高密度杂交鳢养殖围隔沉积物微生物群落结构垂直变化规律及其与理化因子的关系

为研究高密度养殖系统沉积物微生物群落结构垂直变化规律以及与其对应深度的环境因子的关系,实验选取了华南地区高密度养殖的典型模式——杂交鳢养殖模式,使用PCR-DGGE技术分析了养殖围隔不同深度(0~50 cm)沉积物中的微生物群落结构,同时使用透析装置采集对应沉积物的原位间隙水,并使用微量分光光度法测定间隙水中理化指标,从而探讨高密度养殖系统微生物群落结构垂直变化规律及其与沉积物间隙水理化因子的关系。结果显示,①不同深度的养殖围隔沉积物微生物群落结构通过聚类分析可分3个差异显著的类群:上层(0~6 cm)、中层(7~38 cm)和深层(39~50 cm),其中中层微生物多样性最为丰富。②DGGE电泳共获得46个条带,其中中层条带最多,深层沉积物条带最少。主要微生物类群归属于拟杆菌门、变形菌门、厚壁菌门、疣微菌门和浮霉菌门。③测定的沉积物间隙水中离子,NO_3~--N、SO_4~(2-)-S和Fe~(2+)在沉积物中垂直分布均匀,无明显梯度变化;而NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和PO_4~(3-)-P浓度变化较大。NH_4~+-N浓度随深度增加而逐渐增加,在15~18 cm后趋于稳定,为10.98~77.87 mg/L,PO_4~(3-)-P浓度随深度增加而减少,在9~10 cm后趋于稳定,为0.01~0.14 mg/L。④微生物群落结构与理化因子的相关性分析结果表明,NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P为影响微生物群落结构垂直分布最大的理化因子组合,其中NH_4~+-N对微生物群落结构垂直分布的影响稍大于PO_4~(3-)-P。NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3-)-P为影响微生物群落结构的主要理化因子,是杂交鳢养殖系统环境调控的主要控制指标。     

福建东吾洋海域海水和沉积物菌群结构及其与环境因子相关性

福建东吾洋海域是我国刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)吊笼养殖的核心产区，但目前该地区的水域环境现状和环境菌群结构相关研究匮乏。本研究以东吾洋海域东安、马坑、雷江和沙湾4个主要养殖区域为对象，完成了海参养殖高峰期1月的水质环境因子调查和评价分析，采用高通量测序方法完成了水体和沉积物菌群多样性和差异特征菌群分析，解析了环境因子与菌群结构相关性。结果表明，马坑海域的富营养化指数为21.60，属于严重富营养化；东安和雷江海域属于重度富营养，只有沙湾海域处于中度富营养的水平。东安和沙湾海域水质属于轻度有机污染，而马坑和雷江海域属于中度有机污染。高通量测序共获得1 520个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units, OTUs)，归属于28门、57纲、163目、322科、581属。菌群结构多样性分析表明，各区域沉积物的菌群多样性水平均显著高于相应海域水体菌群多样性，且具有较强的空间异质性。沙湾海域环境菌群多样性与丰度最高。PCoA分析表明，沉积物和水体中细菌群落结构差异极显著，水体交换和海域位置对其水体和沉积物菌群结构的影响较大。具有潜在致病性的弧菌科(Vibrionaceae)在所有水体和沉积物样本中均为优势种类之一。对水体样品和沉积物样品的LEFSe (line discriminant analysis effect size)分析筛选到处于不同分类水平的74个特异菌群。基因功能的预测和COG分类统计表明，水体与沉积物样品在12个代谢途径上存在显著差异(P<0.05)。对4个海区的水体菌群LEFSe分析筛选到处于不同分类水平的30个特异菌群。水体的菌群与环境因子的RDA分析揭示，温度、溶氧、叶绿素a浓度是影响不同海域水体菌群结构的主要环境因子，相关研究将为福建刺参养殖管理提供基础数据和科学参考。     

Environmental conditions in a lagoon and their possible effects on shellfish contamination by Giardia and Cryptosporidium

