半熟化贝肉与新鲜贝类对波纹龙虾生长的影响

运用定量投喂的方法研究不同性状饵料对波纹龙虾(Panulirus homarus)生长性能的影响差异性。试验选用一批规格相近、体长9.10～9.84 cm、体重50.30～62.25 g的波纹龙虾苗600只,分为2组,A组投喂半熟化贝肉,B组投喂新鲜贝类,在室内水泥池进行120 d的生长试验,每15天通过对不同组随机抽取的50只波纹龙虾进行特定生长率、体长增长率、体重增长率、饵料转化率及存活率等参数差异性的分析,优选养殖波纹龙虾的最佳饵料。结果表明:A组和B组的特定生长率分别为(0.86±0.04)%和(0.87±0.06)%,两者差异不显著;A组和B组的体长增长率和体重增长率分别为(49.13±0.63)%、(179.23±0.84)%和(55.58±0.71)%、(185.10±0.91)%,两者差异不显著;A组和B组的饵料转化率分别为(130.55±0.45)%和(1 333.32±0.52)%,差异极显著(P0.01),A、B比为1∶10.21;A组的存活率高于B组,分别为95.67%和90.33%,差异显著(P0.05);A组饵料成本低于B组,分别为990.64元和1 147.59元,差异显著(P0.05)。因此,综合考虑饵料获得的难易程度、龙虾存活率高低、养殖成本大小等因素,投喂半熟化贝肉能提高波纹龙虾的养殖效果。     

不同投喂率对南方鲇稚鱼生长和存活率的影响

以6个水丝蚓投喂水平培育6日龄南方鲇稚鱼,测定了不同投喂率下稚鱼的摄食水平、生长、存活率和残食率.结果表明,鱼苗体长小于5 cm时,投喂鱼苗体重60%的饵料鱼苗生长最快,特定生长率高达19.1%;体长大于5 cm时,体长增长和体重特定生/长率以50%投喂率组较高,但与60%投喂率组的差异不显著.A、B、C、D、E和F组(分别投喂30%、40%、50%、60%、70%和80%稚鱼体重的饵料)的存活率分别为56%、75%、87%、89%、91%和90%.A、B组的残食率较高,分别是30%和19%;E、F组最小,分别是4%和4.5%.     

不同饵料对奥尼罗非鱼仔稚鱼生长发育及消化酶活力的影响

将初始体质量为(0.006±0.0005)g的仔鱼,随机分为4组,每组3个平行,分别投喂4种饵料:人工配合饵料、轮虫、蛋黄和轮虫+人工配合饵料.试验周期为28 d.结果表明,(1)轮虫+人工配合饵料和人工配合饵料组生长较快,特定生长率分别为0.014 %/d和0.013 %/d, 绝对生长率达到0.150、0.142 g/d,二组差异不显著(P>0.05);蛋黄组生长最慢,与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05).(2)轮虫+人工配合饵料与轮虫组仔稚鱼的成活率达到90.3%和 89.7%,大部分个体发育进入幼鱼阶段,二组差异不显著(P>0.05);蛋黄组存活率较低,只有40.7%,与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05).(3)投喂不同饵料对奥尼罗非鱼仔稚鱼的消化酶具有显著影响,蛋黄组的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);轮虫+人工配合饵料组的胃蛋白酶活力较高,天然饵料(轮虫)组较低.     

不同温度、饵料对宽体金线蛭仔蛭生长和存活的影响

本文研究了不同温度和饵料对宽体金线蛭仔蛭生长和存活的影响。结果表明：宽体金线蛭（ Whitmania pigra）仔蛭在不同温度条件下的生长速度和存活率存在显著差异（ P /0.05）。在水温为27℃条件下,仔蛭生长速度最快、存活率最高;而33℃下的仔蛭存活率最低、生长最慢。投喂不同的饵料,仔蛭的生长速度和存活率也有显著的差异（ P /0.05）;投喂轮虫和圆田螺组的仔蛭生长速度最快、存活率最高;投喂蛋黄组的仔蛭存活率最低、生长速度最慢。     

