LED光谱对舌齿鲈幼鱼摄食、生长和能量分配的影响

在海水循环水养殖系统中,分别设置白光(λ_(400～780 nm))、红光(λ_(630 nm))、黄光(λ_(595 nm))、绿光(λ_(530 nm))、蓝光(λ_(455 nm))5组不同LED光谱处理组,研究5种不同LED光谱对舌齿鲈幼鱼[(29.91±0.39) g、(13.78±0.35) cm)]摄食、生长和能量分配的影响。结果显示,不同LED光谱对舌齿鲈幼鱼摄食、生长和能量分配具有显著性影响。红光谱下舌齿鲈幼鱼生长较好(41.09±5.70) g,蓝光谱下舌齿鲈幼鱼生长较差(36.02±4.18) g;蓝光谱下舌齿鲈幼鱼DGC(daily growth coefficient)显著低于其他各组,其他各组之间差异不显著;5组LED光谱处理组舌齿鲈幼鱼摄食率存在显著性差异,其中红光谱摄食率最高。类胰岛素生长因子IGF-1和IGF-2测定结果表明,白光谱下IGF-1的mRNA表达量最高;黄光谱下IGF-2的mRNA表达量最高。能量分配方面,红光谱下舌齿鲈幼鱼排粪能和代谢能较低,摄食能和生长能较高;蓝光谱下舌齿鲈幼鱼排粪能较高,摄食能和代谢能较低,生长能最低。对舌齿鲈幼鱼肌肉和肝脏RNA/DNA比值测定结果表明,蓝光谱下,舌齿鲈幼鱼肝脏RNA/DNA比值显著高于其他各组;蓝光谱和白光谱下舌齿鲈幼鱼肌肉中RNA/DNA比值存在显著性差异,其他各组之间不具有显著性差异。研究表明,红光谱下舌齿鲈幼鱼摄食、生长均表现较好,且红光谱下舌齿鲈幼鱼具有较高的摄食能和生长能;蓝光谱下舌齿鲈幼鱼摄食、生长表现较差,排粪能较高,生长能较低。因此,红光谱对舌齿鲈幼鱼摄食、生长具有积极影响;蓝光谱对舌齿鲈幼鱼摄食、生长具有不利影响。     

光照周期对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长、能量分配及生化指标的影响

在循环水实验系统中,设置1 L∶23 D、9 L∶15 D、12 L∶12 D、15 L∶9 D、24 L∶0 D(光L∶暗D)共5个光照周期处理组,研究其对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长及部分生化指标的影响。实验结束时褐牙鲆幼鱼的体质量为41.10~43.98 g,不同处理组间无显著差异,体质量未表现出与日光照周期长短的相关性。日生长系数只在21~30 d阶段内出现显著差异,整个实验期间的平均日生长系数为1.86~2.02,不同处理组间不存在显著差异,日生长系数随日光照周期的延长略呈下降趋势。不同阶段的摄食率在31~40 d阶段出现显著差异,12 L∶12 D处理组摄食率显著高于9 L∶15 D处理组。在整个实验期间,1 L∶23 D的褐牙鲆幼鱼摄食率为1.64,显著低于12 L∶12 D的褐牙鲆幼鱼的摄食率(1.79)。整个实验期间,1 L∶23 D的褐牙鲆幼鱼平均饲料转化效率为113.49,显著高于12 L∶12 D、15 L∶9 D、24 L∶0 D的褐牙鲆幼鱼,并略高于9 L∶15 D的褐牙鲆幼鱼,饲料转化效率随光照时间的延长呈下降趋势。实验期间摄食能的分配比例仅在排泄能上出现显著差异,15 L∶9 D最高,12 L∶12 D最低,其他各项能量分配均无显著差异。不同光照周期对耗氧率影响显著,15 L∶9 D最高,为0.252 mg/(g·h),24 L∶0 D最低,为0.173 mg/(g·h)。耗氧率随着光照时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势。血浆生长激素和类胰岛素生长因子I含量在不同处理组间也不存在显著差异,随光照时间延长也未表现出明显变动趋势。血浆褪黑素含量随光照时间的增加呈先下降后上升的趋势,12 L∶12 D处理组MT含量最低,但与其他处理组差异不显著。实验结束时肌肉RNA/DNA比值随光照周期延长呈先上升后下降变动趋势,其中15 L∶9 D和24 L∶0 D处理组的肌肉RNA/DNA比值显著高于1 L∶23 D处理。肝脏RNA/DNA比值以12 L∶12 D最高,15 L∶9 D最低。实验结果表明光照周期对褐牙鲆幼鱼摄食量和饲料转化效率产生显著影响,但摄食量减少的处理组由于耗氧率降低因而饲料转化效率得到提高,因此光照周期对生长没有显著影响。光照周期明显影响血浆褪黑素、肌肉和肝脏RNA/DNA比值,但生化指标的差异与生长无明显相关性。     

