氨和空气暴露对大鳞副泥鳅组织中谷氨酰胺含量的影响

为研究氨对大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)(体重18~25 g)生理指标的影响,将其暴露于30 mmol/L NH_4Cl溶液和空气中0 h,6 h,12 h,24 h,48 h,72 h,以研究体外和体内氨对其体组织中谷氨酰胺含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性的影响。研究发现,氨和空气暴露下,随着暴露时间的延长,大鳞副泥鳅肝脏和肌肉组织中谷氨酰胺含量有明显累积的趋势,脑、肝脏和肠道组织中谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均显著上升。氨和空气暴露显著影响大鳞副泥鳅脑和肠道组织中谷氨酸脱氢酶活性,但对肝脏组织中谷氨酸脱氢酶活性并没有显著性影响。结果表明,大鳞副泥鳅可通过体组织中累积谷氨酰胺来应对体外或体内氨浓度的上升,氨暴露和空气暴露可刺激体内谷氨酰胺的合成,将氨转化为无毒性的谷氨酰胺。肠道中谷氨酸脱氢酶活性显著上升,可能在鱼类应对氨氮毒性中,肠道谷氨酸脱氢酶比谷氨酰胺合成酶有更重要的作用。而大鳞副泥鳅肝脏组织中谷氨酸脱氢酶活性并不受氨和空气暴露的影响,这可能是由于肝脏组织中转氨酶催化生成了足量的谷氨酸。     

氨和空气暴露对大鳞副泥鳅血浆皮质醇、 乳酸及血糖含量的影响

为研究氨和空气暴露对大鳞副泥鳅血浆应激指标的影响,实验设置空气暴露组、氨暴露组和对照组3个组,将大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)分别置于圆形塑料盆(空气暴露组)、10 L 30 mmol/L NH_4Cl溶液(氨暴露组)、10 L纯水(对照组),3个组的暴露时间均设置为0、12、24、 48、72及96 h,每个暴露时间点均设置三个平行组,每个平行各装4尾。每个暴露时间点结束时,尾静脉取血测定血液生理指标。结果显示:空气暴露前24 h和氨暴露前12 h,大鳞副泥鳅血浆皮质醇含量均显著增加,而随后则显著下降。氨和空气暴露后,大鳞副泥鳅血糖含量均显著上升。空气暴露大鳞副泥鳅48 h内,其血浆乳酸含量的变化并不显著,而随后则显著上升。氨暴露条件下,大鳞副泥鳅血浆乳酸含量迅速上升,并在暴露12 h时达到最大值;随后迅速降至对照组水平。结果表明,氨和空气暴露可通过提高血浆皮质醇、血糖和乳酸含量以引起大鳞副泥鳅第一和第二阶段应激反应。血浆中皮质醇含量在氨和空气暴露一段时间后显著降低,在氨暴露72 h后降至对照水平,说明大鳞副泥鳅拥有某些特殊的氨耐受策略以应对体内外氨应激。     

外源性Vc对普安银鲫仔鱼抗氧化酶活性的影响

将维生素C添加到普安银鲫的孵化水体中,维生素C浓度设置为20、25、30和35 mg/L,记录孵化率及仔鱼存活率,测定各浓度组中普安银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)仔鱼发育过程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性,研究维生素C(Vc)对普安银鲫仔鱼发育的影响。结果显示:SOD和CAT的活性随着普安银鲫仔鱼发育时间的延长而增加,而GSH-Px活性则随着发育时间的延长而降低;30 mg/L的Vc溶液能显著(P0.05)提高普安银鲫仔鱼SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性,且SOD的活性在出膜72 h后开始显著降低(P0.05),而CAT和GSH-Px则无显著变化(P0.05)。结果表明:普安银鲫仔鱼中抗氧化作用以SOD和CAT为主;适宜浓度的Vc添加到普安银鲫的育苗水体中能提高仔鱼的抗氧化能力。     