Over a 1-year period, we carried out an analysis for the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts in 934 specimens taken from four species of shellfish farmed in the Varano Lagoon. We also studied the chemical, physical and meteo-climatic parameters in the same environment, to evaluate the possible effects of environmental conditions on protozoan contamination in farmed shellfish. Using both IF and molecular tests, all 38 pools of shellfish gave negative values for Giardia and Cryptosporidium oo/cysts, thus confirming previous investigations. The environmental factors considered having a negative influence on the survival of Giardia and Cryptosporidium are high water temperatures (8–29°C) and high salinity levels (23–32?ppt). However, the small amount of freshwater discharged into the lagoon (up to 0.0091?m³ s^?1), the long-lasting solar irradiation (mean of 896?W?m^?2) and the shallowness of the lagoon (mean 2.5?m) may also have a synergic effect in limiting the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in the lagoon.     

The ecological role of bivalve shellfish aquaculture in the estuarine environment: A review with application to oyster and clam culture in West Coast (USA) estuaries

Aquaculture is viewed as a potential mechanism to meet the growing demand for seafood around the world. The future of bivalve shellfish aquaculture in the U.S. hinges on sustainable practices on the part of industry and a more consistent regulatory regime. Bivalve shellfish aquaculture is a recent practice relative to its history in other countries, beginning in the late 1800s along the U.S. West Coast where it is now well established with farm raised product utilizing land-based hatcheries and grow-out directly in numerous estuaries. Bivalve shellfish aquaculture can be viewed as a disturbance which modifies the estuarine system in three ways: 1) changes in material processes — bivalves process food and produce wastes; 2) addition of physical structure — aquaculture introduces the cultured organisms and in some cases a physical anchoring structure; and 3) pulse disturbances like harvest and bed maintenance disturb sediments, remove species in addition to the cultured organisms themselves, and change resource or habitat availability. In U.S. West Coast estuaries, water column and sediment nutrient concentrations are relatively high and influenced by large tidal exchange and proximity to deeper nearshore ocean waters where upwelling controls production during summer months. Bivalves are unlikely to influence material processes except at local bed scales in these systems, although estuary-wide effects could appear as the fraction of cultured area rises or in poorly flushed bays. Bivalve culture clearly modifies estuarine habitat at local community and at landscape scales and effects are most often evaluated against existing structured habitat in the form of submerged aquatic vegetation. Individual activities act as pulse disturbances and the recovery of eelgrass (Zostera marina) to pre-disturbance levels is variable (< 2 to > 5 years). The extent of disturbance depends on the aquaculture practice and the distribution of eelgrass reflects a balance of space competition, pulse disturbance and recovery, and is therefore at dynamic equilibrium on aquaculture beds. Structure provided by aquaculture appears functionally similar to eelgrass for small benthic infauna and mobile epibenthic fauna while use of aquaculture as habitat by larger more mobile invertebrates and fish depends on mobility and varies with life-history stage and taxon being evaluated. Scale seems a very important management consideration and further research at estuarine landscape scales, especially for habitat use by important invertebrates and fish, may prove useful in designing and implementing best management practices. Though local and short term effects from aquaculture are clearly evident in U.S. West Coast estuaries, bivalve aquaculture does not remove area from the estuary or degrade water quality like other anthropogenic influences, and thus has not been implicated in shifts to alternate states or reduced adaptive capacity of the larger ecological system.     

