文蛤在低温有水保活过程中的主要营养成分变化

为解决贝类产品在运输、储藏和销售过程中容易死亡的问题,以文蛤为研究对象,分别在5℃、10℃、15℃和20℃下进行有水保活,测定其存活率与主要营养成分的变化情况。结果表明,在5℃下,保活效果最好,第11天存活率达95%。在不同温度下的保活过程中,乳酸含量呈上升趋势,糖原、粗脂肪、粗脂肪含量均呈下降趋势。文蛤在5℃下保活10 d,粗蛋白、粗脂肪和糖原含量分别下降16.5%、13.0%和63.1%,乳酸含量上升了125.3%。     

文蛤无水保活及水溶性蛋白组成变化初步研究

为研究和改进文蛤等贝类的保活技术,研究比较了4℃低温无水法、冰块降温法以及常温无水法对文蛤的保活效果,分析了3种保活条件下文蛤的存活率、感官品质、肌肉糖原含量以及水溶性蛋白组成的变化趋势。结果显示:采用4℃低温无水法保活效果最好,第7天文蛤的存活率达到78%;采用冰块降温法保活,第3天文蛤的存活率达到79%;在常温无水条件下,第2天文蛤的存活率就仅有49%,第3天几乎全部死亡。3种保活条件下,随着保活时间的延长,文蛤的感观评分均呈现下降趋势,常温无水保活仅在第2天就超出可接受水平,4℃无水保活和冰块降温保活分别在第8天和第5天超出可接受水平。4℃无水保活过程中,文蛤的糖原含量曲线在开始时缓慢下降,第4天时出现一个剧烈的下降过程(P0.05),随后下降趋于平稳;冰块降温保活,文蛤肌肉糖原含量在第5天开始出现较大幅度的下降(P0.05);常温无水保活,第1天文蛤肌肉的糖原含量即显著下降(P0.05)。采用3种方法保活,随着时间的推移,文蛤肌肉中水溶性蛋白的蛋白条带均逐渐变浅,常温无水保活电泳条带在第2天发生明显变化,4℃无水保活在第8天发生明显变化,冰块降温在第6天发生明显变化,说明在保活过程中部分水溶性蛋白发生降解。     

MS-222对鳊鱼麻醉保活运输效果的研究

为研究MS-222对鳊鱼保活运输的影响,分析比较了在不同质量浓度MS-222(0、20、40、60、80、100 mg/L和120 mg/L)、不同水温(2、7、15、20℃)和不同鱼水质量比(2∶1、1∶1、1∶3、1∶5)下鳊鱼的存活率,从而确定及筛选最佳的保活运输条件,并检测和分析在保活运输试验中水质指标和鱼体生化指标的变化和影响。试验结果显示,当MS-222质量浓度为60 mg/L、水温7℃、鱼水比1∶3时,保活时间最长,鱼体存活率最高;随着保活时间的延长,水体指标中氨氮含量、微生物、pH均呈上升趋势,而溶解氧水平则呈下降趋势;在鱼体指标中,肌肉中糖原、pH下降,乳酸含量上升;在血液指标中乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转氨酶、血糖、尿素和肌酐均显著增加(P0.05),说明随着保活时间的延长,鱼体肝脏和肾脏组织代谢水平受到一定的影响,但其变化幅度均小于对照组。研究结果表明,在鳊鱼保活过程中可适当使用MS-222麻醉剂以延长存活时间和提高存活率。     

丁香酚麻醉斑点叉尾鮰在不同无水保活温度下的生理生化变化

为寻求丁香酚麻醉斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)无水保活的最佳条件,研究了不同无水保活温度(0℃、2℃、4℃、6℃和8℃)下斑点叉尾鮰保活5 h以及复苏24 h后的存活率及各生理生化指标的变化。结果显示,丁香酚麻醉斑点叉尾鮰无水保活5 h的最佳保活温度在2℃～6℃,复苏24 h后存活率≥80%;保活5 h后,血液中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)显著高于保活前(P 0. 05),复苏24 h后,2℃保活组ALT和AST分别可恢复至12. 52 U/L和16. 13 U/L;肌酐和尿素氮含量显著升高(P 0. 05),尤其在6℃下;鱼肉总蛋白、粗脂肪、硬度、咀嚼性呈下降趋势(P 0. 05)。研究表明,在2℃下无水保活,对鱼肉的生理生化指标影响较小。     