不同温度、饵料对金曼龙仔鱼生长和存活的影响

本文研究了温度和饵料对金曼龙仔鱼生长和存活的影响.结果表明:金曼龙仔鱼在不同温度下的生长速度和成活率存在着显著差异(p＜0.05),在水温为30℃下仔鱼生长速度最快,26℃下仔鱼存活率最高,32℃下仔鱼存活率最低.投喂不同的饵料金曼龙仔鱼的生长速度和成活率也有显著差异(p＜0.05),投喂轮虫和桡足类的仔鱼生长速度最快、成活率最高,投喂蛋黄饲料的仔鱼成活率最低,投喂人工饲料的仔鱼生长速度最慢.     

不同饵料对日本囊对虾的生长与存活的影响

研究不同饵料对日本囊对虾生长、存活与饵料系数的影响,实验设置5个饵料种类,人工合成饲料、新鲜蛤仔肉、冰冻丰年虫成虫、人工合成饲料+新鲜蛤肉、人工合成饲料+冰冻丰年虫成虫,每个组合设置3个重复实验。结果表明,饵料对日本囊对虾生长性状、存活率与饵料系数均有显著影响(P0.05)。投喂人工合成饲料+冰冻丰年虫成虫组合的效果显著大于投喂人工合成饲料组合(P0.05),投喂新鲜蛤仔肉组合与投喂人工合成饲料组无统计学意义差异(P0.05);存活率的变化范围为(71.86±9.05)%~(86.89±3.11)%,投喂丰年虫组与投喂人工合成饲料+新鲜蛤肉组的存活率分别为最高和最低;饵料系数的变化范围为(2.00±0.06)~(2.87±0.12),投喂饲料+丰年虫组合与投喂人工合成饲料组的饵料系数分别为最低和最高。综合分析表明:投喂人工合成饲料+冰冻丰年虫成虫组合为最优组合,其次是人工合成饲料+新鲜蛤肉组合,在该条件下对虾生长速率较快、饵料系数低。     

云斑尖塘鳢转饵期仔鱼生长和存活率的研究

在水温(30±1)℃条件下对人工孵化的云斑尖塘鳢(Oxyeleotris marmorata)仔鱼进行转饵期不同投喂策略实验,对仔鱼生长和成活情况进行了研究,设计5个投喂组:轮虫投喂组(A组);70%轮虫+30%卤虫投喂组(B组);50%轮虫+50%卤虫投喂组(C组);30%轮虫+70%卤虫投喂组(D组);卤虫(幼虫)投喂组(E组)。结果显示:云斑尖塘鳢仔鱼对卤虫的摄食强度随卤虫在饵料中比例的升高而增大,其对混合饵料中轮虫和卤虫的摄食强度的比值(Ir/Ia)随食物组成的变化发生相应的变化。以轮虫-卤虫不同比例的混合饵料投喂时,D组仔鱼的增长率、增重率最高,可存活率不足50%,高于E组,显著低于其它各组;C组仔鱼生长指标略低于D组,但存活率为(74.00±2.29)%,综合指标显著好于其它各组。当混合饵料中轮虫和卤虫各占50%时,10日龄开始投喂组仔鱼的全长(13.07±0.13)mm,特定生长率(10.25±0.37)%/d,存活率(82.14±0.72)%,综合生长指标最好。结果表明,云斑尖塘鳢仔鱼转饵期进行联合投喂的最佳饵料比例为50%轮虫+50%卤虫,最佳转饵时间为10日龄。     

蚯蚓与蝇蛆对中国对虾生长及抗白斑综合征病毒感染的研究

以中国对虾（Fenneropenaeus chinensis）为实验材料,分别投喂配合饲料、蚯蚓、蛤蜊、蝇蛆等四种饵料,利用生长和抗病性指标综合评价蚯蚓和蝇蛆作为中国对虾饵料的可行性。生长实验前测定每个实验组的初始体长和体重,养殖40d后再次测定生长指标,之后,分别投喂不同毒饵量进行人工感染实验。方差分析表明：投喂四种饵料后,蛤蜊组生长最快,其次是蚯蚓,再次是蝇蛆,最后是配合饲料,各组之间对虾体长增长差异显著（P<0.05）,体重增长差异极显著(P<0.01) 。利用线性固定模型分析不同饵料及不同病毒量感染下对中国对虾存活率的影响,其中蚯蚓组存活率最高,配合饲料组存活率最低,并且蚯蚓组存活率显著高于蛤蜊组和配合饲料组(P<0.05),蝇蛆组显著高于配合饲料组（P<0.05）。研究结果表明：蚯蚓和蝇蛆可显著提高中国对虾的生长速度,明显提高中国对虾的抗病性,是很好的对虾饵料。     