水体光照强度的变化对浮游甲壳动物群落结构的影响

近年来,我国淡水湖泊富营养化现象日益严重,藻类大量生长导致水体光照强度减弱,水生植物严重衰退。为了解水体光照强度减弱对生活在沿岸带草丛中的浮游甲壳动物分布情况的影响,本研究于2015年5月至2015年11月在水族箱中通过移植苦草并覆盖不同层黑色遮阳布来建立4个光照梯度（L1- L4）,其透光率分别是40.5%、17.1%、7.1%和2.8%,来模拟自然条件下沿岸带浮游甲壳动物群落对低光压力的响应,分析了水体理化指标、苦草和浮游甲壳动物群落结构变化。结果表明：（1）从不同的光照处理来看,浮游甲壳动物生物量随光照强度减弱而减少,其平均值分别是1.27 mg/L、0.99 mg/L、0.95 mg/L和0.45 mg/L,丰度和多样性也随光照强度减弱逐渐降低;（2）与其他3个处理组相比,L4组中除了锯缘真剑水蚤相对生物量百分比从5%升高到25%,其他种类都有所下降,其中晶莹仙达溞从50%降至9%;（3）浮游甲壳动物的平均生物量在秋季（1.28 mg/L）大于夏季（0.54 mg/L）,而夏季（83.79 ind./L）平均丰度大于秋季（53.59 ind./L）。统计分析表明浮游甲壳动物群落结构变化与光照强度和苦草生长引起的水体理化的变化显著正相关,主要是溶解氧和pH值。     

象山港南沙岛不同养殖模式沉积物微生物群落结构分析

通过构建16S rDNA克隆文库对象山港南沙岛不同养殖模式(贝类养殖、藻类养殖及网箱养殖)表层沉积物微生物多样性和群落结构特征进行了比较和分析,共获取136个OUT。其中,贝类养殖区、藻类养殖区和网箱养殖区OTU分别为58、48和57个。各站位OTU分布差异明显,表现出高度的多样性。基于16S rDNA序列的生物多样性和丰富度分析表明,网箱养殖区丰富度指数ACE为739,香浓指数H?为3.8,均为最高值,丰富度指数Chao为245,略低于于贝类养殖区。贝类养殖区丰富度指数Chao为303,在各养殖区中最高。藻类养殖区丰富度指数ACE为174、Chao为89,香浓指数H?为3.6,均为最低值。系统发育分析表明,南沙岛各养殖区的优势种群均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),但是藻类养殖区微生物群落结构与其他养殖区域相比,16S rDNA克隆文库差异显著,其中根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)及其他光合细菌在藻类养殖区分布较多。网箱养殖区沉积物表层微生物群落中出现了与环境污染密切相关的菌群,如志贺氏菌属(Shigella)、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)和ε-变形菌纲的微生物种群,揭示网箱养殖对底质沉积物环境的影响较大。     

Effects of cyanide exposure on Dascyllus aruanus, a tropical marine fish species: lethality, anaesthesia and physiological effects

The lethality, anaesthetic and physiological effects of pulsed cyanide (CN-) exposures to a common tropical marine fish Dascyllus aruanus were assessed. Cyanide (25 and 50 mg l-1) was applied as pulses (10, 60 and 120 s) to fish under non-stressed and stressed (by chasing and/or placing fish under hypoxic stress) conditions. Following treatment, the time until recovery and the percent survival were determined. The fish were allowed a 2.5 week recovery period from the treatments at which time four physiological end-points were measured: (1) the blood haemoglobin content, (2) the percent blood O-2 content, (3) the liver rhodonase activity and (4) the liver O2 consumption rate. The greater the CN- concentration and exposure time, the longer the recovery time. Non-stressed fish exposed to 10 s pulses of 25 mg l-1 of CN- fully recovered within 4 min whereas fish exposed for 60 s and 50 mg l-1 of CN- required up to 50 min for full recovery. Exposure for 120 s at 25 and 50 mg l-1 of CN- proved lethal. Under stressed conditions, previously non-lethal exposures (60 s and 50 mg l-1) were lethal. Of the physiological end-points, only the liver O2 consumption rate was indicative of previous CN- exposure. Under non-stressed conditions, pulsed exposures at 25 and 50 mg l-1 of CN- for 10 and 60 s significantly reduced the liver O2 consumption rates (ANOVA; p < 0.05). Under stressed conditions, the liver O2 consumption rates were significantly greater (maximum rates up to 17-fold greater) than the control fish (ANOVA; p < 0.05). We conclude, therefore, that environmentally relevant exposures of CN- can adversely effect fish and this affect can be measured 2.5 weeks post-exposure. Importantly, the combined effects of exposure and stress both increased the mortality and placed an appreciable metabolic load on the fish as indicated by the elevated liver O2 consumption rates. Handling stress in combination with anaesthetic CN- doses could in part explain the delayed mortality reportedly associated with CN- use in the tropical fish trade. The significance of the elevated liver O2 consumption rates on the survival of CN--exposed fish is unknown     

