条石鲷人工育苗及养殖技术

论述了条石鲷的工厂化人工育苗和养殖技术。在水温18～22℃下，通过“控温＋控光＋强化营养”的方法，3龄以上的亲鱼可以达到性成熟，在培育池内自然产卵受精，产卵时的水温控制在23±1℃为好。条石鲷受精卵为浮性，在孵化水温23±0．5℃的条件下，受精卵大约27．5～32小时孵化出仔鱼。条石鲷的生存水温为6～32℃，最适宜水温为18～26℃；生存盐度5—35，最适宜盐度25左右：     

斜带髭鲷室内产卵的研究

本文报道了斜带髭鲷在室内大量自然产卵的试验结果。实验表明:3龄亲鱼采用加强饵料营养,结合使用适当剂量的激素(TRHR-A_2、TRHR-A_3和HCG)进行催熟和催产,亲鱼产卵量大,产卵集中,卵质较好。使用57尾亲鱼(27尾雌鱼,30尾雄鱼),总产卵量6256.5×10~4粒,受精卵4504.5×10~4粒,平均每尾雌鱼产卵231.7×10~4粒,平均受精率66.7％,仔鱼孵化率 79.2％。     

半滑舌鳎工厂化人工育苗工艺技术研究

对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)采取控温控光和营养强化培育等措施,使67尾经过驯养的野生亲鱼性腺全部发育,并自然产卵和受精,其中,32尾雌鱼产卵14350 mL,包括浮卵4635 mL,浮卵率32.5%。在水温(23±1)℃,盐度30±2,pH 8.0~8.2的孵化条件下,32~36 h孵化出仔鱼,初孵仔鱼约350万尾,总孵化率82.6%。90尾2 龄人工亲鱼中,部分亲鱼性腺发育成熟,其中,雌鱼占13.2%,雄鱼占30%,但均未产卵或排精。12个鱼苗培育池先后放入人工初孵仔鱼199万尾,在(23±2)℃水温条件下,经过70 d的培育,共培育出全长30~50 mm的商品苗种61.5万尾,成活率30.9%,平均出苗量2050尾/m3,实现了半滑舌鳎的工厂化人工苗种繁育。     

[11]斜带石斑鱼亲鱼周年产卵的观察及仔鱼活力判别

对5～7龄斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)亲鱼的周年产卵、产卵量、卵质以及初孵仔鱼活力的判别进行了观察研究.亲鱼共231尾,雌、雄、性别不明鱼样的数量比例为88:84:59;养殖于面积为4 000 m2,平均水深为2.0 m的土池中;冬季使用温泉加温管控制水温在18～26℃,夏季通过遮阳网控制水温在26～32℃.结果显示:(1)斜带石斑鱼亲鱼每月均可产卵,在水温25～31℃之间产卵量最多.全年产卵天数共为141 d,总产卵量为184 999.6万粒,平均每尾雌鱼的年产卵量为2 102.3万粒,其中,1月中旬到7月下旬是亲鱼的产卵盛期,共产卵108 d,占全年产卵时间的76.6%;产卵166 133.5万粒,占全年产卵量的89.8%.(2)斜带石斑鱼卵的受精率和孵化率在初夏的产卵盛期可达80%～90%,其他季节一般在30%～60%.(3)测定了15批受精卵所孵化出仔鱼的存活力指数SAI值为3.98～18.30,SAI值与卵的受精率、孵化率呈正相关性;只有SAI值高于6.19的仔鱼才有可能被成功培育成苗.因此,在春夏之交和夏秋之交,水温24～28℃时,选用受精率、孵化率和SAI值较高的受精卵进行人工育苗,获得成功可能性最大.     

乌苏里江唇(鱼骨)的全人工繁育

从乌苏里江捕获野生唇(鱼骨)(Hemibarbus labo)亲鱼150余尾,经人工繁殖获得鱼苗,饲养于池塘中,研究其在人工养殖条件下的生长、繁殖和性腺发育等生物学特性.结果表明,野生亲鱼及其F1在池塘中饲养下,性腺可自然发育至成熟,繁殖季节(5-6月)雌、雄亲鱼会出现明显的副性征,注射催产激素HCG、LRH-A2和DOM的混合制剂,可促使成熟的雌性亲鱼产卵,水温22～26℃时,药物的效应时间在17～22 h,人工繁殖的催产率、受精率、孵化率和畸形率分别为87.55%、68.95%、92.5%和5.75%.唇(鱼骨)的卵为圆形、灰白色或淡绿色,遇水后产生较强的黏性,吸水膨胀卵径为(2.32±0.12)mm(n=50),体质量400～900 g的雌性亲鱼绝对怀卵量为(3.19±0.85)×104粒(n=15).水温22～24℃时,从卵授精到仔鱼孵出需要积温69.43℃·d,到仔鱼平游摄食需要积温139.25℃·d,刚出膜的仔鱼全长(6.1±0.3)mm,平游时全长达到(8.9±0.4)mm.在哈尔滨地区人工池塘养殖唇(鱼骨),1+龄鱼体质量为(17.20±2.46)g,2+龄鱼为(89.84±9.30)g,3+龄鱼为(234.94±25.94)g,4+龄鱼为(371.57±64.65)g;雄性3+、雌性4+有部分个体性腺成熟,5+龄时多数个体可发育至性成熟.唇(鱼骨)的全人工繁育成功,可初步解决苗种来源和池塘养殖问题,并为野生资源的增殖和人工规模化养殖奠定基础.     

