单一重金属胁迫对灯心草生长及生理生化指标的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同浓度处理水平的Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、As五种重金属单一胁迫对灯心草生长及其生理生化特性的的影响。结果表明:种植灯心草土壤中的Cd、Pb、Cu三种重金属临界值可分别设定为10mg kg-1、100 mg kg-1、100mg kg-1。灯心草不适合在Zn污染的土壤中种植,土壤中As临界值尚需作进一步的研究来确定。各单一重金属胁迫对灯心草叶绿素的合成均有很大程度的抑制作用,剂量-效应关系明显。灯心草三种保护酶对于不同浓度处理水平重金属胁迫的响应不同:在土壤环境质量低浓度设置范围内三种酶有较好的协同效应能共同抵御重金属胁迫造成的膜伤害,表现出较强的自我调节能力。而在高浓度处理水平时,三种酶活性呈现不同的变化趋势。灯心草生理生化指标对重金属胁迫的响应存在元素种类之间的差异。各单一重金属对灯心草生长抑制及生理毒害效应大小排序为:Zn>As>Cu>Pb>Cd。     

Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、As复合污染对灯心草的生理毒性效应

通过盆栽试验,以现行土壤环境质量标准为浓度设置依据并结合实际污染土壤研究了不同处理水平的Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、As5种重金属复合污染对灯心草生长、叶绿素含量及保护酶系统的影响。实验结果表明:5种重金属复合污染对灯心草地上部生长有一定程度的抑制作用,在土壤环境质量二级标准上限值处灯心草地上部生物量减产9.15%,<10%,但地下部生物量减产趋势不明显。复合重金属污染抑制灯心草的光合作用使叶绿素含量减少、叶绿素a/b值降低。在接近土壤环境质量标准低浓度设计范围内,灯心草3种保护酶有逐渐被激活的趋势,表现出一定的协调性共同抵制重金属的毒害。但在高浓度处理水平下,酶活性遭到抑制。生长在矿毒水和铅锌尾矿污染土壤中的灯心草地上部生物量分别下降28.23%和37.1%,但POD、SOD和CAT3种酶活性均高于对照。通过应用综合生态环境效益法,以灯心草为指示植物可以将土壤环境质量二级标准上限值设定为土壤中5种重金属的临界毒性效应值。     

天然次生林改造问题的探讨

经营好次生林生态系统是迅速扩大森林资源、实施森林资源可持续发展的主要策略。通过定义低质低效次生林的概念,分析次生林生态系统经营的意义和必要性,综述次生林改造的现状,指出了低质低效次生林改造的主要发展方向。     

Annual changes in the hatching period of the dominant cohort of larval and juvenile ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis in the Shimanto Estuary and adjacent coastal waters during 1986–2001

ABSTRACT:   Larval and juvenile ayu from seven year-groups (1986, 1987, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1999 and 2000) were collected in the Shimanto Estuary and adjacent coastal waters. The present study focuses on the variation among year-groups in the hatching period estimated by age determination using the otolith. The hatching period of the dominant cohorts in the 1986, 1987 and 1992 year-groups occurred from late October to mid-November. A delay of the hatching period of the dominant cohort was observed from the 1995 year-group, which occurred in late November to early December, and the dominant periods in the 1996, 1999 and 2000 year-groups were observed from early to late December. It appears that the delay of the hatching period of dominant cohorts was not due to a delay of spawning, but a high mortality of early hatched larvae. The water temperature in autumn in the coastal waters adjacent to the Shimanto River has tended to rise over the past 20 years and this trend was especially notable in the late 1990s. The delay in the hatching period of the dominant cohort observed from the 1995 year-group was likely to be related to the rise in seawater temperatures in autumn.     

Effect of salinity change on free amino acid content in Pacific oyster

ABSTRACT:   In order to identify free amino acids (FAA) that are importantas intracellular osmolytes in Crassostrea gigas , we investigatedthe change in FAA content in the mantle exposed to an abrupt decreaseor increase in salinity. In hypo-osmotic adaptation, most FAA showedremarkable and synchronous decreases from 2 to 8 h, suggestingthat the non-selective efflux of FAA was mainly responsible forthe decrease in FAA. Taurine that accounted for approximately 80% oftotal FAA content contributed most significantly to the hypo-osmoticadaptation. In hyper-osmotic adaptation, significant increases inglycine, alanine, β-alanine, proline, arginine and taurinewere observed. Of these, alanine showed an immediate increase thatis important to short-term adaptation to hyper-osmolality, whiletaurine showed a slower and substantial increase that contributesto a long-term adaptation to hyper-osmolality.     