卫河新乡段底泥-间隙水-上覆水中营养盐的分布特征

为研究卫河新乡市区河段底泥-间隙水-上覆水中营养盐的时空分布特征,分别于2013年1、4、7、10月对卫河新乡段上游（S1）、人口密集区（S2）、人工拓宽河道形成的牧野湖入湖水口（S3）、湖岸静水区（S4）、湖心处（S5）和湖区下游（S6）共计6个样点进行采样分析。结果表明：（1）S1和S2底泥中总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH4+-N）含量呈现随深度增加而上升的趋势,除S3外,各样点底泥中总磷（TP）含量的垂向分布在15～20 cm处比表层含量低,但并无明显规律性;（2）S2、S3、S4样点在4月时底泥(干重)中的TN含量达到最大值,分别为5.8、2.2、1.7 g/kg,10月时TP含量达到最大值,分别为0.88、0.22、0.21 g/kg,除S3号样点外,其余各样点底泥NH4+-N的含量均在7月出现最大值,按样点号依次为25.42、37.19、14.23、12.28、34.11 mg/kg;（3）间隙水中TN和NH4+-N含量的垂向分布与底泥中的分布相似,间隙水和底泥中的TN、NH4+-N之间呈显著的正相关,TP之间无明显相关性;（4）间隙水和上覆水中的各营养盐之间均无明显相关性。     

On the ecology of brackish water lagoons in Great Britain

1. Recent data on habitat characteristics and the animal and plant communities from 166 brackish lagoons in Great Britain have been analysed to interpret their community stucture and the environmental features important to maintaining the diversity of specialist lagoonal species. 2. Lagoons supporting a diverse community of specialist species of restricted distribution are considered to be the most valuable in conservation terms. 3. Lagoons are concentrated in the south and east of the country, are predominantly shallow with fine sand and mud sediments and cover a range of sea-inlet types, areas and salinities (from zero to hyperhaline). 4. The environmental characteristics of lagoons show more variability than those of ambient sea-or estuarine water. 5. Six suites of species are identified: freshwater species, stenohaline marine lagoonal specialists, euryhaline lagoonal specialists, estuarine species tolerant of lagoons, estuarine species incidental in lagoons and underrecorded species. 6. The lagoons are categorized as freshwater sites and groups of saline sites of a range of conservation value in terms of their community, from high value sites dominated by stenohaline specialist species to sites supporting no specialist lagoonal community. 7. The higher value sites are bar-built or sluiced lagoons with a channel inlet, with salinities close to 35%₀, a heterogeneous sediment, predominantly shallow and with larger area if narrow. Spatial density of lagoons may be important in recruitment of stenohaline specialist species, and frequent exchange of a proportion of the lagoon water with adjacent estuary or sea-water may be important in maintaining requisite salinity. 8. Aspects worthy of further study are identified.     

桃山水库浮游植物群落结构及水质营养状态评价

2009年的枯水期（5月）和丰水期（7月）,在桃山水库对浮游植物结构群落和水质状况进行了调查研究,结合生物监测和理化监测手段,基于浮游植物优势度、丰度、优势度以及综合指数评价方法,对研究水库进行了生态评价。结果显示：（1）桃山水库浮游植物共有7门46属73种及变种,其中以绿藻为主,分别占44 %;（2）生物量在2.29-10.96 mg﹒L-1之间,丰度变幅在(38.76-124.44)×105 ind.﹒L-1之间;（3）枯水期优势种以硅藻为主,丰水期优势种以以蓝藻、绿藻为主;（4）综合营养指数为42.0-60.1。综合评价结果表明：桃山水库枯水期和丰水期水质营养状态为轻富营养化,化学需氧量是影响桃山水库浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子。     

Mussel farming impacts on trophic status and benthic community structure in Maliakos Gulf (Eastern Mediterranean)