不同开口饵料及转食策略对乌原鲤仔、稚鱼生长和存活的影响

为研究不同开口饵料、不同转食策略对乌原鲤(Procypris merus)仔、稚鱼生长和存活率的影响，实验选用蛋黄、微粒子饲料、丰年虫3种饵料投喂乌原鲤仔鱼15 d,记录仔鱼生长指标和存活率；并采用2种转食策略投喂初始体质量为(3.60±0.49) mg的乌原鲤仔鱼至45日龄(45DHA),分别在20、35日龄转食水蚯蚓和微粒子饲料，分组为T20水蚯蚓、T20微粒子、T35水蚯蚓、T35微粒子，研究其对乌原鲤仔鱼生长和存活率的影响。结果显示：投喂丰年虫能保证乌原鲤仔鱼有较快的生长速度和高存活率，与微粒子饲料、蛋黄组体长、体重、特定生长率和存活率有显著差异。在不同转食策略中，除T20微粒子组存活率为76.00%,其余三组均高于82%。相同转食起点，转食水蚯蚓效果比转食微粒子饲料好；相同转食种类，延后转食起点生长速度快，存活率高(35日龄转食效果优于20日龄)。结果表明，在3种开口饵料中，丰年虫是乌原鲤仔鱼最适宜的开口饵料；不同转食策略中，乌原鲤仔鱼以丰年虫开口，35日龄转食水蚯蚓效果最佳。     

继饥饿后不同投喂频率对半滑舌鳎补偿生长的影响

试验挑选了一批同源同批次的体重相似的半滑舌鳎成鱼,进行了为期4 d的饥饿后再供食21 d的恢复生长试验,在恢复投喂后,分别采用了四种不同的投喂频率,分别为A组2 d一投,B组1 d一投,C组1 d两投,D组1 d三投的四种不同的投喂频率,S组为对照组,一直保持投喂。最后结果表明:在经过饥饿后,体重迅速回复的过程中,生长效率(GE)最高的为B组,饵料转化率(FCR)到试验结束后,都没有显著性的差异(P>0.05),特定生长率(SGR)只有A组显著低于B、C、D各组(P<0.05),其余各组没有显著性差异(P>0.05),最终体重B、C、D三组没有显著性的差异(P>0.05),A组显著低于其余各组(P<0.05)。通过本试验可以得出,B组可以做为实际生产中较为经济可靠的投喂频率,适当的饥饿对半滑舌鳎的生长也会有促进作用。     

Breeding and larval rearing of the camouflage grouper Epinephelus polyphekadion (Bleeker) in the hypersaline waters of the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia

This is the first report on the successful year-round natural spawning and larval rearing of Epinephelus polyphekadion (Bleeker) in captivity and under hypersaline water conditions of 42-43%₀ salinity in the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Although the fish spawned naturally once or twice a year during 1992-94 culture period, incorporation of cod-liver oil in the broodstock diet during the 1995 culture period enabled the fish to spawn continuously for 2-3 days in each month during March, April, May and August. The egg fertilization and hatching rates also increased during the 1995 spawning period. The egg fertilization rate varied from 90 to 100% with a mean of 96.5 ± 3.38%. The egg hatching rate varied from 70 to 95% with a mean of 83.1 ± 10.12%. The fertilized egg diameter averaged 757.3 ± 37.36 μm. There was a linear relation between the fertilized egg size and the egg hatching rate. The increase in the hatching rate relevant to the egg size was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The egg development time until hatching lasted for 19 h at 29°C. The newly hatched larval size ranged from 1.55-1.71 mm with a mean of 1.65 ± 0.052 mm in total length. The larval growth was slow in the early stages and the growth curve until metamorphosis showed a curvilinear pattern. Wide variations in larval size, range 22-47 mm with a mean of 33.40 ± 7.01 mm, were observed during the metamorphosis stage at day 50. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in growth and survival was observed between the larvae reared using white and grey coloured tanks. The larval survival up to metamorphosis was 1.6-4.7% with a mean of 2.98 ± 1.56% in the grey coloured tanks and 1.6-1.9% with a mean of 1.73 ± 0.16% in the white tanks. The results demonstrated the possibility of breeding E. polyphekadion under captive culture conditions. However, methods to improve the larval survival have to be pursued further for commercial farming of this species.     

