珠三角地区密养淡水鱼塘水质状况分析与评价

池塘养殖是珠三角地区淡水渔业生产的主要形式。2012年5月～12月对草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）、云斑尖塘鳢（Oxyeleotris marmoratus）、大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）和乌鳢（Channa argus）等该地区几种主要密养淡水品种鱼塘水质进行监测,分析水体理化环境因子,并选取pH、溶解氧（DO）、非离子氨（NH3）、氨氮（NH4^＋-N）、硝酸盐氮（NO3^--N）、亚硝酸盐氮（NO2^--N）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）和透明度等10项因子,采用单项污染指数和负荷比对监测参数进行单项评价,用综合污染指数法对各池塘水质进行整体评价。结果表明4种密养淡水鱼塘营养盐负荷高问题突出,NH3、NO3^--N、NO2^--N、TN和TP为池塘中的主要污染因素;草鱼池塘主要污染物为NH3和TN,其污染负荷合计为37.58%;云斑尖塘鳢池塘主要污染物为NH3、NO3^--N和TN,其污染负荷达59.37%;大口黑鲈池塘的主要污染物为NH3、TN、NO3^--N和NO2^--N,其污染负荷高达66.80%;乌鳢池塘的主要污染物为TN、NO3^--N、TP和NH3,其污染负荷达59.43%;对CODMn的分析与评价结果显示,池塘水体中还原性有机质含量高;由综合污染指数判定,所有池塘水体均为＂重污染＂等级,并超出警戒水平。     

黄河三角洲海参养殖池塘水质变化特征分析

调查了两口海参养殖池塘的水质变化情况,对水温进行了全年监测,在4-9月份对pH、NH4+-N、NO2--N、TN、TP和COD进行定期监测。结果表明:池塘底层水温全年在-0.8~30.9℃之间变化,最低温出现在1月份,温度为-0.8℃,最高温出现在7月末,温度为30.9℃。pH在8.13~8.57之间变化,波动较小,池塘间差异不明显(P0.05);NH4+-N在0.090~0.309 mg/L之间变化,NO2--N变化范围为0.017~0.049mg/L,两池塘差异显著(P0.05);TN变化范围为2.749~5.880mg/L,TP为0.049~0.129mg/L,两池塘间差异不显著(P0.05);COD变化范围为7.28~8.40mg/L,非常稳定,池塘间差异不显著(P0.05)。监测期间水温有明显的季节变化,其他水质指标有波动,但没有明显的季节变化,水质整体保持在比较适宜的范围,海参生长良好。     

珠江三角洲密养池塘营养物质收支的研究

对珠江三角洲的几个典型基塘进行了一个养殖周期的跟踪调查,结果发现密养池塘水中的N比对照点有明显的升高,而P则没有明显升高;在养殖周期内密养池塘中的营养物质并没有随鱼的生长、摄食量和排泄量的增加而逐渐增加,说明池塘的自净机制可以支持当前的放养量。营养物质平衡计算结果表明,池塘中营养物质N的输入饲料占90%～98%,N的输出鱼类仅占总输出的20%～27%,沉积的N占54%～77%。营养物质P的输入饲料占97%～98%,鱼类P仅占总输出的8%～24%,沉积的P占72%～89%。珠江三角洲的密养池塘,由于其封闭性,养殖产生的废物不易外排,只能依靠池塘的自净作用消解废物。     

投喂冰鲜下杂鱼和配合饲料对大口黑鲈养殖水质的影响

为了研究投喂冰鲜下杂鱼与配合饲料对大口黑鲈养殖水质的影响,在室内水泥池进行了一个月的饲养试验。对水体中的COD、PO4-—P、TP、TN、NH3—N、NH3-—N、NO2-—N等指标进行了测定。结果表明,投喂两种饲料各指标均有不同程度的增加,但养殖一个月后冰鲜组比饲料组要高许多;杂鱼组COD、PO4-—P、TP、TN、NH3-N、NH3-—N、NO2-—N分别为25.3mg/L、2.4mg/L、2.28mg/L、3.44mg/L、3.44mg/L、2.91mg/L、0.52mg/L、0.075mg/L,而配合饲料组分别为10.2mg/L、0.58mg/L、0.855mg/L、2.17mg/L、0.29mg/L、0.048mg/L、0.03mg/L。特别是PO4-—P、TP,冰鲜组分别为饲料组的4.2倍和2.7倍。这说明投喂人工饲料可以减轻有机污染程度,特别是在控制PO4-—P、TP的增加方面效果显著。试验结果对于控制水体的富营养化具有重要的指导意义。     

天津地区渔-莲耦合循环养殖系统净化养殖水环境试验研究

研究了天津地区淡水养虾池塘不同养殖时期渔-莲耦合循环养殖系统净化养殖水环境效果,结果表明:不同养殖时期TN、NH~+_4-N、NO~-_2-N的去除率表现为养殖中期养殖后期养殖前期,TN去除率分别为7.6%、22.41%、17.67%,NH~+_4-N去除率分别为16.19%、24.96%、20.04%,NO~-_2-N去除率分别为11.72%、19.22%、17.13%;不同养殖时期TP的去除率表现为养殖前期养殖中期养殖后期,去除率分别为14.33%、9.6%、6.39%。与对照池塘相比,养殖前期TN、TP、NH~+_4-N、NO~-_2-N均值差异不显著(P0.05),养殖中期TP、NO~-_2-N均值差异显著(P0.05);NH~+_4-N均值差异极显著(P0.01),养殖后期TN、NO~-_2-N均值差异极显著(P0.01)。研究表明,渔-莲耦合循环养殖系统利用基质、植物、微生物的物理、化学、生物三重协同作用可以有效改善养殖水环境,增加水体的自净能力。     