The impact of shellfish farming on the water column nutrient concentration and the benthic community structure was investigated seasonally at a mussel farm (Mytilus galloprovincialis L.) of Maliakos Gulf (Eastern Mediterranean). In most cases concentration of nutrients and chl a at the farm site was lower than those observed at the control sites. Statistical analysis in concentration of all nutrients and chl a indicated significant interactions between sites and seasons, which in all cases were temporal. Furthermore, no significant interactions were found between sites and seasons for all sediment and benthic community parameters, except for Shannon–Wiener diversity index and species richness. The significant interactions detected in the biotic data were temporal. Analysis of similarity and similarity percentages analysis revealed a certain fluctuation of benthic macrofaunal community during the overall sampling year mainly due to temporal rather than spatial effects. Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling ordination plot indicated the clearly separation of the farm site and the control sites in most of the seasons. K-dominance curves showed small difference in elevation and overlap indicating minimal difference in biological stress between the farm site and the control sites. All the above indicates that probably the farming of mussels was beneficial for the trophic status of Maliakos Gulf and that there was a minimal environmental stress caused by the shellfish farming for the surrounding benthic environment.     

博斯腾湖河鲈早期发育阶段关键生境特征的调查

为研究博斯腾湖河鲈(Perca fluviatilis)早期发育阶段繁殖水域的生境特征,于2014年3-4月对白海子及相邻水域的水体理化因子、鱼类组成、高等水生植物、底栖动物群落结构进行了调查。结果表明:河鲈在3月进入繁殖期,4月结束;虽然鱼类种类组成相似,但繁殖期白海子河鲈优势度明显高于相邻水域,白海子是河鲈主要繁殖水域;繁殖期水温8~17℃,繁殖盛期水温11~14℃,繁殖水深(1.4±0.2)m,DO(6.8±0.1)mg/L,pH 7.9,电导率(46.5±0.4)ms/m,矿化度(351.7±2.4)mg/L,总磷(0.02±0.00)mg/L,总氮(1.18±0.07)mg/L,氨氮(0.98±0.00)mg/L,叶绿素a(0.32±0.01)μg/L;白海子高等水生植物由臭轮藻(Chara foetida)单一群落构成,覆盖率约88.1%,密度和生物量分别为6154.7 ind/m~2和8346.4 g/m~2,相邻水域则由金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、狐尾藻(Myriophyllum)、竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaimus)和白睡莲(Nymphaea alba Linn)等群落构成,覆盖率约66.7%,密度和生物量分别为171.7 ind/m2和2 097.8 g/m~2。白海子采集底栖动物5种,为羽摇蚊(Chironomus plumosus Larve)幼虫、小斑蜻(Libellula quadrimaculata)幼虫、长叶瘦蟌(Ischnura elegans)幼虫、耳萝卜螺(Radix auricularia)和扁旋螺(Gyraulus comperssus),总密度和总生物量分别为23 150 ind/m~2、76.663 g/m~2;其中,栖于底泥的底栖动物仅羽摇蚊幼虫,密度和生物量分别为(736.0±117.2)ind/m~2、(7.478±1.320)g/m~2,附着于臭轮藻茎叶表面的底栖动物有羽摇蚊幼虫、小斑蜻幼虫、长叶瘦蟌幼虫、耳萝卜螺和扁旋螺,密度和生物量分别为22 414 ind/m~2、69.185 g/m~2。相邻水域底泥及水生植物茎叶表面均未采集到底栖动物。水温、透明度及水深是影响河鲈繁殖水域分布的主要水环境因素,而附卵基质则是主要的生物因素;河鲈选择臭轮藻作为附卵基质有着明显的倾向性,其在避害、栖息、摄食等方面发挥重要功能。     

