生了混栖,这一海域的带鱼产量仅占当月总产量的1.16%;两种群带鱼在外海越冬场也发生混栖,这一海域带鱼产量仅占当月总产量的5.51%。本研究认为,之所以分为黄渤海带鱼和东海两个种群,主要证据有6个:其一,可能发生混栖海域带鱼群体的数量很少,均仅占当月带鱼产量的极少数;其二,在混栖海域,不同带鱼鱼群并未发生群体间个体完全混合,在产卵洄游过程中,各自群体将仍旧依照各自洄游路线回到越冬场,因而在产卵场发生遗传杂交的可能性很少;其三,带鱼在越冬场的混合不属于产卵场杂交,因此,不同种群带鱼因为产卵和杂交发生种群遗传性状融合的可能性较少;其四,黄渤海带鱼和东海带鱼有着各自不同的数量变化规律,两者近年来产量差距悬殊,黄渤海种群带鱼资源在衰退的同时,没有得到东海带鱼群体的补充;其五,除了在江苏北部近海和外海发生群体混栖,黄渤海带鱼和东海带鱼各自的分布空间完全隔离;其六,这两个不同带鱼种群在洄游中存在不同的水团背景。结合以往带鱼种群体征差异分析的结果,可以认为,黄渤海带鱼和东海带鱼分属不同的带鱼种群。在东黄渤海,带鱼整体上可以划分为黄渤海带鱼种群和东海带鱼种群。     

泸沽湖鱼类空间分布特征分析与资源量评估

2018年8月15-19日,利用Lowrance elite-7 Ti回声探测仪首次对云南省泸沽湖展开鱼类空间分布及资源量评估。调查采用"之"字形航线对泸沽湖全湖进行水声学探测,累计航程42.71 km,基于深度变化值将探测水体分为若干探测单元进行鱼类资源评估,并运用反距离插值法(IDW)基于各单元密度绘制进行空间分布图。水声学探测结果表明,泸沽湖鱼类空间分布不均匀,水平方向上,鱼类主要集群分布于近岸环形水域,其中小渔坝附近水域鱼类密度最高,湖心区域鱼类密度最低;垂直方向上,鱼类在表层水域分布较为集中;2018年8月泸沽湖鱼类密度为0.153尾·(1000 m^3)^-1,数量24.39万尾,总资源量50.55 t;其中,鲫(Carassius auratus)21.17万尾、17.36 t,鲤(Cyprinus carpio)1.74万尾、23.01 t,草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)8.63万尾、8.63 t,大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)0.68万尾、1.33 t,小口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax microstomus)0.07万尾、0.22 t。此次调查未发现曾出现记录的宁蒗裂腹鱼(S.ninglangensis)和厚唇裂腹鱼(S.labrosus)。     

中国近海与日本近海白姑鱼线粒体细胞色素b基因全序列比较分析

对中国近海和日本近海共19尾白姑鱼(Pennahia argentata)线粒体细胞色素b(Cytochrome b,Cytb)基因全序列进行扩增与测定,白姑鱼个体的Cytb基因总长度均为1141bp。序列分析结果显示:Cytb基因全序列中共检测到40处核苷酸替代,全部为同义替换,且主要来自密码子第三位点。19尾白姑鱼个体共定义了14种单倍型。核苷酸组成分析表明:白姑鱼Cytb全序列的鸟嘌呤(G)含量较低,在第三密码子位点上表现得尤为明显。基于邻接法、最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建的系统树结果基本一致,中国近海和日本近海的白姑鱼明显分为2个单系群,两组群间的净遗传距离为0.019,基于Cytb2%/百万年分子钟计算,其分化时间约为95万年,中、日近海白姑鱼分化事件发生于晚更新世(Late Pleistocene)。本研究旨在探讨中、日近海白姑鱼组群的分类地位的遗传学依据,为白姑鱼渔业资源的管理与保护提供基础参考。     

Effects of heavy metals in river waters in Japan on immobility and mortality of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Daphnia magna</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryzias latipes</Emphasis> larvae

ABSTRACT:   Samples of river waters containing high concentrations of zinc and other heavy metals but low concentrations of other anthropogenic contaminants were collected to investigate the relationship between toxicity of heavy metals and naturally present organic matters or hardness, as well as the effects of heavy metals on aquatic organisms. Acute toxicity tests were conducted for the water samples using Daphnia magna and medaka Oryzias latipes . Almost all the D. magna died in river waters containing high concentrations of zinc, but O. latipes in the same waters were hardly affected. Since the test organisms were not only exposed to zinc but also other heavy metals in the river waters, we examined the toxicity using toxic units composed of zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium. The results of a bioassay with the river waters showed that the mortality of D. magna did not depend solely on the total number of toxic units of heavy metals. The organic matters and the hardness of the river waters could decrease the acute toxicity of zinc and other heavy metals to D. magna .     