光环境因子对豹纹鳃棘鲈幼鱼栖息特性的影响

以豹纹鳃棘鲈[全长(17.5±0.6)cm、体质量(205.2±1.7)g]为研究对象,分别采用光梯度法和正交试验法,在小型循环水养殖系统中一个特制的养殖水槽和一组常规的养殖水槽内探究了豹纹鳃棘鲈幼鱼对白、蓝、绿、黄和红5种光环境的喜好性和三原色(红色A1、绿色A2、蓝色A3)及光周期(16L︰8D,B1;12L︰12D,B2;8L︰16D,B3)和光照度(1000lx,C1;1500lx,C2;2000lx,C3)对豹纹鳃棘鲈幼鱼栖息的影响。结果表明,光色和光照度对幼鱼幼鱼的栖息习性均有显著影响,在试验设定的光色和光照度范围内,同光色照射下,随着光照度的升高,幼鱼对光照度的敏感性越来越低,在不同光照度下的分布率差异不显著(P0.05);同强度光照射下,光波长越大,幼鱼分布率越高,随着光照度的升高,幼鱼对光波长的敏感度逐渐降低,但在不同光色下的分布率显著差异(P0.05)。正交试验结果,光色对豹纹鳃棘鲈幼鱼的栖息有显著影响(P0.05),光周期和光照度对豹纹鳃棘鲈栖息影响不显著(P0.05);极差分析结果,豹纹鳃棘鲈幼鱼最适宜栖息的光照环境是绿色光;光周期16L∶8D;光照度1500lx;影响豹纹鳃棘鲈幼鱼栖息的主要光照因子是光色,其次是光照度和光照周期。     

不同光周期下红螯螯虾幼虾摄食节律的研究

在不同光周期下对红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)幼虾的摄食节律进行了研究。结果显示:红螯螯虾具有明显的日摄食节律,24 L(持续光照)、12 L∶12 D(12 h光照:12 h黑暗)和24 D(持续黑暗)光周期下,其摄食率、摄食量和摄食发生率均在19∶00-21∶00和5∶00-7∶00出现峰值,分别为:13.01%和15.58%、20.82%和14.75%、12.77%和16.89%,属晨昏型摄食。光周期和不同时段对红鳌幼虾摄食无显著的交互作用(P>0.05)。     

饲料钙磷水平对宝石鲈生长和体成分的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，乳酸钙（Ca-lactate）和磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4•2H2O)为钙源和磷源，配制成D1（0.0%钙，0.0%磷）、D2（0.5%钙，0.0%磷）、D3（0.0%钙，0.6%磷）、D4（0.5%钙，0.6%磷）、D5（1.0%钙，0.6%磷）和D6（1.5%钙，0.6%磷）六种等氮等能纯化试验饲料。每组饲料饲喂3个重复，每重复饲养20尾宝石鲈幼鱼，经过室内网箱60天生长试验，探讨在饲料中添加钙磷对宝石鲈幼鱼（初始体质量13.42±0.68g）生长性能、全鱼和肌肉营养成分以及脊椎骨钙磷含量的影响。试验结果表明: 饲料中未添加磷组（D1和D2）试验鱼的终末体质量、特定生长率和脊椎骨钙磷含量显著低于添加组(P<0.05)，而饲料系数、全体和肌肉脂肪含量显著高于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料中未添加磷时，添加0.5%钙对宝石鲈的特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼和肌肉营养成分、脊椎骨的灰分和钙磷含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。当饲料中添加0.6%磷时，钙的添加量（0~1.5%）对宝石鲈的终末体质量、特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼组成、肌肉组成（水分、粗蛋白和灰分）和脊椎骨组成（粗灰分、磷和钙磷比）没有显著影响(P>0.05)。饲料中钙添加量过大（1.5%）组脊椎骨钙含量显著减少(P<0.05)。饲料中添加磷显著降低了鱼体中粗脂肪含量(P<0.05)，但提高了脊椎骨钙磷的含量(P<0.05)。各组脊椎骨钙磷比均处于1.78～1.82范围内，组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。通过宝石鲈幼鱼生长性能和脊椎骨矿化作用分析表明，当饲料中添加0.6%磷时，钙的适宜添加量为0.5%。 关键词：宝石鲈；钙；磷     

