滇池金线鲃全人工繁殖研究

用人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)、促黄体素释放激素类似物(LRH—A2 )、马来酸地欧酮(DOM)组成的混合催产剂对滇池金线鲃催产获得成功,用人绒毛膜促性腺激素、鲤鱼脑垂体和人绒毛膜促性腺激素组合的催产失败。采取两次注射催产效果明显,第一次用LRH-A2 2μg /Kg催熟,第二次用LRH-A2 8μg /Kg + DOM 3mg/Kg ＋HCG1000IU/Kg催产,效果较好;采取遮光孵化,孵化率明显提高。     

尖头金线鲤人工繁殖初步研究

用人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)、促黄体素释放激素类似物(LRH-A2)、马来酸地欧酮(DOM)组合对尖头金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilus oxycephalus)催产获得成功,用鲤脑垂体5 mg/kg和人绒毛膜促性腺激素1 000 IU/kg组合催产失败.采取2次注射(第1次注射LRH-A2 2μg/kg,第2次注射LRH-A2 8μg/kg+DOM 3 mg/ks+HCG1 000 IU/kg)催产效果明显;采取遮光孵化,孵化率明显提高.     

尖头金线鲃人工繁殖初步研究

用人绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）、促黄体素释放激素类似物（LRH—A2）、马来酸地欧酮（DOM）组合对尖头金线鲃（Sinocyclocheilus oxycephalus）催产获得成功，用鲤脑垂体5mg／kg和人绒毛膜促性腺激素1000IU／kg组合催产失败。采取2次注射（第1次注射LRH—A2 2μg／kg，第2次注射LRH—A2 8μg/kg＋DOM3mg／kg＋HCG 1000IU／kg）催产效果明显；采取遮光孵化，孵化率明显提高。     

曲靖金线鲃人工繁殖试验

采用人类绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)+促黄体素释放激素类似物(LRH-A2)+马来酸地欧酮(DOM)组成混合催产剂对曲靖金线鲃催产获得成功,单独使用人类绒毛膜促性腺激素或鲤鱼脑垂体(PG)+人类绒毛膜促性腺激素的混合催产剂均失败。     

不同催产剂型对人工培育巴马拟缨鱼性腺及性激素水平的影响

为探究不同催产剂催产人工养殖巴马拟缨鱼性激素水平变化,设置4个剂量处理组,分别为：A组(LHRH-A₃15μg+HCG 3000 IU+DOM 15 mg)/kg、B组(LHRH-A₃9μg+HCG 2000 IU+DOM 10 mg)/kg、C组(LHRH-A₃3μg+HCG 1000 IU+DOM5 mg)/kg和D组(鱼用高效鱼用催产剂800活性单位+HCG 2500 IU)/kg;雄鱼剂量为雌鱼的1/2。催产前所采集雌雄鱼样本作为对照组M。结果表明,A组催产剂的剂型及配比,有助于提高人工养殖巴马拟缨鱼雌二醇、雌三醇水平,进而促进人工培育条件下的卵巢发育;B组催产剂利于巴马拟缨鱼雌酮水平;人工养殖巴马拟缨鱼亲本,对D组催产剂敏感性较低,D组催产剂不利于提高亲鱼雌激素水平,其中B组和C组更利于促进人工培育条件下的卵巢发育成熟。各组催产剂的剂型及配比,均促进了人工培育的巴马拟缨鱼雄性亲本精巢发育,其中A组的剂型为最佳剂型。指出,雌性亲本尚未完全成熟,影响巴马拟缨鱼产卵排精刺激的重要因素,还有待进一步研究。     

鸭绿沙塘鳢的人工繁殖技术研究

通过对鸭绿沙塘鳢(odontobuds yaluensis)亲鱼培育、人工催产和孵化技术的初步研究,旨在完善其规模化人工繁殖及育苗技术,为大规模人工繁殖和养殖奠定基础。结果表明,人工催产显著提高了鸭绿江沙塘鳢的产卵率,即采用两次肌肉注射,催产剂为促黄体素释放激素A2(LHRH一A2),地欧酮(DOM)及绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG);最佳剂量第一次注射:LHRH-A24.0μg/kg、DOM 2.0mg/kg、HCG 300IU/kg;第二次注射:LHRH-A28.0μg/kg、DOM 5.0mg/kg、HCG 1 500IU/kg,产卵率20%,产出卵受精率达61%。采用不间断充气和定期换水孵化,孵化率和仔鱼成活率分别为40%和53%。     

