夏季鱼池施肥技术

一、夏季鱼池肥料变化特点 1.池水氮元素含量增加 7～8月是鱼类主要生长季节,由于大量投喂饲料,鱼类排泄物和残饵增多,此时水温高,有机物的氧化分解快,产生大量的含氮物质。根     

湖泊应用“中华肥水王”对鲢鳙鱼的增产效果

“中华肥水王”是专门针对高产型水产养殖的水质特点，应用“以磷促氮，以微促肥”的科学原理研制开发的绿色环保型水产增产剂。其作用机理为：“中华肥水王”含有丰富的营养微量元素、生物素等。微量元素能定向繁殖滤食性鱼类所喜食的硅藻、隐藻等天然生物饵料，且光合细菌等有益微生物可利用水体中大量有机物质作为营养源，能有效分解水体中残饵，腐殖质及鱼类排泄物，增加溶氧，改善水体理化因子，抑制有害藻类细菌繁殖，促进鱼类生产。东湖２００１年应用“中华肥水王”，鲢、鳙鱼的产量得到了显著提高。１应用情况东湖面积７００公顷，…     

夏季池塘施肥技术

(一)夏季池水的特点 一、池水氮元素变化情况 六、七、八月是鱼类主要生长季节,由于大量投饵鱼类食量大,排泄物和残饵多,此时水温高,有机物的氧化分解快。池塘中鱼类排泄物、生物尸体、残饵在水中氧化分解,产生大量的含氮物质。根据我们的测定     

池塘清淤 势在必行

池塘是养殖鱼类生活和生长的环境空间,良好的生活环境对提高产量,增加经济效益,是最基本的条件。池塘经过一定年限的使用,由于年久失修,池塘坍塌和在饲养管理中大量投饲、施肥,鱼类的排泄物等使池塘逐渐变浅,形成一定厚度的淤泥,导致池塘老化。     

高温季节谨防“泛池”

七、八、九月是鱼类生长旺盛的三个月,由于气温高,一些精养池很容易发生“泛池”,造成鱼严重的浮头,或窒息而死。其原因是多年不清塘或投饵施肥过量,池底腐植质积累过多,鱼类排泄物不断增加,加上池水不能流动,细菌大量繁殖,沉积物矿化分解,消耗水中大量的氧气,因而发生“泛池”现象。为此,高温季节养鱼防“泛池”,应注意以下几个方面。一、投饵适量,定期清理食场。投饵过量,沉积的饵料发酵消耗大量氧气。为此,投饵宜坚持“四定”(定时、定位、定质、定量),以次多量少为原则,鱼在1—2小时内吃完为宜,并且每隔3—5天清理食场一次。捞取残渣剩饵。     

春季常见鱼病诊断与防治

<正>开春随着气温水温逐渐升高,摄食量增加,鱼类代谢排泄物不断增多,鱼塘各种水生生物繁殖加快,危害鱼类的病菌寄生虫开始呈蔓延传播之势,因此,做好春季鱼病防治工作尤显重要,为了有效预防鱼病,减少因病害造成经济损失。现将春季鱼类多发疾病的症状、治疗及春季池塘常规管理方法介绍如下,仅供参考。     

黑龙江省水产养殖节能减排技术推广现状及前景

正自20世纪80年代中期水产配合颗料饲料推广应用以来,我省水产养殖单产大幅度提高,为渔民增收做出了重要贡献。但随之而来的是养殖鱼类排泄物大幅度增加,导致水体富营养化,水质恶化,鱼类病害大面积暴发,给渔民造成了巨大损失。水产养殖污染问题已严重制约了黑龙江省水产养殖业的可持续发展,亟需推广节能减排技     

精养池塘水质改良的探讨

近年来,我国的水产养殖业发展迅速,面积扩大,单产提高,总产增加,经济效益和社会效益显著。但随着集约化养殖程度的提高,鱼类排泄物和残饵对水质的污染日趋增大,造成养鱼水质老化、恶化,目前已成为精养池塘障碍鱼类生长、生存的主要因素之一。为此笔者就近几年来在水质改良方面     

鱼塘水质变坏的征兆

在鱼类生长高峰季节，鱼类产生大量排泄物，大量腐殖质的发酵及浮游植物繁殖过盛，容易造成鱼池水质变坏，     

驯化养鱼池塘水质调节法

驯化养鱼是我省近年来推广普及的一种高产高效养殖技术,其特点是:以养殖鲤鱼为主,投喂颗粒饲料,采取“四定”投喂方法,高密度集约化养殖技术。因此,搞好水质调节工作极为重要,尤其是夏秋季节,温度高、日照时间长,鱼类生长快、投饵量大、排泄物多,水质变化快,搞好水体水质调节,是获得养殖鱼类稳产高产的关键。现介绍几种水质调节方法:     