光照周期对美洲鲥生长及耗氧率的影响

为探究光照周期对美洲鲥生长及耗氧率的影响,在工厂化循环水养殖系统中,设置9L∶15D、12L∶12D、15L∶9D、24L∶0D(光L∶暗D)共4个光照周期处理组,开展为期60 d的试验,通过测算各组美洲鲥的摄食率、体质量增加率及成活率,研究光照周期对美洲鲥生长的影响,并采用封闭流水式呼吸装置,测定了上述4个光照周期条件下美洲鲥的24 h耗氧率。试验结果显示:随着光照时间的延长,摄食率和耗氧率均呈上升趋势,体质量增加率呈下降趋势,其中24L∶0D处理组摄食率和耗氧率显著高于9L∶15D处理组,体质量增加率显著低于9L∶15D处理组(P0.05)。试验期间各处理组美洲鲥的成活率没有显著差异。     

不同光照周期对脊尾白虾生长、性腺发育以及血淋巴生化成分的影响

为探讨不同光照周期对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)生长、性腺发育以及血淋巴生化成分的影响，本研究挑选体质量为(0.71±0.05) g、体长为(3.62±0.28) cm的脊尾白虾，在水温23~25℃、盐度22~24、pH 7.8~8.1、光照强度为1000 lx的养殖条件下，测定其在5种光照周期(全光照L、16L︰8D、12L︰12D、8L︰16D、全黑暗D，L表示光照时长，D表示黑暗时长)下的生长、性腺发育以及血淋巴生化成分等相关指标。结果显示，在存活率方面，全黑暗组最高[(86.67±5.77)%]，其次为12L︰12D组[(83.33±8.82)%]，再次为8L︰16D组[(80.00±3.33)%]，3组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)；在特定生长率方面，8L︰16D组的特定生长率为(2.49±0.20)%/d，显著高于全黑暗组(P<0.05)；在蜕壳率方面，8L︰16D组蜕壳率最高，为(6.96±0.50)次/(尾·d)。性腺指数随光照时间的缩短逐渐增大，在光照时间为8L时达到最高值[(2.37±0.04)%]，显著高于其他组(P<0.05)；8L︰16D组卵巢成熟率为(42.93±4.57)%，显著高于全黑暗组(P<0.05)；8L︰16D组卵巢相对长度在实验第30天时显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。8L︰16D组血淋巴蛋白质和胆固醇浓度显著高于全光照组、16L︰8D组和全黑暗组(P<0.05)，与12L︰12D组无显著差异(P>0.05)；8L︰16D组葡萄糖浓度显著高于全光照组和全黑暗组(P<0.05)，与16L︰8D组和12L︰12D组差异不显著(P>0.05)；8L︰16D组甘油三酯浓度显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。研究表明，不同光照周期对脊尾白虾生长、性腺发育以及血淋巴生化成分均产生不同程度的影响，8L︰16D是脊尾白虾亲虾促熟和工厂化养殖较为适宜的光照周期。     

水温、光周期和光照强度对塔里木裂腹鱼幼鱼存活、摄食和生长的影响及其盐碱耐受能力研究

文章采用实验生态学方法探究了水温、光周期和光照强度对塔里木裂腹鱼(Schizothorax biddulphi)幼鱼存活、摄食和生长的影响,使用Box-Benhnken实验设计法预测幼鱼最佳生长环境条件,并通过单因子静态毒性急性实验法对其盐碱耐受能力进行了研究。结果显示,水温5～25℃时幼鱼成活率均在85%以上;水温20℃时摄食率、体长增长率和特定生长率达到最高;光周期16 L∶8 D或光照强度500 lx时,各水平均达到最高;水温12.98℃、每天光照15.07 h、光照强度670.27 lx时,幼鱼达到理论最佳存活、摄食、生长条件;幼鱼24、48、72和96 h的氯化钠(NaCl)盐度半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为4.01、3.62、3.29和2.92 g·L~(-1),安全浓度(SC)为0.89 g·L~(-1);24、48、72和96 h碳酸氢钠(NaHCO_3)碱度LC_(50)分别为97.14、86.75、80.26和74.52 mmol·L~(-1),SC为20.75 mmol·L~(-1)。     

