应用生产函数确定网箱养殖赤点石斑鱼最佳放养密度

根据广东省惠阳县网箱养殖的生产统计数据,拟合了赤点石斑鱼的生产函数。该生产函数为不过原点的二次模型,其变量包括放养密度、养殖期、鱼种规格、养殖期以及成活率等。该模型的产量生产函数为：Ｙ＝－．０００ ４９５Ｄ＾２＋０．９３０Ｄ－０．０００ ８８７Ｄ．Ｆｓ－０．０１０ ３Ｄ．Ｃｐ＋０．６８６Ｆｓ＋５．４４８Ｃｐ－１６９．７８３,Ｒ＾２＝０．８９７０。据此求得最大经济效益的放养密度与养殖规格、养殖期及上     

淤泥湖近太湖新银鱼的生长研究

对生活在湖北淤泥湖中的近太湖新银鱼进行了生长研究。结果为：①全长与体重的相关关系：Ｗ＝２．３１２×１０＾－６Ｌ＾３．００；②全长生长方程：Ｌｔ＝７２．３（１－ｅ＾－０．３（ｔ＾－０．１）），体重生长方程Ｗｔ＝０．８７３８（１－ｅ＾－０．３（ｔ＾－０．１））＾３。③Ｌ∞＝７２．３（ｍｍ），Ｗ∞＝０．８７３８（ｇ），ｋ＝０．３ｔ＝０．１，拐点年龄ｔｉ＝３．７月龄，拐点体重Ｗｉ＝０．２５ｇ。     

菲律宾蛤仔生理生态学研究：Ⅰ.温度,体重及摄食状态对耗氧率及排？…

在室内试验条件下研究了温度、体重及摄食状态对菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果显示,菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率与体重呈负相关关系,而与温度呈正相关关系,并符合下列模式,Ｑｏ＝２．０１５Ｗ＾－０．６３５（ｒ＝－０．９６９,ｐ〈０．０１,Ｎ＝１４）和Ｑｎ＝０．０６９Ｗ＾－０．３６９（Ｒ＝０．７５４,Ｐ〈０．０１,ｎ＝１３）。在摄食状态下,菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率比饥饿状态有大幅度的提高,分别提高     

黑鲷的生长和生态转换效率及基主要影响因素

黑鲷的特定生长率随温度或摄 食水平升高而减速增长，其关系分别可用公式ＳＧＲ＝１．０７１nＴ－２．４４或ＳＧＲ＝０．４６１n（ＦＬ）－０．０７１定量描述；而生态转换效率则随温度或摄食水平增大而增至一峰值，然后随其进一步增加而降低，其关系则分别可用二次曲线Ｅg＝－０．１２Ｔ＾２＋４．６４Ｔ－２９．７４或Ｅg＝－５．９２ＦＬ＾２＋３５．５７ＦＬ＋２６．６９定量描述，且依据上述公式可分别求得实验条件下的最佳生     

鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica）胚胎发育与水温和盐度的关系

实验结果表明，鳗鲡胚胎发育与水温和盐度关系密切，在一定的水温范围内，胚胎发育所需时间与水温呈负相关关系，ｙ＝２４６．７７５ｅ＾－０．０８２ｘ。其合适水温范围是２０－２６℃，临界水温上限３０℃，下限１６℃；胚胎发育的合适盐度范围是１５－３５‰，临界盐度上限４０－４５‰，下限５－１０‰。胚胎孵化率与盐度呈二次曲线相关关系，ｙ＝３６．９３＋０．２３ｘ－０．１９ｘ＾２。     

珠江斑Hu年龄和生长的研究

观察珠江斑Ｈｕ的胸鳍和鳃盖骨,研究其年龄特征、渔获物年龄组成和体长、体重组成,并对其体长与鳃盖骨长、体长与体重的关系,以及生长规律进行了分析。其年轮形成时间为１２月～翌年３月;体长与鳃盖骨长的关系式为Ｌ＝３４．７６Ｒ＋０．４５３３,体长与体重的关系式为Ｗ＝０．０３２Ｌ＾３．１８７２。生长Ｖｏｎ Ｂｅｒｔａｌａｎｆｆｙ方程分别为Ｌｔ＝１５６．７５「１－ｅ＾－０．０８９（ｔ－０．０１６８）」和Ｗｔ＝３     

菲律宾蛤仔生理生态学研究 Ⅰ.温度、体重及摄食状态对耗氧率及排氨率的影响

在室内试验条件下研究了温度、体重及摄食状态对菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果显示,菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率与体重呈负相关关系,而与温度呈正相关关系,并符合下列模式, Ｑｏ ＝ ２ ．０１５ Ｗ－ ０ ．６３５（ Ｒ ＝ － ０．９６９, Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０１ ,ｎ ＝ １４） 和Ｑｎ ＝ ０ ．０６９ Ｗ－０ ．３６９（ Ｒ ＝ ０．７５４ ,Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１ ,ｎ ＝ １３）。在摄食状态下,菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率比饥饿状态有大幅度的提高,分别提高了７５ ．３ ％ 和４０３ ．７ ％ ,表明在摄食状态下蛋白质的代谢明显增加     

黄颡鱼生长特征与食性的研究

本文研究了黄颡鱼的生长特征及食性，得到黄颡鱼体长与体重的关系式为Ｗ＝３．５７１×１０＾－４Ｌ＾２．３７９，体长生长方程为Ｌｔ＝２３７．００２（１－ｅ＾－０．２８０（ｔ＋０．１２７），主要食物为虾类，其次为小鱼、鱼卵等。     

六片式拖网性能的研究

利用１／７比例的网具模型，在拖曳水槽中对六片式拖网进行水槽试验。得出网口高度公式为：Ｈ＝０．１２１ＣＶ＾－０．８１１。网具阻力公式为：Ｒ＝０．０６９ｄ／ａＬＣＶ＾１．５５９。同时得出力纲上装配浮子能提高网口高度３．６％，上中纲与上纲长度之比不能大于０．１４０，上边纲长度可大于相对应的力纲３．３％等设计网具数据。     

长江口花鲈的生长和食性

花鲈为沿海及河口的经济鱼类，亦可溯河生活于淡水。在长江口水域，花鲈属中型鱼类，其体长和体重的相关关系式为：Ｗ＝０．０６０５Ｌ＾２．６３４６（ｒ＝０．９８７８），生长方程为：Ｌｔ＝１００．９９５７［１－ｅ＾０．１７６８（ｔ＋０．７６３３）］，Ｗｔ＝１１５４２．２６［１－ｅ＾－１７６８（ｔ＋０．７６３３）］＾２．６３４６，体重生长拐点ｔｒ＝４．７龄，拐点处体重为３２８１．４克。早期幼鱼以浮游动物为食，     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.