Evaluation of Live Feeds for Larval and Postlarval Mahimahi Coryphaena hippurus

Live hatchery feeds were assayed for fatty acids (FA), amino acids (AA), and their ability to support growth and survival of larval and postlarval mahimahi Coryphaena hippurus at two different hatchery stages. Euterpina acuritrons copepods (C), mahimahi yolk-sac larvae (YSL), Artemia parthenogenica brine shrimp nauplii (BSn), A. parthenogenica juveniles (BSj), and Brachionus plicatilis rotifers (R) were assayed, using several enrichment media. There was little difference in AAs among feeds.
Levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were about 10 times higher in YSL than in their feeds. This explains previous findings where first stage larval survival (0–9 days) was not affected by feed HUFA levels. Second stage survival was significantly higher when larvae were fed copepods. Enrichment with 100 ppm SuperSelco greatly improved the survival of larvae that were fed brine shrimp. The even higher omega-3 fatty acids found in copepods appear to be important for survival of larvae under more stressful conditions.
Brine shrimp juveniles enriched with SuperSelco are a good food for postlarval mahimahi. Yolksac larvae of mahimahi are an even better food, promoting faster growth at less cost, for large scale mahimahi aquaculturists. Different batches of yolksac mahimahi larvae varied by a factor of 10 in their concentration of DHA, but always had the highest level of DHA as much as 40% of total fatty acids (FAs). These "high HUFA" batches of YSL also had the highest levels of EPA and total fatty acids. The data suggest that climate and broodstock age may have considerable influence on larval nutrition.     

牛磺酸对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)亲鱼繁殖性能及仔鱼质量的影响

研究了牛磺酸对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther)亲鱼繁殖性能、抗氧化功能、卵子及仔鱼质量的影响。在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.5%、1.5%的牛磺酸,配制3组(对照组T-0、T-0.5、T-1.5)等氮等脂的配合饲料,在室内流水养殖系统进行为期63 d的养殖实验。研究结果显示,在饲料中添加0.5%牛磺酸,不仅能够提高半滑舌鳎亲鱼的相对产卵量,还能促进亲鱼体内睾酮和雌二醇的分泌(P<0.05);T-0.5组浮卵率、受精率、孵化率、卵径、油球直径、3日龄、7日龄仔鱼体长均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),T-0.5组和T-1.5组仔鱼畸形率显著低于对照组(P<0.05);3个实验组仔鱼生存活力指数(SAI)无显著性差异(P>0.05);饲料中添加牛磺酸能够提高其肝脏和性腺中牛磺酸含量,降低肝脏中半胱胺双加氧酶活性;T-0.5组肝脏、血清、精巢、精液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),性腺和卵子中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,饲料中添加牛磺酸能够提高半滑舌鳎亲鱼繁殖性能、抗氧化功能、卵子及仔鱼质量。在本研究条件下,牛磺酸含量为0.5%的饲料组为最佳饲料组。     

Hatching time effect on the intra‐spawning larval morphology and growth in Northern pike (Esox luciusL.)