光环境因子对循环水养殖系统中大西洋鲑生长和摄食的影响

采用正交实验法,研究了不同光色(白光,A1;蓝光,A2;红光,A3)、光周期(24L︰0D,B1;12L︰12D,B2;8L︰16D,B3)和光强(0.88 W/m2,C1;4.55 W/m2,C2;8.60 W/m2,C3)对循环水养殖系统中体质量(850.97±82.77)g的大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)生长和摄食的影响。实验设A1B1C1(1)、A1B2C2(2)、A1B3C3(3)、A2B1C2(4)、A2B2C3(5)、A2B3C1(6)、A3B1C3(7)、A3B2C1(8)、A3B3C2(9)9个处理组,在相应设定条件下饲养180 d。结果表明,在光色为红光、光周期为12L︰12D和光强8.60 W/m2条件下大西洋鲑的成活率最高,但光色、光周期和光强对成活率的影响差异不显著(P0.05);实验期间各组鱼的相对增重率和肥满度差异均不显著(P0.05);至第120天,2、5、6组鱼的体长特定生长率显著高于1组(P0.05);至第180天,1、2、4、7、8组鱼的体质量特定生长率显著高于6组(P0.05),1、2、3、4、7、8、9组鱼的日增重显著高于6组(P0.05),9组鱼的体质量变异系数显著低于7组(P0.05)。9组鱼血浆中生长激素显著高于1、2、3、4、6、7和8组(P0.05);摄食率、饲料转化效率和饲料系数最佳时的光照条件为:红光、12L︰12D、8.60 W/m2,但光色、光周期和光强对摄食率、饲料转化效率及饲料系数的影响差异不显著(P0.05)。本实验条件下,较为适宜的光照条件是:红光、12L:12D、8.60 W/m2。     

长江口中华鲟幼鱼趋光行为及其对摄食的影响

研究了长江口中华鲟幼鱼对光照强度的选择及其对摄食的影响，结果表明：个体实验时，中华鲟幼鱼选择暗区（1~2 lx）、过渡区（10~12 lx）和亮区（200~209 lx）的时间百分比分别是(1.32%±3.50%) 、(7.17%±13.5%)和 (91.52%±14.9%)；群体实验时，中华鲟幼鱼选择暗区、过渡区和亮区的数量百分比分别为(6.42%±4.13%)、(14.20%±7.45%)和(82.38%±15.2%)，个体实验的时间百分比和群体实验的数量百分比在3个不同亮度区内均存在显著差异（P＜0.05），中华鲟幼鱼具有明显的趋光行为。幼鱼在亮区围绕光源作圆周运动，其行为模式符合鱼类趋光的“信号适应”机制假说。中华鲟幼鱼猎食活体子陵吻虾虎鱼的摄食量（Fc）、摄食强度（Fi）、摄食率（Fr），在光照（206 lx）条件下，分别为(9.67±2.08) （尾/10尾·4 h）、（0.97±0.21）（尾/尾·4 h）、 （0.24±0.05）（尾/尾·h）；黑暗条件下（0 lx），分别为(10.67±2.31)（尾/10尾·4 h）、(1.07±0.23)（尾/尾·4 h）、(0.27±0.06)（尾/尾·h）。处理间（光照和黑暗之间），3项指标均无显著差异（P>0.05）。这一结果表明，中华鲟幼鱼的猎食效率与光照强度无关，即幼鱼不依靠视觉捕食，属非视觉摄食类型鱼类，因此，认为中华鲟幼鱼趋光行为中，光线的信号意义大于利用视觉捕食的意义，幼鱼以光线作为信号来寻找食物丰富的栖息地。     