急性氨氮胁迫对黄颡鱼组织抗氧化酶活性及HSP70和HSP90基因mRNA表达水平的影响

为了探讨急性氨氮胁迫对黄颡鱼组织中抗氧化酶活性及HSP70和HSP90基因mRNA表达水平的影响,实验随机挑选了360尾黄颡鱼[初体质量(17.25±0.05)g],分别暴露于含有0(对照)、5.70(低浓度组)、28.50(中浓度组)和57.00(高浓度组)mg/L总氨氮浓度的水体中,进行96 h的急性胁迫实验。实验开始后,分别于0、12、24、48和96 h取样。结果显示,氨氮胁迫发生后,低、中浓度组实验鱼肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈先升高后降低趋势,而高浓度组则持续降低;低、中、高浓度组实验鱼肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)含量在胁迫开始后显著升高;3 h时,高浓度组实验鱼肝脏中SOD活性达到最低,而MDA含量最高;24 h后,高浓度组实验鱼肝脏中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著升高;低、中、高浓度组实验鱼肝脏中HSP70基因的mRNA表达量呈先降低后升高趋势,而鳃中HSP70基因表达量持续升高,但脑中HSP70基因在0 h后显著降低;氨氮胁迫3 h时,低、中、高浓度组实验鱼肝脏和脑中HSP70基因表达量显著低于对照组,而在鳃中正好相反;相比HSP70基因,高氨氮浓度组实验鱼肝脏和鳃中HSP90基因的mRNA表达量在24 h时达到最高。研究表明,不同浓度的氨氮胁迫会对黄颡鱼抗氧化酶活性造成不同程度的抑制,原因与丙二醛的积累量有关;相比HSP90基因,黄颡鱼HSP70基因的表达量在氨氮胁迫发生后迅速上调,这种生理调控机制提示HSP70在应对急性氨氮胁迫时发挥着更重要的作用。     

Chlorogenic acid attenuates inflammation,oxidative stress,apoptosis and protects head kidney macrophage of yellow catfish from ammonia toxicity

Ammonia is the most common contaminants found in aquaculture water that seriously endangers fish health. However, there are few studies on the strategy and mechanism on alleviating ammonia toxicity in fish. The current study aimed to observe the cytotoxic effects of ammonia and the protective effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on head kidney macrophage of yellow catfish from the perspective of inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. The cells were randomized into normal control, ammonia group (0.23 mg L^?1), CGA group (125 µmol L^?1), CGA (5, 25, 125 µmol L^?1) + ammonia (0.23 mg L^?1) groups. Cells were pretreated with CGA for 1 h followed by ammonia for 24 h. Findings suggested that ammonia treatment reduced cell viability, increased ROS production, up-regulated antioxidant (SOD, GPx) and pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, COX-2, NF-κB p65) genes expression, down-regulated the mRNA levels of M2-type macrophage marker (Arg-1) and anti-apoptosis (Bcl-2), and CGA attenuated the toxic effects of ammonia. The findings may provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of ammonia toxicity and suggest that CGA can be used as a potential natural supplement to alleviate ammonia toxicity in fish.     

Ammonia‐, Sodium Chloride‐, and Calcium Sulfate‐induced Changes in the Stress Responses of Jundiá, Rhamdia quelen,Juveniles

Salt (NaCl) and gypsum (CaSO₄) are used as water additives to mitigate fish stress and improve specimen survival. High stocking densities and the transportation of fish can increase aqueous ammonia, which can, in turn, alter fish cortisol secretion. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of salt, gypsum, and aqueous ammonia on some stress‐induced physiological responses of jundiá, Rhamdia quelen, juveniles induced by captivity and handling, and to determine the lethal ammonia concentration for this species. Jundiá juveniles were subjected to the following five treatments: water only, water + ammonia (0.4 mg/L), water + NH₃ + NaCl (6 g/L), water + NH₃ + gypsum (150 mg/L), and water + NH₃ + NaCl + gypsum. Blood samples were taken after intervals of 1, 5, 24, and 96 h, and the concentrations of cortisol, glucose, chloride, ammonia, and hematocrit were determined. The NH₃ LC₅₀ value after 96 h of exposure (LC_50?96h) was measured to be 1.9 mg/L NH₃. Either salt or gypsum reduced both cortisol and glucose levels during most of the experimental period, but the combination of both reduced these levels even further. The combined use of NaCl and CaSO₄ demonstrates a synergic effect on mitigating stress responses induced by handling and aqueous ammonia in jundiá juveniles.     