汉江中游银鮈的繁殖生物学

初步研究了2004年5～8月汉江鱼类资源调查中采集的银鱼句的繁殖生物学。汉江中游的银鱼句5月中旬至8月上旬繁殖,成熟亲鱼个体全长6.5～16cm,平均(9.25±2.34)cm,平均体重(9.51±3.28)g;亲鱼97.5%为2～3龄鱼,2.5%为4龄鱼,均无明显的第二性征;左右两性腺等重,绝对怀卵量平均(4823±1023)粒,相对怀卵量平均(365±43)粒/g,成熟卵粒径(0.98±0.11)mm;属一次产卵类型。繁殖亲鱼评估数量为15.26万尾,产卵3.68亿粒,有谷城、茨河等7个产卵场;产卵水温17.5～27℃,多处于两个江水上升峰之间的波谷期产卵;卵粒吸水膨胀后具双层卵膜,外膜具微粘性,是漂流性卵系中唯一具双膜的鱼卵;卵外膜直径(3.6±0.42)mm,内膜直径(1.88±0.12)mm;胚胎发育分为4个阶段、50个发育期。     

半滑舌鳎亲鱼培育技术研究

2003—2006年进行了半滑舌鳎亲鱼培育试验。试验结果表明,半滑舌鳎雌鱼生长速度明显超过雄鱼;通过强化饵料营养和调控水温、光照等技术,亲鱼可自然产卵,产卵期27~32 d;雌亲鱼近3周龄时首次性腺成熟;产卵量、受精率和孵化率随亲鱼年龄的增长而提高;半滑舌鳎亲鱼在20℃以下时仍可产卵、受精,但受精卵不能孵出仔鱼。     

池养西伯利亚鲟的人工繁殖试验

用浅层地下水和河水的混合水将引进的西伯利亚鲟水花鱼苗在水泥池中培育成8龄性成熟亲鱼。在第一次产卵前3～4个月,以2种不同的降温方式使亲鱼越冬。I组17尾雌鱼,17尾雄鱼,水温7～8 ℃；II组19尾雌鱼,20尾雄鱼,水温7～10 ℃。催产前10～15 d将水温升至16～17 ℃。经人工催产,I组10尾雌鱼排卵,14尾雄鱼排精；II组9尾雌鱼排卵,15尾雄鱼排精。雄鱼采用导管法取精,雌鱼切开输卵管手术取卵。试验结果,共获成熟卵19 490 mL,计87.17×10⁴粒,用半干法授精,获受精卵66.22×10⁴粒,受精率17.5 %～90.0 %；孵出鱼苗39.6×10⁴尾,孵化率20.0 %～71.7 %。结果表明,西伯利亚鲟在水泥池中经人工饲养、培育能达到性成熟,可用来进行人工繁殖。     

乐清湾斑(鱼祭)人工繁殖和育苗技术研究

为了进一步了解乐清湾斑鰶的繁殖习性,实现斑鰶苗种规模化人工繁育,于2018年在浙南乐清湾斑鰶繁殖季节捕捞产卵亲鱼,采用湿法人工授精获得受精卵,在室内水泥池进行了育苗试验。人工繁育时海水水温16.3~20.1℃,比重1.017~1.019。育苗饵料系列为轮虫-丰年虫幼体-配合饲料。海上人工授精共获得发育出现胚体的斑鰶受精卵1 998 g,每千克受精卵约53.7万粒。人工授精单日的次日浮卵率最高为13.4%,单日的每千克鱼次日浮卵量最高为15.2 g。2018年共育出平均全长为4.97 cm的斑鰶苗28.16万尾,育苗成活率约为31%。     

河川沙塘鳢亲鱼培育及促熟产卵技术研究

为研究河川沙塘鳢亲鱼培育和促熟产卵技术,满足其大规模养殖生产的苗种需求,2011-2012年,在池塘条件下,进行了河川沙塘鳢亲鱼强化培育和繁殖试验,并在产卵规律和采卵技术方面进行了探索。结果表明,在自然环境条件下,通过亲鱼的优选、培育期水流控制、各阶段饵料营养强化等一系列调控措施,可促进亲鱼性腺发育,使其达到性成熟并自然产卵。河川沙塘鳢亲鱼在水温达到15℃时开始产卵,其最适产卵水温为18~20℃,水温高于22℃时,产卵量开始下降。整个产卵期自3月下旬至5月初,其中4月份为产卵高峰期。试验共获得鱼卵48.9万粒,其中4月份获得鱼卵37.5万粒,受精率为66.7%,而3月份和5月份不仅产卵量少,受精率也明显较低。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.