Reproduction,growth and stress response in adult red sea bream,Pagrus major (Temminck & Schlegel) exposed to different photoperiods at spawning season

Adult red sea bream, Pagrus major (body weight, 1.0–2.0 kg) was exposed to three photoperiods [12 h light:12 h dark (12L:12D), 16 h light:8 h dark (16L:8D) and 24 h light:0 h dark (24L:0D)] from 2 months before spawning till the end of the spawning season to investigate growth, spawning and stress response. During the spawning season, tanks were checked every morning for spawned eggs. The growth performance in fish under 24L:0D was stimulated with significantly higher feed intake than those under other photoperiods (P<0.05). The number of eggs and gonadal histology confirmed that three and five females out of six in each of duplicate tanks of the 16L:8D treatment spawned. In contrast, only two out of six females in one tank of the 24L:0D treatment spawned, and no spawns were observed in the 12L:12D treatment. At the end of the spawning period, both 17β‐estradiol and testosterone levels were significantly higher in fish exposed to 16L:8D followed by 12L:12D and 24L:0D photoperiods (P<0.05). Photoperiod manipulation did not cause significant stress response in fish (P>0.05). The results suggest that stimulating the growth performance of red sea bream at reproductive stage with a 24L:0D photoperiod is possible if the fish are subjected to this photoperiod long before the onset of the spawning season.     

Photoperiod influences the growth, food intake, feed efficiency and digestibility of red sea bream (Pagrus major)

Two consecutive trials were conducted to investigate the effects of photoperiod manipulation on growth rate, food intake and feed conversion efficiency (Trial 1), and the digestibility of nutrients and energy (Trial 2) in red sea bream, Pagrus major (body weight 19–120 g). Fish were exposed to four photoperiods (6L:6D, 12L:12D, 16L:8D and 24L:0D) with light intensity 1500 lx on the water surface. The fish were fed with a commercial diet to apparent satiation. In Trial 2, 0.5% chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃) was used as an inert marker. Significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rates were observed in fish exposed to a 24L:0D photoperiod followed by 16L:8D, 6L:6D and 12L:12D photoperiods (P < 0.05). Food intake and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were also significantly higher in fish exposed to 24L:0D followed by 16L:8D, 6L:6D and 12L:12D photoperiods (P < 0.05). Fish exposed to 24L:0D and 16L:8D photoperiods showed significantly higher lipid and energy digestibility than those exposed to a 12L:12D photoperiod (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that the enhancement of growth performances under 16L:8D and 24L:0D photoperiods were attributed to improved appetite, greater food intake and higher feed conversion efficiency as well as higher digestibility.     

Feeding interval and photoperiod influence the growth performance of striped knifejaw,Oplegnathus fasciatus

A two‐factor experiment incorporating two photoperiods (16 L:8 D and 24 L:0 D) and four feeding intervals (6, 9, 12 and 24 h) was carried out to determine the most efficient feeding interval and photoperiod for striped knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Fish were fed a commercial diet to apparent satiation for 10 weeks. Blood was collected to measure the stress indicators. Both the photoperiod and the feeding intervals had a significant effect on the growth performance of striped knifejaw; however, their interaction did not produce any significant effect. The final body weight, weight gain (%) and feed intake at 6‐, 9‐ and 12‐h feeding intervals under 16 L:8 D were significantly higher than those at the 24‐h interval irrespective of the photoperiod (P<0.05). The specific growth rate at 6, 9 and 12 h intervals of the 16 L:8 D photoperiod was significantly higher than that of the other feeding intervals, except at 12 h of the 24 L:0 D photoperiod (P<0.05). At the end of the experiment, there were no significant differences in the plasma levels of cortisol, glucose and total protein observed in fish exposed to different photoperiods compared with the initial levels. The results suggested that a combination of a 16 L:8 D photoperiod and either of 6‐, 9‐ or 12‐h intervals can be used to stimulate the growth performance in striped knifejaw.     