Based on the analysis of 11 morphometric variables of body (total length, body area and perimeter, myotome height and eye diameter) and yolk sac (length, height, area, perimeter and volume) of pike larvae, the aim of this study was to evaluate how larval size at hatching and growth of larvae hatched from single egg batches vary according to three hatching times: early, mid and late. Hatching time structures strongly pike larval morphometrics. Early hatched larvae have smaller body sizes at hatch, faster growth and higher yolk use efficiency than late hatched ones. Early hatched larvae seem to be premature and hatch at precocious developmental stage whereas late hatched individuals continue their growth within the egg shell and hatch at larger size but with lower reserves (yolk). A compensatory growth phase was observed for the early hatching pike larvae particularly during the first 5 days post hatch. Consequently, no significant difference in body parameters was recorded from day 10 post hatching whatever the hatching time. The higher growth accomplished by early hatched larvae may be related to a particular metabolic activity that converts more efficiently yolk into body tissues.     

Gelatin-walled microencapsulated diet for larval shrimp (Penaeus japonicus Bate) manufactured using the fluidized bed coating process

The gelatin-walled microencapsulated feed for larval shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) was produced using the fluidized bed coating process. The microencapsulated diet showed no significant agglomeration in the coating process and the diameters of the microdiet were in a normal distribution. Scanning electron microscopy microphotographs showed the appearance of a microencapsulated diet with a uniform surface and a continuous film around the core. The retention efficiency of vitamin C was 88.2% in the coating process. The inclusion efficiency, lipid encapsulation efficiency and nitrogen retention efficiency of the microdiet were 92.2 ± 1.6%, 76.8 ± 4.1% and 60.6 ± 5.2% respectively. The mysis α of P. japonicus were reared for 20 days to the later larval stage. The wet weight of larval shrimp increased 300.0% in the microdiet from 10 up to 30 day after hatching. The wet weight and the total length of larvae were greater in co-feeding compared with the control (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in larval survival between co-feeding and control (P>0.05). There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the wet weight, total length and survival in the microdiet compared with the control. The results indicated a huge potential for the use of the gelatin-walled microencapsulated diet for the partial and total replacement of live food for larval shrimp.     

不同开口饵料对江鳕仔鱼生长及存活率的影响

采用海水皱褶轮虫（Brachionus plicatilis）、淡水臂尾轮虫（Bruchionus sp.）（维持有小球藻（Chlorella sp.））、超微粒子饵料、水丝蚓（Tubifex sp.）肉糜、摇蚊幼虫（Chironomus sp.）肉糜五组不同饵料进行江鳕仔鱼开口饵料选择试验。经15 d培育,结果表明：淡水轮虫是江鳕仔鱼最佳开口饵料,生长速度最快,成活率最高（95.42%）。     

饲料中维生素C对大菱鲆繁殖性能的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0、800和4 800mg/kg的维生素C饲养大菱鲆亲鱼240d,通过比较各处理组亲鱼的生长、性腺指数、相对产卵量、上浮卵率、孵化率、卵径以及各组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量,研究维生素C对大菱鲆亲鱼繁殖性能的影响。实验结果表明,各处理组亲鱼生长无显著差异（P>0.05）,但随着饲料中维生素C添加量的增加,亲鱼的生长呈上升趋势。800和4 800mg/kg组亲鱼相对产卵量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。随着饲料中维生素C添加量的增加,亲鱼性腺指数、产卵次数、上浮卵率、受精率和孵化率均显著提高（P<0.05）,亲鱼卵和组织中维生素C含量反映了饲料中的维生素C含量。虽然各处理组亲鱼的卵径和油球径差异均不显著（P>0.05）,但随着饲料中维生素C添加量的增加,亲鱼卵径和油球径呈上升的趋势。肝脏、卵巢和血清中SOD活性随饲料中维生素C添加量的增加而显著升高（P<0.05）,而MDA含量则显著下降（P<0.05）。综上所述,大菱鲆亲鱼饲料中添加维生素C,能有效改善大菱鲆的繁殖性能。     

Effects on growth and survival of loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) larvae when co-fed on live and microparticle diets