Species composition and seasonal occurrence of fish larvae and juveniles in the Shimanto Estuary, Japan

ABSTRACT: To clarify the characteristics of the larval and juvenile fish community in a Japanese estuary, monthly collections were conducted in the shallow waters of the Shimanto Estuary, Japan from July 1985 to June 1987. A total of 49 101 fishes of more than 100 species from 44 families were sampled over the 2-year period. Numerically, Gerres equulus was most common, accounting for 20.02% of the total abundance. Rhyncopelates oxyrhynchus was ranked second, followed by Acanthopagrus latus , Acanthogobius flavimanus , Mugil cephalus cephalus , Parioglossus dotui , and Acanthopagrus schlegeli . Thus, fishes observed in the estuary were mostly marine species that spawn in the sea. The majority of these fish first appeared within the estuary at late postlarval and/or early juvenile stages. Based on their utilization of the shallow waters in the estuary, the majority of species could be categorized as residents. In the Shimanto Estuary, shallow waters are studded with shelters, especially eelgrass beds, which serve as important nursery grounds for coastal and euryhaline fishes.     

罗氏沼虾育苗水质变动因子及处理技术的研究

针对目前罗氏沼虾育苗生产操作流程,作者研究了育苗池中三态氮、ＣＯＤ 及ｐＨ 等水质变化状况,其特点是这些化学指标无明显的昼夜变化,但ＮＨ３－Ｎ、ＮＯ２－ －Ｎ 含量较高,并呈现波动式上升的趋势,ＣＯＤ 含量较为稳定。从育苗安全性需要出发,还研究了育苗水的预处理模式以及投饵、换水、施药对育苗池水质的影响,结果表明,对河口天然水进行预处理是必要的,作为常规在操作管理上坚持每天彻底排污、适时适量换水、合理用药能有效控制育苗水的水质状况,即使采取高密度（ Ｚ１：２２万尾／ｍ ２）育苗也能获得较高的出苗率     

Comparisons of monthly and geographical variations in abundance and size composition of Pacific saury between the high-seas and coastal fishing grounds in the northwestern Pacific

The monthly and geographical abundances and size compositions of Pacific saury were compared between the high-seas and coastal fishing grounds in the northwestern Pacific during 2000–2005 based on Taiwanese fishery data. The large-sized saury was dominant (44.3–71.4% of the catch) in the beginning of the fishing season, while the medium-sized saury followed and dominated from September to the end of the fishing season (70.1–92.4% of the catch). In the high seas, the total catch per unit effort (CPUE) (about 71.2% of the mean coastal value) and both the large- (about 55.0%) and medium-sized saury CPUEs (about 81.8%) were significantly smaller than those in the coastal waters. The mean proportions of the large- and medium-sized saury in the high-seas catch were about 86.6 and 107.0% of the coastal values, respectively. CPUEs for the total catch and the catch of medium-sized saury varied in a highly consistent way. The total and medium-sized CPUEs were negatively correlated with the sea-water temperature. When the temperature was held the same statistically, the total and medium-sized CPUEs were larger in the shoreward, southward, and shallower waters of the fishing grounds, while the large-sized CPUE was larger in the shoreward waters.     

黄河口牡蛎产卵场及邻近海域水质现状评价

2015年调查了黄河口枯水期(5月)和丰水期(8月)牡蛎产卵场及邻近海域的水质状况,采用单因子标准指数评价法、多参数水质综合评价法、有机污染评价指数法和营养质量状态指数法分析评价该海域水环境质量现状。结果表明:该海域总体为富营养化;无机氮(DIN)和化学需氧量(COD_(Mn))是水质富营养化的主要因子。水质量总体属轻污染,Pb、Hg、Zn、DIN和COD_(Mn)为该海域主要污染因子,Pb、Hg、Zn和DIN为优先控制的污染因子。丰水期水质优于枯水期。     

Variations in spawning ground area and egg density of the Japanese sardine in Pacific coastal and oceanic waters

The spawning ground of the Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanostictus (Schlegel), was distributed over the oceanic waters as well as the coastal waters along the Pacific coasts of western and eastern Japan during 1978–1992. The area of the spawning ground in the coastal waters on the continental shelf has ranged from 95 000 km² in 1992 to 143 000 km² in 1988, constituting 44–77% of the total area of the spawning ground. The area of the coastal spawning ground was relatively constant in spite of the large fluctuations in egg abundance, i.e. size of the spawning population, from 88 trillion (1987) to 668 trillion (1989) in the waters. Spawning adults seemed to extend over the coastal waters irrespective of the size of the spawning population. In contrast to the coastal waters, the spawning area in the oceanic waters offshore of the continental shelf increased from 31 000 km² in 1978 to 183 000 km² in 1988 and then shrank to 83 000 km² in 1992, as a function of the spawning population size. The egg distribution density in the coastal waters stayed less than 6000 m⁻² mo⁻¹, but it reached as high as 27 400 m⁻² mo⁻¹ in the expanded spawning ground in the oceanic waters. The oceanic waters seemed to function as a reserve spawning ground for the sardine in years of extremely high spawning population.