辛硫磷对岩原鲤肝脏抗氧化防御系统的胁迫与生物响应

利用不同浓度的辛硫磷进行10d暴露试验,测定了辛硫磷对岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)的急性毒性效应和亚慢性毒性条件下,鱼体内过氧化物酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、总胆碱酯酶( TChE)的活性和一氧化氮酶(NOS)、丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化,以期初步分析辛硫磷对岩原鲤抗氧化系统的作用及其毒性作用的可能机理.结果表明,辛硫磷对岩原鲤的96 h LC50为2.9 mg/L.CAT、TChE、NOS对辛硫磷非常敏感,在暴露初期就受到抑制或诱导,CAT和NOS总体上高于对照组,而TChE活性则总体上低于对照组.SOD、MDA、GSH-Px三者活性变化特征则各不相同；其中,SOD活性在辛硫磷污染下变化无显著规律；MDA含量则持续上升；辛硫磷浓度为0.5 mg/L时GSH-Px活性变化比较微弱,变化规律也不明显,浓度为1.0 mg/L和1.5 mg/L时GSH-Px活性随着暴露时间的延长而上升.辛硫磷对岩原鲤抗氧化防御系统能产生影响,其变化可作为生物标志物,用来评价暴露于有机磷农药的鱼类生物学效应.     

恢复时间对力竭训练后的斑节对虾幼虾的抗氧化功能的影响

力竭运动常出现于虾类养殖过程和野生环境中，斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)是中国沿海重要养殖和增殖放流品种，但尚无关于斑节对虾力竭运动后生理恢复过程报道。该研究以斑节对虾幼虾为实验对象，在室内水槽使用抄网追逐斑节对虾幼虾，模拟迫使其进行力竭运动实验，探究其力竭运动后抗氧化能力恢复过程。结果显示，力竭运动后0 h，幼虾体内的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性，总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和丙二醛(MDA)含量，均与对照组无显著差异；1~12 h，SOD、CAT、POD活性、MDA含量和T-AOC持续下降，GSH-Px活性无显著变化；24 h，SOD、CAT和POD活性显著降低，GSH-Px活性、MDA含量和T-AOC显著升高；72 h，SOD和CAT活性仍显著低于对照组，GSH-Px、POD活性和MDA含量恢复至对照组，T-AOC显著高于对照组。在力竭运动过程中，幼虾的酶促抗氧化系统未被激活；幼虾的抗氧化能力在力竭运动后的24 h内较低，不宜再次受刺激；幼虾的抗氧化能力在力竭后24 h后显著上升，并保持较长时间。     

氯化三丁基锡对黑鲷鳃和肝组织SOD、MDA和GPx的影响

观察和比较了黑鲷Sparus macrocephalus在不同浓度的氯化三丁基锡(tri-n-butyltin chloride,TBTCl)溶液中暴露后,其鳃和肝脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPx)活性的变化情况.结果表明,TBTCl对黑鲷鳃SOD活性有抑制作用,对肝脏SOD活性表现出促进作用;暴露TBTCl溶液中24 h后,黑鲷鳃和肝脏MDA含量均有升高,且随浓度变化与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),但暴露48 h后,2组织中MDA含量相对于对照组均降低.TBTCl对黑鲷鳃GPx活性的影响先是表现出显著性抑制,之后随时间延长呈显著的促进效应,肝脏则呈现随浓度增加GPx活性被显著性地促进的趋势.黑鲷体内鳃和肝脏组织中抗氧化酶系统对TBTCl的毒理学敏感性,表明其可以作为监测有机锡污染程度的效应指标.     

对二甲苯对大弹涂鱼肝脏和白肌抗氧化酶活性的影响

设定对照组和3个对二甲苯浓度组(0.16,0.80,4.00μmol/L),研究不同浓度对二甲苯对大弹涂鱼肝脏、白肌组织的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)和抗氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.试验结果表明,大弹涂鱼肝脏、白肌在对二甲苯暴露下表现出不同...     