Energy balance of juvenile <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis> after a short-term exposure to sublethal water-borne cadmium

Stress in fish can be assessed by means of a bioenergetic approach, based on the evaluation of changes in their physiological parameters. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of sublethal water-borne cadmium (Cd) on the energetic balance of juvenile Cyprinus carpio under laboratory conditions after a short-term exposure. Fish were exposed to a concentration of Cd (0.15 mg Cd l⁻¹) for 2 weeks. This concentration is environmentally realistic since it is usually found, even at higher values, in heavily polluted periurban water bodies of Argentina. No mortality was recorded among the animals used in the experiments. Food intake, food assimilation and assimilation efficiency, fecal production, liver glycogen content, oxygen consumption, oxygen extraction efficiency, specific metabolic rate, ammonia excretion and ammonia quotient (AQ), condition factor, and liver somatic index were determined. The overall balance was expressed as the scope for growth (SFG). The morphological indices and the liver glycogen content of Cd-exposed fish showed no significant differences when compared to those of controls. There was a significant decrease in the food intake, fecal production, and food assimilation rates as well as in AQ; the SFG exhibited a highly significant decrease. The remaining parameters (assimilation efficiency, oxygen consumption, oxygen extraction efficiency, specific metabolic rate, and ammonia excretion) increased after the exposure to Cd. We concluded that the sub-chronic exposure of Cyprinus carpio to a sublethal concentration of Cd causes important alterations in the energy-related homeostasis of fish. Most of the responses are indicative of physiological adaptations to compensate an increased energy requirement due to the impairments caused by the metal.     

Use of a Compound Protein Source as a Replacement for Fish Meal in Diets of Large Yellow Croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R.

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of a compound protein source (CPS) as a replacement of fish meal (FM) in diets for large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R. The CPS was made of soybean meal, meat and bone meal, peanut meal, and rapeseed meal (4:3:2:1 in weight) by adding crystalline l ‐methionine (0.77%), l ‐lysine (0.95%), and l ‐isoleucine (0.44%) to ensure the essential amino acid (EAA) contents of CPS diets to reach or exceed those of FM diet. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (Diets 1–6) were formulated to contain 0, 9, 18, 27, 36, and 45% CPS replacing 0, 13, 26, 39, 52, and 65% FM protein, respectively. Triplicate groups of 180 fish (initial average 1.88 ± 0.01 g) were fed diets to apparent satiation by hand twice daily for 8 wk in floating sea cages (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5 m). The water temperature ranged from 26.5 to 29.5 C, the salinity from 25 to 28‰, and the dissolved oxygen content was approximately 7 mg/L during the experimental period. The results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of fish fed Diets 2 and 3 were not significantly different from those of fish fed control diet (Diet 1). However, SGR and FER of fish fed Diets 4–6 were significantly lower compared with control group (P < 0.05). The whole‐body proximate analysis showed that protein significantly decreased with increasing dietary CPS levels (P < 0.05), while the whole‐body lipid, ash, and moisture showed no significant differences among dietary treatments. Methionine, cystine, and lysine contents of the whole body were significantly influenced by dietary CPS level (P < 0.05), while other EAA contents showed no significant differences. Results of the present study indicated that CPS could replace about 26% FM protein in diets for the large yellow croaker on crude protein basis without adverse effect on growth.     

Natural co‐infection of cultured Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus with Aeromonas hydrophila and Gyrodactylus cichlidarum experiencing high mortality during summer