胶州湾贝类养殖区氮、磷污染现状及动态变化

依据2011年3、5、8、10月和1997～2010年5、8、10月水环境调查资料,对胶州湾贝类养殖区氮、磷污染现状及动态变化进行了分析与评价,并分析了海水富营养化的成因,可为赤潮的预测预警提供基础资料.结果表明,1)2011年胶州湾贝类养殖区氮、磷污染较为严重,除3月其含量符合标准要求外,5、8、10月均存在氮、磷污染,其中无机氮超标率为11.11％～100％,活性磷酸盐超标率为33.33％～66.67％,无机氮超标率均值高于活性磷酸盐.2)氮、磷污染程度具有明显的季节变化,以10月最重,8月次之,3月最轻.无机氮和活性磷酸盐污染指数均值分别为1.35和0.93,氮污染重于磷污染.3)氮、磷营养盐空间分布不均,贝类养殖区西部和东部海域氮、磷含量高于中部海域,空间分异程度为8月＞3月＞5月＞10月.4)海水富营养化程度较为严重,2011年3、5、8、10月富营养化站位所占比例为44.44％～100％,营养指数均值为1.09～6.99,海水富营养化严重程度依次为8月＞10月＞5月＞3月.5)2011年各调查月份养殖区海水中N/P比值为20.96～43.22,除5月部分测站N/P比值小于Redfield比值,其他3个月份N/P比值均大于Redfield比值,活性磷酸盐可能成为浮游植物生长的主要限制因子之一.6)氮、磷污染指数具有明显的年际变化,其中无机氮污染指数2008年最高,1997和2000年最低;活性磷酸盐污染指数1997年最高,2011年最低.7)海水富营养化成因复杂,径流携带大量氮、磷等营养物质入海和贝类养殖自身污染是造成胶州湾贝类养殖区海水富营养化的主因.近年胶州湾贝类养殖区氮、磷污染状况并无明显改善,海水富营养化依然严重,存在发生赤潮的可能性.     

梅溪湖表层沉积物营养盐和有机质分布特征及污染评价

梅溪湖属于城市浅水湖泊，其沉积物特征可反映湖泊的水生态环境状况，对防止湖泊富营养化具有重要意义。2020年11月至2021年7月，分季节对梅溪湖表层沉积物（0～10 cm）进行了采样，分析了沉积物TN、NH4+、NO3-、TP、有效磷（AP）和有机质（OM）等指标的时空分布特征和污染程度。结果表明：沉积物（0～10 cm）TN、NH4+、NO3-、TP、AP和OM的平均含量依次为1654.68± 754.22 mg/kg、24.66± 20.02 mg/kg、13.60± 2.33 mg/kg、512.60± 281.39 mg/kg、8.58± 6.81 mg/kg和2.84± 1.43 %。湖区东部营养物和有机质含量最高。人类活动对梅溪湖表层沉积物营养盐的空间分布有着较大的影响。梅溪湖沉积物TP和NO3-含量在春季最高（4月份），冬季（1月）最低。AP含量在春季（4月）最高，在夏季最低（7月份）。沉积物TN、NH4+和OM含量没有明显的季节差异。梅溪湖沉积物TN和TP的含量变幅分别为667～4000 mg/kg和184～1475mg/kg，均已超出我国东部浅水湖泊沉积物的营养物参考阈值范围；TN和TP的标准指数变幅分别为1.21～7.27和0.31～2.46，TN全部超标，梅溪湖生态环境质量受N元素的影响较为严重，对湖泊生态系统安全构成了一定的威胁。相关分析表明，沉积物OM与TN、TP、AP、NH4+、NO3-均显著正相关，说明沉积物有机质的降解和释放对梅溪湖氮磷营养盐具有重要影响。     

威海双岛海域人工鱼礁区大型海藻夏季群落结构变化

2013年6月和8月,采用潜水采样和录像的方法调查了威海双岛海域人工鱼礁区内礁石上附着的大型海藻,并分析了海藻群落组成与环境因子的关系.2次调查共采集到大型海藻9种,其中红藻门5种、褐藻门和绿藻门各2种.夏末和夏初的海藻群落相似度为20.35％,对相似性贡献最大的5种海藻分别为金膜藻(Chrysymenia wrightii)、日本异管藻(Hterosiphonia japonica)、扁江蓠(Gracilaria textorii)、海黍子(Sargassum muticum)和孔石莼(Ulvapertusa).夏末的海藻生物量密度(243.83 g/m2)高于夏初(164.99 g/m2),但覆盖率由64.53％～91.20％降至52.53％～72.53％(威海圣鲲礁区除外),绝对优势种由夏初的日本异管藻演替为夏末的金膜藻.根据主成分分析(PCA)和冗余分析(RDA)结果,影响海藻群落变化的环境因子中,前3位分别为水温、盐度和水底照度;夏末,由于水体透明度较低(＜2.0 m),光照条件可能成为海藻分布的限制因子.另外,夏末污损生物的大量出现在一定程度上影响了海藻的覆盖率.     