温度胁迫对大鳞副泥鳅抗氧化与非特异性免疫指标的影响

为研究大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)对温度胁迫的适应能力,开展了温度胁迫与恢复实验。设置对照组(22℃)、高温组(29℃)、降温组(15℃)与低温组(8℃)4个处理,在胁迫期的第1、2、4、8、12h与恢复期第4、8、12、24h取肝脏,测定其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、溶菌酶(LZM)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力和丙二醛(MDA)、血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)含量。结果显示,胁迫期内肝脏SOD和CAT活力均在温度骤变的影响下受到抑制,显著低于对照组水平(P0.05),MDA含量则显著升高(P0.05);恢复期内各实验组SOD和CAT活力均逐渐升高,MDA含量逐渐降低,至恢复期结束时,对照组与各实验组间无显著差异(P0.05)。温度骤变条件下,各实验组肝脏LZM与AKP活力显著降低(P0.05),恢复期内高温组LZM与AKP活力无明显变化,降温组与低温组LZM与AKP活力则逐渐升高,至恢复期结束时与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。温度胁迫显著升高血清中AST与ALT含量(P0.05),恢复期内各实验组AST与ALT含量均呈下降趋势,至恢复期结束时,除高温组ALT含量外均降至对照组水平。研究表明,温度胁迫显著降低大鳞副泥鳅SOD、CAT、LZM与AKP活力,MDA与血清转氨酶AST、ALT含量升高,其中,高温胁迫会对大鳞副泥鳅非特异性免疫机能造成不可逆破坏,其他抑制均为可恢复的。     

急性盐度胁迫对克氏原螯虾肝脏抗氧化酶及鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力的影响

为了揭示急性盐度胁迫下克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkia)肝脏抗氧化酶和鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶的活性变化情况,将养殖于淡水中体重为(7.51±1.23)g的克氏原螯虾幼虾直接转移至盐度4‰、8‰、12‰和16‰的水体中,于转移后6、12、24、48、96 h分别检测肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)以及鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活性的变化。结果表明:随着盐度的升高和胁迫时间的延长,肝脏中SOD和CAT活性开始显著增强,到达一定强度后又逐渐下降。而GPX活力表现出降低的趋势,尤其在低盐度条件下,与SOD和CAT活力变化趋势相反;GST活力呈现先升高再降低的趋势;鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶的活力呈现出先升高然后逐渐下降的趋势,但在处理96 h后,各盐度胁迫组酶活力均高于对照组,各组之间均无显著性差异。结果说明适当升高水体盐度可以激活和增强克氏原螯虾肝脏中的抗氧化酶以及鳃丝ATP酶活力,但不同酶被激活具有一定的组织器官特异性和时序性。     

乙草胺对泥鳅肝脏乙酰胆碱酯酶和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶的影响

用急性染毒法研究了5种不同浓度、不同处理时间的乙草胺对泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)肝脏乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性的影响。结果表明,不同浓度的乙草胺处理对泥鳅肝脏中AChE均起抑制作用。低浓度的乙草胺处理对泥鳅肝脏中GST活性起诱导作用,而高浓度则起抑制作用。     

Effects of fish size on the response of antioxidant systems of Oreochromis niloticus following metal exposures

The size of a fish is an important factor in its physiology, and metal uptake is affected by animal physiology. In this study, small and large tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) differing approximately twofold in length and fivefold in weight were compared for their antioxidant response. Both groups were exposed to Cu or Cr (1.0 μg/mL) in a freshwater (?80 mg CaCO₃/L, conductivity 1.77 mS/cm) using 2 exposure protocols (20 μM for 48 h and 10 μM for 6 days). Following the exposures, the antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione peroxidase, GPX; glutathione reductase, GR and glutathione S-transferase, GST) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured in the liver of fish. Results showed that small fish was affected from exposure conditions much more than large ones as their antioxidant parameters significantly decreased even in controls. Metal exposures of small fish caused significant increases in SOD and CAT activity in acute Cu or Cr exposures. Subchronic Cr exposure of small fish also caused significant increases in CAT, GPx and GST activities, while there was no significant change in Cu-exposed ones. Large fish, however, showed different antioxidant responses as their levels mostly decreased. This study demonstrated that the response of antioxidant system in the liver of tilapia varied in relation to fish sizes and emphasized using different size groups in environmental monitoring and also in evaluation of fish biomarkers.     

