紫外线消毒海水培育九孔鲍苗的研究

2000年以来自福建省南部海域至广东、海南岛沿海，陆续发生九孔鲍人工培育种苗大量死亡现象一“脱板症”，造成九孔鲍苗的严重短缺。经研究初步认为“脱板症”是一种疑似病毒性疾病。本文针对九孔鲍人工培育种苗疑似病毒性疾病，利用紫外线发生装置消毒海水培育九孔鲍苗，取得了一定的成效，比较药物处理海水培育九孔鲍苗提高出苗率达50％以上。     

九孔鲍苗脱板病防治的几点建议

近年来,我国南方地区九孔鲍育苗连续出现严重脱板和剥离后暴发性死亡等现象,致使九孔鲍苗育苗量大幅度减少,已严重制约我国南方地区鲍鱼养殖业的发展。为此,笔者根据近年对海南省九孔鲍育苗病害调查及鲍苗病害防治试验结果,对九孔鲍苗“脱板病”的病因进行浅析,并提出几点病害防治的建议,以供科研与生产人员参考。一、应注重亲鲍的培育工作亲鲍培育是繁育优质鲍苗的一项极为重要的前提性工作,没有培育出性腺成熟的亲鲍,就不能获得优质的受精卵,而劣质的受精卵孵化出的幼体容易出现发育不良、大量死亡的现象。培育优质亲鲍可采取如下措施:1.…     

微生态制剂对九孔鲍育苗效果的研究

本试验在九孔鲍育苗过程中投放光合细菌,菌数密度为6.66×109个/ml,使育苗池水里的光合细菌浓度分别为0、10×10-6、20×10-6、40×10-6,研究在不同光合细菌浓度下九孔鲍苗的生长发育及存活率情况.试验采用对各组九孔鲍苗壳长定期测量,试验完毕时对鲍苗数目进行全部计数,最后用数理统计方法对实验数据进行分析.试验结果表明,在九孔鲍育苗过程中加入一定浓度的光合细菌,对鲍苗的生长和存活有明显的促进作用;光合细菌的最适使用浓度为20×10-6左右.     

引起九孔鲍大量死亡的一种球状病毒

对１９９９年初春福建省东山县工厂化养殖九孔鲍中发生的流行性死亡，开展了九孔鲍的病理学研究，电镜下发现病鲍的肝脏细胞质中有大量具被膜２０面体、大小约为１００ｎｍ的病毒粒子。通过感染实验，推断该病毒是造成此次九孔鲍大量死亡的病原体；由于肝脏细胞的大量病变和坏死引起九孢鲍的大量死亡。该病毒的种类和分类有待进一步研究。     

水源水处理技术在九孔鲍苗种生产中的应用研究

本研究将海水水源水处理技术应用于九孔鲍苗种培育生产中,连续三年每个年度育苗均获成功,累计培育出商品鲍苗116.18万粒。而仅使用常规砂滤海水培育鲍苗的对照组,相同的季节在不同场所用相同的管理办法,采苗后15~40天,鲍幼体全部死亡。因此,认为水源水处理的海水培育鲍苗是稳定生产的关键。     

九孔鲍人工育苗关键技术

九孔鲍属软体动物门，前鳃亚纲，鲍科，鲍属。九孔鲍已是我国南方海域、台湾省以及东南沿海鲍科中最重要的养殖种类。近几年随着南方地区的养殖规模和消费群体的不断扩大，九孔鲍市场需求量逐年增加，推进了人工育苗规模的不断拓展。但是由于受到海水水质及病害的影响，九孔鲍在南方育苗的成活率越来越低，而在北方育苗成活率却逐步提高，所以逐渐形成了一股南鲍北育的热潮。为此，我们于2004～2006年在北方进行了九孔鲍的生产开发和科技研究。现将九孔鲍人工育苗的关键技术及经验总结如下。     

福州沿海九孔鲍春季育苗技术（上）

九孔鲍属暖流性鲍类,具有生长快、养殖周期短、养殖成本低的特点,是一种适合在我国南方地区养殖的优良鲍品种。九孔鲍最适生长水温为20～28℃,低于20℃时随着水温的下降,生长明显趋缓,水温降至15～16℃时,基本停止生长。在福建省福州市沿海地区,九孔鲍生长适温期不足6个月,使用秋季培育的鲍苗,须经二次越冬跨3年度养殖才能长至壳长6厘米以上的商品鲍,养殖的成本与风险相当高。很明显,我市沿海地区发展九孔鲍养殖的出路在于变二次越冬跨3年养殖为一次越冬跨2年养殖,开展春季育苗无疑是实现这一目标的重要途径。现将有关育苗技术予以介绍。由…     