The effectiveness of co-feeding loach ( Misgurnus anguillicaudatus ) larvae with live and microparticle diets on weaning performance was described here. Dry weight, total length, length and weight-specific growth rate (SGR) and survivals were monitored at 23–25 °C from the 4th day post hatching (dph) in different diet regimes, which included: microparticle diets (A), live cladocerans (B), enriched cladocerans (C), half microparticle diets plus half live cladocerans (D) and half microparticle diets plus half enriched cladocerans (E). The SGR (L and W) were significantly lower in treatment A than in other treatments after completing metamorphosis (day 4–20, P <0.05). On 30 dph, dry weight (mg) and total length (mm) were significantly lower in treatment A than in other treatments ( P <0.05). There were no significant differences in growth in treatments B, C, D and E before 30 dph. However, when live feed was withdrawn from 31–60 dph, in metamorphosed fish, there were significant differences ( P <0.05) among the treatments in survival and growth. Metamorphosed fish in treatment E had higher survival than the fish in other treatments at the end of the experiment. The SGR (L and W) of weaned fish in treatments B and C were similar but lower than in treatments A, D and E respectively. However, dry weight and total length in treatment A were significantly lower than in treatments D and E. It is suggested that weaning of M. anguillicaudatus from early development would appear to be feasible and that larval co-feeding improves the growth and the survival.     

壳金长牡蛎自交和杂交家系生长与存活比较

选择具有生长优势的长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)G2(A)家系及具有明显生长和存活优势的G19(B)和G28(C)家系进行完全双列杂交,得到包括3个自交组(AA、BB、CC)和6个杂交组(AB、AC、BA、BC、CA、CB)共9个壳金长牡蛎实验组,分析各实验组在幼虫期及稚贝期不同日龄的各生长指标和存活性能,并评估了杂交组的杂种优势。结果表明,在整个培育阶段,大多数杂交组在不同生长时期均表现出较高的生长和存活性能,其中,浮游幼虫期5日龄,所有杂交组的壳高和壳长均显著大于自交组(P0.05);10日龄后,杂交组CB、BC和AC的壳高显著大于相应的自交组(P0.05),杂种优势明显;稚贝期85和130日龄,杂交组CB的壳高性能大于其他实验组。浮游幼虫期10日龄,CB组存活率显著大于AA、CA组(P0.05);稚贝期85日龄后,杂交组AC、CA和CB的存活率杂种优势逐渐增大;190日龄,杂交组AC、BC与自交组AA、CC之间存活率差异显著(P0.05)。研究结果为壳金长牡蛎新品种的培育及杂种优势的充分利用奠定了重要基础。     

Influence of food quality and quantity on the growth and development of Crassostrea gigas larvae: a modeling approach

A biochemically based model was developed to simulate the growth, development and metamorphosis of larvae of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. The model is unique in that it (1) defines larvae in terms of their protein, neutral lipid, polar lipid, carbohydrate and ash content; (2) tracks weight separately from length to follow larval condition index and (3) includes genetic variation in growth efficiency and egg quality to better simulate cohort population dynamics. The model includes parameterizations for larval filtration, ingestion and respiration that determine growth rate and processes controlling larval mortality and metamorphosis. Changes in tissue composition occur as the larva grows and in response to the biochemical composition of the food.

The simulations show that genetically determined variations in growth efficiency produce significant changes in larval survival and success at metamorphosis. Larvae with low growth efficiency are successful under a much narrower range of culture conditions than larvae with high growth efficiency. The impact of low growth efficiency is primarily controlled by the ability of larvae to store lipid for metamorphosis. Culture conditions that provide increased dietary lipid counterweigh low growth efficiency. Changes in food quantity and quality had little effect on size at metamorphosis. On the other hand, larval life span and success rate at metamorphosis varied over a wide range depending upon the conditions of the simulation. Food quality and food availability both influence larval life span and, hence, larval survival. As ingestion rate decreases, larval life span increases and cohort survival declines. Increased lipid or decreased protein in the diet improves cohort survival. Changes in carbohydrate content are less influential. If cohort success is significantly affected by mortality during larval life rather than success at metamorphosis, the influence of food quality becomes more complex. The range of food compositions yielding high survival is restricted by a balance between improved success at metamorphosis obtained by increased lipid storage and the shortening of larval life span as a result of more rapid growth, a function of protein availability. These simulations illustrate the strength and utility of numerical models for evaluating and designing hatchery protocols for optimizing yield of C. gigas larvae.