辛硫磷对岩原鲤肝脏抗氧化防御系统的胁迫与生物响应

利用不同浓度的辛硫磷进行10d暴露试验,测定了辛硫磷对岩原鲤（Procypris rabaudi）的急性毒性效应和亚慢性毒性条件下,鱼体内过氧化物酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、总胆碱酯酶（TChE）的活性和一氧化氮酶（NOS）、丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化,以期初步分析辛硫磷...     

Assessment of tissue-specific effect of cadmium on antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation in freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus

The effects of different concentrations of cadmium chloride on the extent of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and alterations in the antioxidant enzyme activities were studied in liver, kidney and gill tissues of freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus. The fish specimens were exposed to 6.7, 13.4 and 20.1 mg l⁻¹ sublethal concentrations of cadmium chloride and the oxidative stress was assessed after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-exposure. The biomarkers selected for the study were thiobarbituric acid reactive substances for assessing the extent of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system such as reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GP_X), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. In general, the cadmium exposure elevated the LPO in subject tissues of treated group and modulated the activities of GPx, GST, SOD, CAT, GR and level of GSH after given exposure as compared to the control. All enzymes activities, except CAT (in kidney and gills), and amount of LPO elevated significantly (P < 0.05) in treated group with respect to control in all tissues, while significant difference was not observed between the exposed concentrations and within exposure duration. The results indicated that increase in LPO level and the fluctuation in antioxidant defense system in fish could be due to cadmium-induced increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The potential role of these parameters as biomarkers of heavy metal pollution in aquatic system is discussed.     

Methionine hydroxy analogue prevents oxidative damage and improves antioxidant status of intestine and hepatopancreas for juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

Oxidative damage and antioxidant status of intestine and hepatopancreas for juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA: 0, 5.1, 7.6, 10.2, 12.7, 15.3 g kg^?1 diet) for 60 days were studied. Radical scavenging ability, antioxidant enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reducase (GR), as well as glutathione (GSH), protein carbonyl (PC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were assayed in these tissues. Results indicated that anti‐superoxide anion capacity in intestine and anti‐hydroxyl radical capacity in hepatopancreas significantly improved with dietary MHA levels up to 7.6 and 10.2 g kg^?1 diet respectively, whereupon they decreased (P < 0.05). SOD, CAT, GST, GPX, GR activities in intestine and hepatopancreas, as well as GSH content in hepatopancreas significantly increased with optimal MHA levels which were in the range of 5.1–10.2 g kg^?1 diet, and thereafter decreased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, MDA and PC contents in these tissues together with GOT and GPT activities in plasma significantly decreased with optimal MHA levels which were in the range of 5.1–7.6 g kg^?1 diet, and thereafter increased (P < 0.05). These results suggested that MHA improved antioxidant status and depressed lipid and protein oxidation in intestine and hepatopancreas.     

Influence of dietary zinc on lipid peroxidation,protein oxidation and antioxidant defence of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

This study was conducted to study the effects of dietary zinc on lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and antioxidant defence of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) by feeding fish with increasing levels of zinc (15.3, 26.9, 40.8, 58.2, 68.9 and 92.5 mg Zn kg^?1) for 6 weeks. Results indicated that malondialdehyde (MDA) content and protein carbonyls (PC) in serum were the highest in fish fed diet containing 15.3 mg zinc kg^?1 diet (P < 0.05). Serum antisuperoxide anion (ASA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), glutathione reductase (GR) activities and glutathione (GSH) content were improved with increasing dietary zinc levels up to 40.8 mg zinc kg^?1 diet (P < 0.05) and levelled off (P > 0.05). Serum antihydroxy radical (AHR), catalase (CAT) and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) activities followed the similar pattern to that observed in ASA. The MDA and PC levels, ASA, AHR, SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GST activities and GSH content in intestine, hepatosomatic and muscle tissue followed the similar pattern to that observed in serum. The present results indicated that zinc decreased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation and improved antioxidant defence in fish.     