珠三角河网初级生产力时空差异及其影响因素

为评价珠三角河网初级生产力,于2015年3月、6月、9月、12月对其进行取样调查,采用多元统计方法研究初级生产力时空差异及其与环境因素关系。结果表明,珠三角河网初级生产力(碳,C)为98.81~927.21mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),均值为346.51 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)。调查区域初级生产力季节变化明显,总体上表现为春季冬季夏季秋季。各站位初级生产力均值以珠江桥站位最高[600.61 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)],市桥站位最低[232.60 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)]。初级生产力与透明度、氮磷营养盐、叶绿素a呈正相关关系(P0.01,n=52),与硅酸盐呈负相关关系(P0.01,n=52),与水体富营养化综合指数(EI)呈线性相关关系。珠三角河网以中营养、富营养为主体,与其他水域相比,初级生产力较低,污染程度较严重,需防止其向富养化发展。     

福建诏安湾贝类产区生态环境质量评价与划型研究

根据2009年3、5和9月福建诏安湾贝类产区海水、底质和养殖贝类体中有毒有害物质(铜、铅、镉、汞、砷、石油类、有机碳、硫化物、滴滴涕、多氯联苯、大肠菌群、腹泻性贝毒、麻痹性贝毒)的同步调查资料,采用海水质量评价指数(Swj)、底质质量评价指数(Ssj)和贝类质量评价指数(Soj)以及贝类产区生态环境质量综合评价指数(SI),对福建诏安湾贝类产区生态环境质量进行了综合评价和划型。结果表明,海水质量、底质质量和养殖贝类质量水平范围均为2～6级,平均值分别为3级、4级和2级,贝类产区生态环境质量为2～6级,平均值为3级。总体上,贝类产区海水质量处于较好水平,底质量处于一般水平,养殖贝类质量处于良好水平。贝类产区生态环境质量处于较好水平。其主要污染物为石油类、大肠杆菌、滴滴涕和多氯联苯。福建诏安湾贝类产区无1类区,属自然本底区;2类区共15个,占贝类产区总数的88%,其中2a类区6个,占贝类产区总数的35%,属清洁区,2b类区5个,占贝类产区总数的30%,属较清洁区,2c类区4个,占贝类产区总数的24%,属轻度污染区;3类区共2个,占贝类产区总数的12%,其中3a类区和3b类区各1个,均占贝类产区总数的6%,分别属中度污染区和重度污染区。福建诏安湾贝类产区生态环境质量的综合评价和划型的结果与诏安湾贝类产区污染现状相一致。     

The current status of a sample of english sites of special scientific interest subject to eutrophication