Growth performance and physiological responses in striped knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus, held under different photoperiods

The growth performance and stress response in striped knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus (body weight 100–300 g) reared under four photoperiods (6L:6D, 12L:12D, 16L:8D and 24L:0D) were investigated. Fish were fed a commercial diet to apparent satiation, two times a day for 8 weeks. A trial of acute handling and confinement stress was also carried out to investigate the stress-induced levels of different stress indicators in O. fasciatus. Blood was also collected from undisturbed fish which was considered as control. Although there were no significant differences in weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in fish exposed to 6L:6D, 16L:8D and 24L:0D photoperiods, all parameters in these photoperiods were significantly higher than those of 12L:12D photoperiod (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in protein retention efficiency (PRE) between fish exposed to 16L:8D and 24L:0D photoperiods, but PRE in both photoperiods was significantly higher than that of 12L:12D photoperiod.Acute stress significantly increased the plasma levels of cortisol (110.3 ng ml^− 1) and glucose (195.4 mg dl^− 1), and decreased plasma levels of total protein (0.8 g dl^− 1); however, all parameters were returned back to the levels indistinguishable from those of control, undisturbed fish within 24 h. The levels of cortisol, glucose and total protein in fish exposed to different photoperiods during the study were far from the stress-induced levels (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that the growth performance of O. fasciatus reared from 100 to 300 g can be stimulated significantly by using the manipulated photoperiods where feeding time may be playing an important role to increase food intake and feed conversion efficiency. It also revealed that the artificial photoperiods did not cause significant stress response in fish.     

Stimulation of growth performance without causing stress response in young red sea bream, Pagrus major (Temminck & Schlegel), by photoperiod manipulation

Three photoperiods (12L:12D, 16L:8D and 24L:0D) were used to investigate the growth performance and stress response in red sea bream, Pagrus major (body weight 200–400 g). Fish were fed a commercial diet to apparent satiation, two times a day for 8 weeks. Fish exposed to a 24L:0D photoperiod showed a significantly higher weight gain (%) than those exposed to other photoperiods (P<0.05). The best specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency were achieved at 24L:0D and 16L:8D, without significant differences among them. Although fish exposed to 16L:8D showed a significantly higher plasma level of cortisol than those exposed to other photoperiods in the third week, there was no major variation in the cortisol level among the treatments either at the sixth week or at the end of this study. There were no significant differences either in the haematocrit level or the plasma levels of glucose, total cholesterol and total protein among the treatments during this study. The results revealed that the growth performance of red sea bream reared from 200 to 400 g can be stimulated significantly using a continuous (24L:0D) photoperiod without any measurable significant stress response in fish.     

Physiological metabolism of Haliotis discus hannai Ino under different light qualities and cycles

The goal of this experiment was to examine the effects of different light qualities (red, white, blue) and cycles (12L:12D, 8L:16D, 4L:20D, 0L:24D, 16L:8D) on the survival, growth, metabolism and antioxidant defence system of Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Under red and white light at 4L:20D, the body weight‐specific growth rate of abalones was significantly higher than that of the 0L:24D group (P < 0.05). At 16L:8D, succinate dehydrogenase activity decreased and lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase activity and the lactic acid content significantly rose (P < 0.05) in the red and white light groups. Under blue light, reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde content for each light cycle were significantly higher than those of the red and white groups (P < 0.05). Under blue, white and red light, total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GP_X) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) content gradually rose with increased duration of light exposure. Under red light, significant differences in these parameters were detected between the 4L:20D and 16L:8D groups (P < 0.05). Under blue and white light at 16L:8D, values of T‐AOC, SOD, GP_X activity and GSH content were significantly lower than those of the 12L:12D group (P < 0.05). Overall, these results indicate that red light at light cycles of 4L:20D and 8L:16D is optimal for the culture and production of H. discus hannai, as these conditions promoted food intake, growth and health maintenance as well as normal physiological metabolism of the organism.     

The effect of photoperiod and feeding frequency on larval of the Amazonian ornamental fish Pyrrhulina brevis (Steindachner, 1876)

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Pyrrhulina larvae, Pyrrhulina brevis, under different photoperiods and feeding frequencies. A completely randomized design was used, with four replicates in a 5 × 2 factorial, with five photoperiods (6L:18D, 12L:12D, 16L:8D, 20L:4D, 24L:0D) and two feeding frequencies (two or four times a day). Four hundred larvae with an initial length of 4.6 ± 0.09 mm were randomly distributed in 40, 1‐L containers at a density of 10 larvae/L. Feeding was performed with Artemia nauplii in the ratio of 150 Artemia nauplii/larva/feeding. After 15 days, all larvae were euthanized for measurements of length (mm), final weight (mg), survival rate (%) and larvae uniformity in weight an length (%). The data were subjected to analysis of variance and subsequently, in case of significance, a Tukey test was performed to compare means. There was no interaction between photoperiod and feeding frequency on studied variables (P > 0.05). Likewise, there was no influence of feed rate on the same variables (P > 0.05). There was only influence of photoperiod, where the larvae subjected to longest photoperiods (24L:0D and 20L:4D) showed improved weight and length (P < 0.05). Therefore, a photoperiod of 20L:4E, with feeding twice a day is recommended.     