Effects of dietary reduced glutathione on the growth and antioxidant capacity of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

To investigate the effects of dietary reduced glutathione (GSH) on the growth performance and antioxidant capacity of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), 396 juvenile fish with initial body weight of 143.07 ± 6.56 g were randomly distributed into four groups fed four diets with graded supplementation levels of GSH (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg diet) for 83 days. The results showed that the appropriate GSH supplementation (100 and 200 mg/kg diet) significantly increased the growth performance, activities and gene mRNA expression levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione transferase (GST), and the content of GSH and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), whereas it significantly decreased activities and gene mRNA expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA; p < 0.05). However, the excess dietary GSH (400 mg/kg diet) had an adverse effect on the all above indexes. Interestingly, the dietary GSH had the opposite effect on GSH‐related antioxidant enzymes (GPx and GST) and other antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT). The results showed that the diet with 200 mg/kg GSH supplementation was optimal for the juvenile Atlantic salmon, which had a measured GSH content of 209.54 mg/kg.     

Dietary phosphorus prevents oxidative damage and increases antioxidant enzyme activities in intestine and hepatopancreas of juvenile Jian carp

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary phosphorus on the intestine and hepatopancreas antioxidant capacity of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Jian carp, with an average initial weight of 7.17 ± 0.01 g, were fed with diets containing graded concentrations of available phosphorus, namely 1.7 (control), 3.6, 5.5, 7.3, 9.2 and 11.0 g kg^?1 diet for 9 weeks. Results showed that, in intestine and hepatopancreas, content of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and glutathione (GSH), capacity of anti‐superoxide anion (ASA) and anti‐hydroxyl radical (AHR), and glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), glutathione S‐transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were significantly affected by dietary phosphorus levels (P < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that significant quadratic responses occurred in MDA content and ASA, GST, GPx and AHR activities in intestine, GSH content and CAT and SOD activities in hepatopancreas (P < 0.05). These results indicate that optimal level of dietary phosphorus prevented oxidative damage and increased antioxidant enzyme activities in the intestine and hepatopancreas of juvenile Jian carp. The phosphorus requirement estimated from MDA using quadratic regression analysis was 5.7 g kg^?1 diet.     

盐度对条石鲷幼鱼肝脏抗氧化酶活力的影响

测定了不同盐度(8、18、28、38、48)处理后条石鲷幼鱼肝脏中SOD、CAT、GPX和GST 4种酶活力,探讨了盐度变化对条石鲷幼鱼肝脏抗氧化酶活力的影响。当用低盐度8和18处理时,幼鱼肝脏SOD活力无显著变化(P0.05);当处理盐度升至38时,SOD活力增加并在24 h时达到最大,其水平显著高于对照组(P0.05),之后逐渐降低并趋于稳定;而经过盐度48处理时,SOD活力则在24 h时达到最低,之后逐渐升高并趋于稳定。CAT活力在盐度为8和18的处理组中均在处理120 h时达到最高值;在经高盐度处理时与SOD活力具有相似的变化趋势。各盐度处理组中的GPX活力均在处理12~24 h左右出现最低值,然后又逐渐上升并趋于稳定。而GST活力在处理盐度为8、18和38时基本呈增高的变化趋势,当盐度增至48时,GST活力迅速增高并在6 h时达到最高,其水平显著高于对照组(P0.05),之后逐渐趋于平衡。结果表明,条石鲷幼鱼对低盐环境有较强耐受力,在盐度变化时能通过改变抗氧化酶活力来消除氧化压力下产生的多余自由基以维持机体的正常功能。