福建东山鲍苗阶段性高发死亡的原因及对策

上世纪70年代初,福建省东山县鲍珠站在全国率先培育出了当地产的杂色鲍苗和从北方南移的皱纹盘鲍苗,80年代末,从北而南,从海上到陆上迅速掀起了一股养鲍热,90年代以后东山由于引进九孔鲍、黑鲍、皱纹盘鲍等品种而推动鲍鱼养殖迅猛发展,成为本地区的水产支柱产业。随着北鲍南育技术和杂交育苗技术的研究示范推广,     

九孔鲍人工育苗试验

报告了我国北方沿海地区利用电厂冷却海水进行九孔鲍人工育苗的试验。试验结果表明;九孔鲍在繁殖匀性及其育苗技术工艺条件等方面与我国以往的皱纹盘鲍常规育苗方法有较明显的差别,必须采取与之相应的技术手段。利用余热水在大连地区进行九孔鲍人工繁殖是可行的。     

杂色鲍幼苗大规模死亡与细菌数量的关系

对杂色鲍育苗过程中养殖池、附着板上的细菌数量进行了监测,当鲍苗出现大规模死亡前后,池水及附着板上细菌数量比养殖初期高2个数量级,利用臭氧处理养殖水后,附着板上的细菌数量没有发生根本变化,鲍苗同样出现死亡,鲍苗剥离后1周左右也出现大规模死亡。在鲍苗大规模死亡前后分离的细菌经过鉴定为塔式弧菌及Vibrio sp.     

鲍高温胁迫响应机制的研究进展

鲍是重要的海水养殖经济贝类之一。近年来,受夏季高温胁迫,养殖鲍时常发生大规模死亡,给养殖业者带来了巨大的经济损失。本文回顾了近年来发生的养殖鲍大规模死亡事件,并从鲍的生长、繁育、存活、代谢和酶的活性等生理生化指标,细胞免疫、抗氧化系统、热休克蛋白、调控细胞凋亡、NF-κB信号通路、PI3K-AKT信号通路等相关基因的表达,及DNA甲基化和遗传多样性等方面总结了鲍高温胁迫响应机制的研究进展。现有研究表明,高温胁迫会引起鲍的摄食、新陈代谢等生理生化的异常,破坏其机体内环境的稳态,降低其抵抗病原入侵的能力和应对外部环境刺激的能力,从而对其生长、免疫等产生不良的影响,最终降低其生长速率、繁殖效率,甚至导致鲍的死亡。在此基础上,本文提出了鲍养殖生产中高温胁迫的预防调控措施,以期为了解鲍对高温胁迫的响应机制、开展鲍的耐高温品种选育研究、预防鲍夏季高温大规模死亡的发生等提供参考。     

鲍低氧胁迫响应机制的研究进展

鲍养殖业已成为我国海洋经济发展中的重要组成部分。近年来，因低氧胁迫，特别是高温低氧联合胁迫而导致的养殖鲍大规模死亡的现象时常发生，给鲍养殖业带来了严重的经济损失，已成为阻碍鲍养殖业健康可持续发展的重要环境因素。本文从鲍的生长、存活、生理生化指标 (包括心率、代谢、酶的活性、pH等)、免疫机能、胁迫响应基因及其表达调控等方面综述了鲍低氧胁迫响应机制的研究进展，以期为进一步研究鲍的低氧胁迫响应机制、开展鲍耐低氧新品种的选育等提供参考。此外，本文还提出了鲍低氧胁迫的预防调控措施，希望对养殖业者减少因夏季低氧胁迫诱发的养殖鲍大规模死亡而造成的损失有所帮助。     

Molecular cloning,expression and functional analysis of a predicted HdiQM gene in small abalone,Haliotis diversicolor

The small abalone (Haliotis diversicolor) is a mollusc and was cultured in south of china. Problems such as the decreasing pathogen‐resistance and their mass mortality during the summer. The increased immunity of small abalone populations is a key factor in resolving these problems. Thus, the study of immunity‐related genes in small abalone has become important. In this study, three bacterial species were initially isolated from small abalone carcasses. The regression of infection was analysed, which revealed that the bacteria species could cause rapid morbidity in small abalone. A QM‐like gene (HdiQM) was found and bacterial challenge tests showed that HdiQM gene expression was induced by the bacterial isolates from small abalone carcasses. Therefore, our results implied that HdiQM was found to be an inflammatory stress‐inducible gene associated with pathogen infection, with important functions in small abalone immunity.     