Aeromonas hydrophila and Gyrodactylus cichlidarum are common pathogens that induce significant economic losses in farm‐reared Nile tilapia. Nowadays, the sudden appearance of fish mortalities was exaggerated due to mixed and multiple infections. During summer 2016, mass mortality among earthen pond‐farmed Nile tilapia was reported. Clinico‐pathological, bacteriological and parasitological examinations have been demonstrated. As well, the water quality parameters were assessed. The clinical and histopathological findings of the moribund and recently dead fish were characterized by generalized septicaemic signs. The water quality parameters were significantly elevated over the permissible levels, whereas there was an elevation in nitrite (0.04 mg/L), un‐ionized ammonia (0.8 mg/L), hydrogen sulphide levels (153.1 mg/L) and organic matter content (3.79 mg/L). A. hydrophila was identified based on phenotypic characterization, API 20E features and the homology of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. In addition, PCR data confirmed the presence of aerolysin (aerA) and haemolysin (hly) genes in the identified A. hydrophila isolates. Gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequence confirmed that A. hydrophila H/A (accession No. MN726928) of the present study displayed 98%–99% identity with the 16S rRNA gene of A. hydrophila. Furthermore, the monogenetic trematode, G. cichlidarum was identified in the wet mounts from the skin and gills of the examined fish with a high infestation rate. In this context, it was reported that the synergistic co‐infection of A. hydrophila and G. cichlidarum with deteriorated water quality parameters could induce exaggerated fish mortalities during hot weather.     

禁捕前鄱阳湖鱼类群落多样性及环境影响因子研究

为掌握鄱阳湖鱼类群落特征，课题组于2020年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(11月)和2021年冬季(1月)4个季度，在鄱阳湖10个区域5种生境开展鱼类资源调查研究，同步采集水环境样品。研究共采集鉴定鱼类67种，隶属于8目14科47属，其中鲤科鱼类物种数最多(41种)，占比为61.19%。基于不同分组，鱼类生态类型分别以定居性鱼类(67.16%)、杂食性鱼类(44.78%)、中下层鱼类(35.82%)占据优势。该群落以小型鱼类为优势类群，数量占比为68.70%；鱼类优势种共有6种，第一优势种为似鳊。鱼类群落结构在季节上存在显著性差异，春季鱼类物种多样性指数高于冬季。非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)显示，空间上鱼类可划分为2个类群，分别为湖口区类群和草型湖区-湖汊区-湖心区-沿岸带类群。冗余分析(RDA)显示，总磷、叶绿素a和透明度是影响鱼类物种时空分布的关键环境因子。丰度/生物量比较曲线(ABC曲线)分析表明，鱼类群落受到严重干扰(W=-0.091)。本研究成果可为鄱阳湖禁渔效果评估和鱼类多样性保护提供科学依据。     

Influence of diet and feeding strategy on the performance of nitrifying trickling filter,oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) raised in recirculating aquaculture systems

Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) was raised in six individual recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) whose biofilters’ performance was analyzed. Fish were fed with three different diets (a control diet, a fishmeal-based diet (FM), and a plant meal-based diet (VM)) and with three different feeding strategies (manual feeding to apparent satiation, automatic feeding with restricted ration, and auto-demand feeding). For every combination of diet and feeding strategy, the mean oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, and ammonia removal rate were determined. Fish fed with the VM diet consumed the most oxygen (20.06?±?1.80 gO₂ consumed kg^?1 day^?1). There were significant differences in ammonia excretion depending on the protein content and protein efficiency of the diet, as well as depending on feeding strategy, which in turn affected ammonia removal rates. Fish fed by auto-demand feeders led to the highest mean ammonia removal rate (0.10 gN-TAN removed m^?2 biofiltration area day^?1), while not leading to peaks of high ammonia concentration in water, which preserve fish welfare and growth.

     

A case study of biofilter activation and microbial nitrification in a marine recirculation aquaculture system for rearing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Marine recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) is a prominent technology within fish farming. However, the nitrifying bacteria in the biofilter have low growth rates, which can make the biofilter activation a long and delicate process with periods of low nitrification rates and variations in water quality. More knowledge on the microbial development in biofilters is therefore needed in order to understand the rearing conditions that favour optimal activation of the biofilters. In this case study, we investigated the activation of two biofilters in a marine RAS for Atlantic salmon post‐smolt associated with either high or low stocking densities of fish by monitoring the microbial communities and chemical composition. The results showed that the microbial communities in both biofilters were similar during the first rearing cycle, despite variations in the water quality. Nitrifying bacteria were established in both biofilters; however, the biofilter associated with low stocking density had the highest relative abundance of ammonia‐oxidizing Nitrosococcus (1.0%) and nitrite‐oxidizing Nitrospira (2.1%) at the end of the first rearing cycle, while the relative abundance of ammonia‐oxidizing Nitrosomonas (2.3%–2.9%) was similar in both biofilters. Our study showed that low fish stocking density during the first rearing cycle provided low and steady concentrations of ammonium, nitrite and organic load, which can stimulate rapid development of a nitrifying population in new marine RAS biofilters.