细鳞裂腹鱼人工繁殖研究

2005～2006年,分别用4种不同的催产剂组合对经人工驯养的180余尾性成熟的野生细鳞裂腹鱼(Schizo-thoraxchongi)进行了人工催产,共获得受精卵50余万粒,孵化出仔鱼9万余尾。催产效果较好的催产剂组合为:鲤鱼脑垂体(PG)与人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)联合二次注射,第一次注射剂量为(5 mg+600 IU)/kg鱼体重,第二次注射剂量为(12 mg+1000 IU)/kg鱼体重,在水温13～18℃效应时间为85～98 h。     

鲈鲤人工繁殖初步研究

为探索鲈鲤(Percocypris pingi)的全人工繁育技术,2012年对人工驯养的鲈鲤亲鱼进行了4批次共计23组催产试验,在4种不同的催产剂组合中选出催产效果较好的一组,于2013、2015年再次应用,分别进行了6组和10组鲈鲤人工繁殖试验。试验结果显示:催产效果较好的催产剂组合为鲤鱼脑垂体(PG)+促黄体素释放激素类似物(LHRH-A_2)。对所有雌亲鱼采用一次或多次注射,每次注射的催产剂量为PG每千克鱼体质量不超过8 mg,LHRH-A_2每千克鱼体质量不超过12μg。采用2次注射,第一次注射剂量为总剂量的1/8~1/6,余下剂量第二次注射完。在水温17~21℃的条件下,效应时间为12~20 h。结果表明,对养殖条件下的鲈鲤进行人工繁殖是可行的,但亲鱼培育和苗种孵化技术有待进一步提高。     

湘华鲮引种驯养及繁育技术研究

2007～2009年,从沅江、资江采用三种不同捕捞方法,共获得野生湘华鲮Sinilabeo decorus tungting (Nichols) 252尾,分别在三种不同水域中进行驯养,结果成活率为,池塘驯养27%,水泥池水流驯养78.8%,江河网箱驯养77.5%,三种不同捕捞方法驯养成活率分别是,电捕93.8%,刺网捕60.8%,电打+鹭鸶捕42.6%。人工繁殖所获亲鱼,在18批次催产中有16批次为野生亲本,2批次为人工驯养亲本。18批次共催产亲鱼37尾,有19尾产卵,催产率为51.4%,其中人工驯养鱼催产5尾,产4尾,催产率为80%,催产共计产卵35.6万粒,受精率在51%～88%,孵化出苗17.68万尾。在四种催产药物中,通过多种组合试验,结果为（LRH-A2 (5 μg/kg)+HCG (1000 IU/kg)+PG (1.5个/kg)）、（LRH-A2 (5 μg/kg)+HCG (1000 IU/kg)）和（LRH-A2 (6 μg/kg)+HCG (800 IU/kg) + DOM (3 μg/kg)）3种药物组合效果较好。苗种培育,经三种不同培育模式试验,其水泥池成活率为25.8%,江河网箱68.4%,土池21.7%;起水均重为,池塘7.8g/尾,江河网箱5.1g/尾,水泥池6.0g/尾,各池湘华鲮苗种起水总重量,水泥池1550g,江河网箱3500g,池塘1700g。     

投喂激素催产光唇鱼试验

针对目前光唇鱼人工繁殖操作繁琐、亲鱼死亡率高、繁殖率较低的问题,研制了一种激素口服颗粒。将LHRH-A2、HCG和DOM溶解于生理盐水中,吸附于浮性颗粒饵料内,表面涂覆一层添加维生素E的鸭油制成催熟剂和催产剂。用投喂的方式对光唇鱼进行催熟和催产,平均每尾雌鱼产卵677粒、出苗372尾,平均受精率71.19%、孵化率77.25%。光唇鱼口服催熟剂最佳剂量为(LHRH-A_2)7.5μg/kg体重·次,口服催产剂最佳剂量为(LHRH-A_2)45μg+(HCG)1 500IU+(DOM)18mg/kg体重。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.