Survey estimates of fishable biomass following a mass mortality in an Australian molluscan fishery

Mass mortality events are relatively uncommon in commercially fished populations, but when they occur, they reduce production and degrade ecosystems. Observing and documenting mass mortalities is simpler than quantifying the impact on stocks, monitoring or predicting recovery, and re-establishing commercial fishing. Direct survey measures of abundance, distribution and harvestable biomass provide the most tenable approach to informing decisions about future harvests in cases where stock collapses have occurred because conventional methods have been disrupted and are less applicable. Abalone viral ganglioneuritis (AVG) has resulted in high levels of mortality across all length classes of blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra Leach, off western Victoria, Australia, since May 2006. Commercial catches in this previously valuable fishery were reduced substantially. This paper describes the integration of research surveys with commercial fishermen's knowledge to estimate the biomass of abalone on AVG-impacted reefs. Experienced commercial abalone divers provided credible information on the precise locations of historical fishing grounds within which fishery-independent surveys were undertaken. Abalone density estimates remained low relative to pre-AVG levels, and total biomass estimates were similar to historical annual catch levels, indicating that the abalone populations have yet to adequately recover. Survey biomass estimates were incorporated into harvest decision tables and used with prior accumulated knowledge of the populations to determine a conservative harvest strategy for the fishery.     

Responses to predators of cultured and wild red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, in laboratory experiments

Hatchery-spawned and reared abalone that are placed onto subtidal reefs to enhance native populations often suffer a high mortality. A potential source of mortality is behavioral differences of cultured and wild abalone. Controlled observations and factorial experiments in the laboratory were used to examine abalone behavior and mortality rate due to three predators — crabs, sea stars and lobsters — on small reefs in laboratory tanks. Two abalone types — cultured and wild — and two age/size classes, 0+ (8–20 mm shell length) and 1+ (25–50 mm), were used. Abalone types differed in their movement patterns, with wild animals moving rapidlyto concealed positions within the reefs and most cultured abalones remaining in their original positions for several hours. Over all experiments, there were differences in predation rates by crabs, lobsters and sea stars, with crabs consuming the most abalone and sea stars the least. Significantly more cultured than wild abalone were consumed in an experiment in which different combinations of predators were present. No consistent differences were seen in the consumption of the two size classes of abalone. Animals fresh from the hatchery suffered significantly higher mortality and were more sluggish in their responses to predators than hatchery-reared abalone that had been acclimated to laboratory conditions. The results suggest, however, that cultured abalone may acclimate relatively quickly to a new environment, which may be useful for future attempts at transplanting these animals.     

Do predators,handling stress or field acclimation periods influence the survivorship of hatchery‐reared abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana outplanted into natural habitats?

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Spatial abundance patterns and recruitment of a virus‐affected commercial mollusc fishery

Infectious pathogens figure prominently among those factors threatening marine wildlife. Mass mortality events caused by pathogens can fundamentally alter the structure of wild fish stocks and depress recruitment rates and yield. In the most severe instances, this can precipitate stock collapses resulting in dramatic economic losses to once valuable commercial fisheries. An outbreak of a herpes‐like virus among commercially fished abalone populations in the south‐west fishery of Victoria, Australia, during 2006–2007, has been associated with high mortality rates among all cohorts. Long‐term records from fishery‐independent surveys of blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra (Leach) enabled abundance from pre‐ and post‐viral periods to be analysed to estimate stock density and biomass. The spatial distribution of abundance in relation to physical habitat variables derived from high‐resolution bathymetric LiDAR data was investigated. Significant differences were observed in both measures between pre‐ and post‐viral periods. Although there was some limited evidence of gradual stock improvement in recent years, disease‐affected reefs have remained below productivity rates prior to the disease outbreak suggesting a reduction in larval availability or settlement success. This was corroborated by trends in sublegal sized blacklip abalone abundance that has yet to show substantial recovery post‐disease. Abundance data were modelled as a function of habitat variables using a generalised additive model (GAM) and indicated that high abundance was associated with complex reef structures of coastal waters (<15 m). This study highlights the importance of long‐term surveys to understand abalone recovery following mass mortality and the links between stock abundance and seafloor variability.