高值贝类保活运输车与鲍鱼应用效果分析

针对当前市场对高值贝类保活运输的需求,研制了现代化的高值贝类保活运输车,可实现保活运输过程中对水温、溶氧和水质等关键存活参数的控制需求,保证优良的保活运输效果。高值贝类保活运输车采用冷却海水喷淋的保活方式,海水采用梯度降温模式,该保活运输车具有制冷、循环水喷淋、增氧、杀菌和水质净化等功能。结合保活运输车相关参数,综合评价了其保活环境控制性能,包括喷淋海水的温度、溶氧浓度及海水流率控制等。利用高值贝类保活运输车开展了保活运输鲍鱼的试验,并与传统的保活运输车进行了存活率和经济性能比较。试验结果表明,高值贝类保活运输车相比传统保活运输车,保活运输7 d,鲍鱼的平均存活率为96.57%,提高了0.76%;宁德往返大连运输120 t鲍鱼的年总费用降低了23.07%,具有较好的经济效益。     

低温下大菱鲆有水和无水保活过程中生理生化变化的研究

研究了3±0.1℃保活条件下大菱鲆有水和无水状态下的成活率和生理生化指标的变化.结果表明,(1)大菱鲆有水保活72h成活率达到100%,无水保活60 h成活率为95%.(2)保活过程中大菱鲆肌肉中的ATP含量明显下降,而且无水保活的大菱鲆肌肉中ATP含量低于有水保活的.(3)保活过程中,大菱鲆血液指标MCV、BUN、CR和UA有随保活时间增加而升高的趋势,血液指标GLU、CHE有随时间增加而下降的趋势.有水保活的大菱鲆血液中BUN、CR、UA和GLU显著低于无水保活.通过对大菱鲆血液的生理生化指标分析,保活过程中大菱鲆死亡的原因之一是代谢产物不能有效排出,体内氨氮类有害物质含量过高.     

珍珠龙胆石斑鱼气调保活工艺的研究

为探讨保活条件对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼无水保活时长的影响,分别以O₂、CO₂、N₂ 3种气体的配比、保活温度、保湿材料进行单因素试验筛选最佳条件范围,正交试验优化气调保活条件,并对不同保活阶段的肌肉成分、血液生化指标进行测定。试验结果表明,气体配比为V(O₂)∶V(CO₂)∶V(N₂)=85∶0∶15、保活温度为15℃、保湿材料为海绵时,珍珠龙胆石斑鱼无水保活时间最长,保活12.5 h其存活率为100%。珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的体质量损失率随保活时间的延长逐渐升高,复水12 h后累积体质量损失率达(6.49±0.15)%。背肌水分含量无显著变化(P>0.05),灰分含量略微升高,粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量逐渐降低。血糖含量、皮质醇含量随保活时间的延长呈曲线变化,尿素氮含量,谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、酸性磷酸酶活性明显升高,甘油三酯含量、碱性磷酸酶活性有所下降。综上所述,气调保活中珍珠龙胆石斑鱼肾脏、肝脏、免疫系统均受到一定程度的损伤,但复水之后均有所恢复,且保活时间长于纯氧环...     

菲律宾蛤仔低温保活方法的研究

本文在菲律宾蛤仔生物学研究基础上，对菲律宾蛤仔在２７．０￣－１．７℃范围内不同温度条件下的存活率，失重率及保活过程中的化学变化等进行了系统的分析研究，确定了菲律宾蛤仔的保活工艺和方法。结果表明，（１）菲律宾蛤仔的最肥季节为每年的３￣７月，出肉率（干物计）最高可达１０％；（２）最低保活温度为－１．７℃；（３）－１．０￣－１．７℃可保活１３天，存活率９１％；（４）－１．０￣１．７℃保活，保活时间最长，     

菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）低温保活方法的研究↑（*）

本文在菲律宾蛤仔（Ｒｕｄｉｔａｐｅｓ ｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｉｎａｒｕｍ）生物学研究基础上，对菲律宾蛤仔在 ２７． ０～－１． ７℃范围内不同温度条件下的存活率，失重率及保活过程中的化学变化等进行了系统的分析研究，确定了菲律宾蛤仔的保活工艺和方法。结果表明，（１）菲律宾蛤仔的最肥季节为每年的 ３～ ７月，出肉率（干物计）最高可达 １０％；（２）最低保活温度为－１．７℃；（３）－１．０～－１．７℃可保活１３天，存活率９１％；（４）－１．０～１．７℃保活，保活时间最长，失重率也低，主要化学成分无显著变化。     

魁蚶（Scapharca broughtonii Schrenck）低温保活方法的研究↑（*）

本文首先对产期魁蚶的生物学进行了测定。通过魁蚶在不同温度下的活体状态，确定了魁蚶最佳保藏温度，在此基础上，研究了魁蚶在最佳保藏温度内的存活率、失重率、化学组分和重量组成的变化及最佳保活温度以上不同温度下的存活率、失重率，从而确定了魁蚶的保活工艺和方法。结果表明：（１）产期魁蚶的出肉率（足部湿重计，下同）为１７．３～１８．３％；（２）最佳保藏温度为０～－２．３℃；（３）０～－２．３℃下，魁蚶可保藏２０天，存活率１００％；失重率４；８％（１６天）；主要化学成分无显著变化。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.