重金属复合污染对灯心草的生态毒性效应及重金属积累特性的影响

以现行土壤环境质量标准为浓度设置依据并结合实际污染土壤,通过盆栽试验研究了Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、As5种重金属复合污染对灯心草的联合生理毒性效应及各重金属在灯心草植株内的积累和分布情况。结果表明,5种重金属复合污染对灯心草地上部生长有一定程度的抑制作用,当污染达土壤环境质量二级标准上限值,灯心草地上部生物量减产9.15%,但地下部生物量减产趋势不明显,灯心草分蘖数、株高与地上部干重呈显著正相关。生长在矿毒水和铅锌尾矿污染土壤中的灯心草,地上部生物量分别减产28.23%和37.1%,但POD、SOD和CAT3种酶活性均高于对照。在Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、As复合污染条件下,各重金属在灯心草茎叶和根系中的积累和分布存在差异,且与土壤中重金属含量间存在一定的相关性。应用综合生态环境效益法,以灯心草为指示植物,可以将土壤环境质量二级标准上限值设定为土壤中5种重金属的临界毒性效应值。     

Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、As复合污染对龙须草生长的影响

本文研究了不同处理水平下Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、As复合污染对龙须草生长的影响。结果表明,龙须草地下部对重金属的抗性大于地上部。在接近土壤环境质量二级标准上限值时,龙须草生长正常,减产幅度<10%;在含Cd5mgkg-1、Pb600mgkg-1、Cu125mgkg-1、Zn300mgkg-1、As50mgkg-1的复合污染土壤上,龙须草地下部干重与对照相比较差异性不显著(α=0.01);在含矿毒水河水污染土壤和尾矿砂污染水稻土壤上,龙须草地下部干重与对照相当,且地上部干重分别为对照的61.58%和40.64%。这些说明龙须草在土壤重金属复合污染修复中具有良好的应用前景。     

不同改良剂对铅锌尾矿污染土壤中灯心草生长及重金属积累特性的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了铅锌尾矿污染土壤上施用钙镁磷肥、海泡石、碳酸钙和有机肥等4种改良剂对灯心草生长发育和产量以及重金属元素Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn积累特性的影响,并分析了施用改良剂后土壤pH值和土壤中有效态重金属含量的变化。结果表明,与对照比较,不同改良剂及其不同施用水平均能不同程度地提高土壤pH值,降低土壤中有效态重金属含量,从而显著地抑制了Cu、Cd、Pb向灯心草地上部的转移,降低了重金属在灯心草地上部植株中的积累,改善了灯心草的生长和发育,增产效果达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。改良剂的施用显著地抑制了灯心草地下部对Cd、Pb、Zn的积累,但对Cu则表现出促进作用。改良剂的不同处理间存在显著差异。总体来看,当土壤中钙镁磷肥、碳酸钙、海泡石和有机肥施用量分别为80、40、40、80g·kg-1时改良效果最佳。     

Species composition and seasonal occurrence of fish larvae and juveniles in the Shimanto Estuary, Japan

ABSTRACT: To clarify the characteristics of the larval and juvenile fish community in a Japanese estuary, monthly collections were conducted in the shallow waters of the Shimanto Estuary, Japan from July 1985 to June 1987. A total of 49 101 fishes of more than 100 species from 44 families were sampled over the 2-year period. Numerically, Gerres equulus was most common, accounting for 20.02% of the total abundance. Rhyncopelates oxyrhynchus was ranked second, followed by Acanthopagrus latus , Acanthogobius flavimanus , Mugil cephalus cephalus , Parioglossus dotui , and Acanthopagrus schlegeli . Thus, fishes observed in the estuary were mostly marine species that spawn in the sea. The majority of these fish first appeared within the estuary at late postlarval and/or early juvenile stages. Based on their utilization of the shallow waters in the estuary, the majority of species could be categorized as residents. In the Shimanto Estuary, shallow waters are studded with shelters, especially eelgrass beds, which serve as important nursery grounds for coastal and euryhaline fishes.     

人工林木材高频真空干燥与其他干燥方法的比较(英文)

该文介绍了日本木材工业的产品结构以及木材干燥的现状和发展,并对人工林木材高频真空干燥(RFV)与其他干燥方法进行了比较.在日本80%以上的锯材用于建筑用材.日本目前人工林工业用材林树种主要是日本柳杉(Sugi)和日本扁柏(Hinoki),占全部人工林工业用材林的近80%.该文对日本木材干燥的全部干燥方法进行了介绍,着重介绍了人工林木材高频真空干燥的应用与发展现状、存在的问题、解决方案以及工业化应用前景.