Effects of different photoperiods on growth, stress and haematological parameters in juvenile great sturgeon Huso huso

The effects of constant light (24L:00D), no light (00L:24D) and two light–dark periods (18L:06D;12L:12D) on the growth, stress and haematological variables were assessed in juvenile great sturgeon, Huso huso . During the 8-week experimental period, juveniles (22.5 ± 0.6 g) were kept under a 150 lx light intensity in fibreglass tanks (0.8 m², 500 L). Differences in growth were insignificant during the experiment, but lactate levels were higher in the 00L:24D and 24L:00D photoperiods compared with 12L:12D and 18L:06D photoperiods. Cortisol levels did not show differences among the various photoperiods. At the end of the experimental period, fish reared under a 12L:12D photoperiod had higher haemoglobin values and erythrocyte numbers than in the other photoperiods, while no differences were found between groups with regard to haematocrit values or leucocyte numbers. The highest survival rate (89%) was observed in the 12L:12D period in which the levels of lactate and cortisol as stress indicators were minimal. The results indicate that various photoperiods cause different stress levels in juvenile great sturgeon and have no significant effects on growth, at least in short time periods.     

Growth,development and behaviour of Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus larvae in different light regimes

The effects of five different light regimes on growth performance and behaviour of Persian Sturgeon larvae were examined. Larvae were reared under five different photoperiods (24L, 12L:12D, 16L:8D, 8L:16L and 24D), from hatching (25.8 ± 8.1 mg; 12 ± 0.6 mm) to 28 days post‐hatch (dph). Except the last week, there was no significant difference in growth parameters among the experimental groups. Growth performance significantly improved in larvae reared under a continuous light regime. The highest final length (34.5 ± 1.7 mm) was measured in 24L and the lowest one (29.5 ± 0.4 mm) in the constant darkness. Relative to other experimental groups, the continuous darkness had a retarding impact on the yolk sac absorption and swarming behaviour. Among the whole body compositions, the lowest body moisture content was measured in the continuous light group. Persian Sturgeon pre‐larvae and larvae were not completely dependent on light regimes (in 1–21 days), whereas on the basis of measured parameters (total length, wet and dry weight and digestive fullness index) a continuous light regime played a decisive role on growth performance beyond 21 dph.     

Effect of the photoperiod on the larval development,body growth and muscle cellularity of shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa L.)

Shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa L.) larvae were maintained under three photoperiod regimes: a natural photoperiod regime (16L:8D), continuous light (24L) and equal durations of light and dark (12L:12D) from the end of the vitelline phase to the end of the metamorphosis. Muscle and body parameters were studied at hatching and at 4, 10, 14, 39 and 55 days post hatching (dph). During the vitelline phase, the total body length growth was scarce, whereas the muscle grew significantly, being the hypertrophy of the main mechanism involved. Both the total body length and the hypertrophy were significantly greater at 16L:8D than in the rest of photoperiod regimes. At 10 and 14 dph, the greatest body length was reached at 16L:8D, followed by the 24L group, showing the 12L:12D group the lowest values. At 14 dph, the hypertrophy and hyperplasia were also higher at 16L:8D than in the rest of groups. At 39 dph, the highest values of body length were reached in both 16L:8D and 12L:12D regimes, this latter group reaching the highest values of hypertrophy, thus showing a compensatory growth when comparing with the previous stages. The end of the metamorphosis took place at 50–55 dph in all the groups, with 2.7–3.1 cm of body length (P > 0.05). At this stage, the transverse area of the white muscle was similar among the groups, but the greatest hypertrophy was reached at 16L:8D, whereas the highest hyperplasia was reached at 24L.