• 1 Records for 102 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in England were examined for eutrophic status and for symptoms of eutrophication using criteria established by the Department of the Environment (DoE). Seventy-eight were found to be eutrophic or hyper-eutrophic using total phosphorus criteria. Of the 102 sites, 85 cases (84%) showed symptoms of eutrophication. This had changed overtly the nature conservation interest in 69 cases.
• 2 The 102 sites were contracted to 96 by listing together eight adjacent SSSIs in the Somerset Levels and treating another split-site SSSI with separate catchments within it as two sites. Within these 96, 17 did not show symptoms of eutrophication and 79 (84%) did. Of the 79 cases, a major cause of the eutrophication in 35 (44%) was sewage effluent with a further five possible cases of effluent problems. The second most important cause (15 sites (19%) and potentially a further six, of the 79 sites) was attributed to the effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and to a lesser extent common bream (Abramis brama), in mobilizing nutrients and increasing turbidity within the water body.
• 3 Symptoms of deterioration were most frequently recorded in the aquatic plant communities, probably because these are most readily observed. Comparable changes should be expected in animal communities but these are infrequently monitored. There may have been unrecorded changes in some sites that had nonetheless suffered damage. It is likely that detailed studies of sites where there is clear evidence of eutrophication will reveal some deterioration in conservation interest.
• 4 The primary management required to help restore the conservation interest in the 79 sites involves phosphorus removal from, or diversion of, sewage effluent in at least 30 cases. Of these two-thirds (20) will fall outside the current arrangements being made by the DoE for the application of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. Removal of carp and additional biomanipulative measures are suggested for at least 18 cases (23%) and fishery modifications in a further six, giving a total of 30% of sites where fish are a part of the problem. Further investigation is needed in nearly half of all cases where the situation is not entirely clear.
• 5 The data available from statutory bodies to assess the trophic states of the sites examined were generally inadequate. Total phosphorus, a key variable in the currently recommended DoE scheme, and widely recognized as very important by the limnological community, is not routinely monitored by the National Rivers Authority (NRA), and methods used for soluble reactive phosphorus are not generally used with a sufficiently low detection limit.

     

滇池氮磷浓度变化对蓝、绿、硅藻年际变化的影响

为了探究滇池水体中藻类变化规律及营养盐对浮游藻类结构的影响,在滇池草海和外海共设10个采样点,于2013年5月至2015年4月,每月监测藻类变化及氮、磷含量。结果表明,草海在每年9月至来年2月,蓝藻、绿藻呈互为消长的变化趋势,硅藻生物量在8-10月和2-4月含量较高,变化范围5.81~44.80 mg/L;外海以蓝藻、绿藻为主,两种藻类在每年的11月至来年1月呈互为消长,而来年2种藻5-7月逐渐升高、10月开始又逐渐降低。草海和外海水体中的总磷均以在5-9月含量最高,变化范围分别为0.82~3.37 mg/L和0.20~0.51 mg/L;总氮全年变化剧烈,草海总氮为2.85~11.7 mg/L,外海总氮为1.05~4.89 mg/L。总体上看,草海的氮、磷含量高于外海,说明草海富营养化水平高于外海;而水体中绿藻生物量高于蓝藻成为绝对优势藻种,且绿藻生物量远远高于外海,表明高氮、磷水体中绿藻比蓝藻有更强的利用优势,致使在超富营养化水体中蓝藻不占优势。滇池水体中氮磷比较低的月份,水体中蓝藻和绿藻共存;在高氮磷比的时间段,绿藻生长占优势,说明滇池水体中绿藻比蓝藻更适合高氮磷比的环境。     

Characterization of depth-related changes and site-specific differences of microbial communities in marine sediments using quinone profiles

ABSTRACT:   Respiratory quinone compositions were analyzed by a high-performance liquid chromatography to characterize the depth-related changes and site-specific differences of microbial communities in marine sediments. Two deep-sea sediment samples and one coastal sediment sample were investigated from three sites on the coast of Japan, Sagami Bay, Suruga Bay and Tokyo Bay. Although depth-related changes in microbial community structures were observed, site-specific differences appeared to have greater influence on overall community structures. A variety of quinone homologs was commonly identified at all sampling sites and depths examined, but a few minor quinone fractions, mainly derived from Actinobacteria , were detected only at specific sampling sites. Methylmenaquinone-7 (MMK-7) was the major component throughout the examined depths in Sagami Bay and Tokyo Bay. Most abundant quinone homologs changed with each depth in Suruga Bay. Menaquinone-6 (MK-6) predominated in the 0 to 2-cm layer (19%). Below 0–2 cm, the most abundant homolog in each sampling depth was phylloquinone (K₁; 13%, 4–6 cm), MK-8 (19%, 8–10 cm) and MK-7 (13%, 16–18 cm). The microbial respiratory quinone profiling method shown here, successfully demonstrates the usefulness of this approach to characterize microbial communities in marine sediments.