4种不同净化工艺对池塘养殖尾水净化效果的比较

在河蟹循环水养殖模式中,进行4种不同净化工艺对池塘养殖尾水净化效果的比较研究.工艺1以水生植物为主体进行净化;工艺2以水生动、植物进行多极净化;工艺3以浮萍和金鱼藻等进行净化;工艺4以微生态制剂和金鱼藻等进行净化.分别计算各净化区的污染物净化总量和单位净化面积的净化强度.结果表明,4种不同净化工艺对排入的池塘养殖尾水营养盐均有较好的吸收效果.不同的净化工艺对NH3-N、TN、TP和CODMn的去除能力表现出一定差异.工艺3对池塘养殖尾水中NH3-N、TN和TP的去除效果相对较好,对池塘养殖尾水中氮磷的净化效率相对优于其他3种净化工艺.     

草鱼复合养殖系统间隙水与上覆水中营养盐分布特征

采用陆基围隔实验法,于2009年6～10月调查并分析了草鱼复合养殖系统上覆水和沉积物间隙水营养盐(NH4-N,NO3-N,NO2-N,PO4-P)的时空分布及沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和总碳(TC)含量的变化.结果显示,(1)草鱼复合养殖系统上覆水中NH4-N,NO3-N,NOz-N和PO4-P的 含量波动范围分别为0.056～1.499、0.022～0.228、0.049～3.903、0.003～1.882 mg/L,间隙水中营养盐的平面分布中,NH4-N在总无机氮(DIN)中所占比例随着养殖时间的增加而增加,不同复合养殖系统的营养盐垂直分布特征不同,规律也不明显.(2)实验结束与实验开始时相比,沉积物中TN和TP含量无明显变化,但TC含量显著降低,以混养模式(GSC)的减少幅度最大.结果表明,在本实验条件下,草鱼、鲢鱼与鲤鱼复合养殖系统可有效降低养殖过程中有机物的积累,降低底层中潜在释放的NH4-N含量,是一种较为合理的草鱼复合养殖模式.     

池塘循环水生态养殖效果分析

用多种生物修复技术结合池塘工程改造手段,构建封闭型池塘循环水生态养殖系统。养殖水体的水质指标监测结果表明,该循环系统对TN、TP、NH4+-N及CODMn的平均去除率分别达62.89%、60.24%、56.52%、47.81%,具有很好的净化效果,能够满足养殖用水的要求,在整个养殖过程中实现了养殖尾水零排放。该循环水养殖模式符合当前太湖保护的规划要求。     

复合池塘养殖系统湿地水质净化功能研究

由潜流和表面流湿地组成复合人工湿地,与池塘有机结合构成鱼塘-湿地水循环系统应用于草鱼苗种培育,研究了该系统对池塘水质的改善效果。结果显示:在760 mm/d的水力负荷率条件下,复合湿地系统对NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、TN、TP、COD和TSS的平均去除率分别为(33.56±3.71)%、(50.73±3.95)%、(46.33±4.95)%、(27.99±2.78)%、(58.15±3.38)%、(29.60±2.24)%和(84.49±1.77)%;湿地出水水质符合渔业水质标准(GB11607-89)要求。结果表明鱼塘-湿地水循环系统对养殖用水具有较好的净化效果。     

草鱼养殖水体中参与氮转化途径的异养菌分析

为分析草鱼池塘中参与氮代谢的异养细菌比例及其代谢途径,从杭州郊区取得4个草鱼池塘的水样,每个水样通过涂布随即挑选100株菌株进行定性显色试验,并据此选取11株异养菌进行16S rRNA序列分析。结果表明,4个草鱼养殖池塘中NH4+-N和NO2--N的平均水平分别为5.597 mg/L和0.135 mg/L。池塘中可培养的异养菌平均为3.26×105cfu/mL,其中的89.75%参与了氮的不同代谢途径,其中31.25%的氨化菌和33.50%NO3--N(NO2--N)还原菌参与了NH4+-N的生成,32.45%的氨氧化菌参与了NH4+-N的降低;NO2--N生成途径主要包括蛋白质直接转化(11.26%)、氨氧化(4.25%)和硝酸盐氮还原(10.75%),而NO2--N降低主要通过15.50%的亚硝酸氧化菌、8.75%的NO2--N还原菌和10.75%的反硝化菌实现。结果提示,草鱼养殖水体中存在大量的异养硝化菌参与不同的氮代谢途径,且产生氨氮的异养菌比例远高于去除氨氮的菌,这是草鱼养殖水体中氨氮含量易偏高的原因。同时,11株不同功能的异养菌16SrRNA鉴定结果为寡养食单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas)6株、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)3株、克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella)和肠杆菌(Enterobacter)各1株,而且细菌对氮源的利用具有菌株特异性。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.