中街山列岛保护区底栖海藻分布与资源特征

2008年7月至2010年9月对舟山中街山列岛的底栖海藻资源进行了调查研究,共鉴定底栖海藻4门54属78种。其中蓝藻门1属1种,绿藻门9属15种,红藻门32属47种,褐藻门12属15种。本地区新记录5种。中街山列岛底栖海藻以暖温带性的海藻为主,垂直分布规律表现为底栖海藻种数从高潮带向低潮带剧增。与史料相比,中街山列岛底栖海藻资源有较大幅度的减少。     

浙江中街山列岛岩相潮间带夏、秋季底栖海藻分布特征

2006年9月与2007年7月对浙江中街山列岛岩相潮间带底栖海藻进行了调查,初步查明底栖海藻的种类组成、分布特征和温度属性。结果表明,采集到的34种海藻隶属于3门24属,其中褐藻门3属3种,绿藻门4属5种,红藻门17属26种。在波浪和潮汐作用下,潮间带出现局限分布种和选择性分布种,鼠尾藻（Sargas-sum thunbergii）、珊瑚藻（Corallina officinalis）和石莼（Ulva lactuca）等在调查的岛礁广有分布;红藻门种类在调查海域的出现频率为67.8%,为优势门类,褐藻门种类在该海域的总体水平分布基本呈均匀状态;91.2%的调查种类分布在低潮带,种类数垂直分布均为低潮带〉中潮带〉高潮带,具有明显的垂直分带现象,且温度属性以亚热带区系种类占绝对优势。     

浙江省枸杞岛大型底栖海藻群落结构研究

海藻场是近岸海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,发挥着海洋生物资源保育,净化海洋水体环境,进行大气二氧化碳碳汇等生态作用。为了恢复这种珍贵的海洋栖息地资源,以及通过研究其自然种群群落特征的分布特点,来指导河北省海藻场修复与重建的相关工作,笔者研究了浙江省枸杞岛海域的底栖海藻群落结构、底栖海藻生物量及其变化规律。在浙江省枸杞岛选择海藻场3个潮间带、潮下带的调查点,在选取100cm×100cm的样方后,估算出覆盖度。潮下带调查是潜水员潜于水下采样,测量海藻场外缘到岸边的距离。同时,我们在海藻场内外取了两处站点的水样,测量海水中营养盐的浓度,包括三氮、活性磷酸盐、活性硅酸盐。调查结果显示,铜藻生物量占到总生物量的93.9%,为优势种。5月份铜藻样本平均长度为80cm,6月份的平均长度为75cm。潮间带区域底栖海藻从4月份开始旺盛生长,在5月份达到最高,6月份气温升高藻体开始腐烂,慢慢进入衰退期。氨氮浓度对于铜藻生长具有重要影响。     

浙江6个列岛潮间带大型底栖动物分类多样性

为揭示浙江6个重要列岛(嵊泗列岛、中街山列岛、渔山列岛、台州列岛、洞头列岛、南麂列岛)潮间带大型底栖动物分类多样性和更好地养护大型底栖动物资源。根据调查文献,按中国海洋生物名录构建大型底栖动物种类名录,对大型底栖动物物种数、分类多样性指数、G-F多样性测度指数和相似性系数进行分析。结果显示,这6个重要列岛潮间带大型底栖动物物种数差异较大。其中,南麂列岛最高(330种),台州列岛最低(133种)。平均分类差异指数?+嵊泗列岛最高,达84.76,台州列岛最低,仅70.89,而分类差异变异指数?+值洞头列岛的最高,达846.94,嵊泗列岛最低,仅630.25。南麂列岛的G-F多样性测度指数最高,达0.87,这表明在科级分类阶元多样性(F指数)一定的前提下,属级分类阶元多样性(G指数)将会变高。科级和目级相似性结果显示,科级相似性最高的是洞头列岛与台州列岛,达0.651,渔山列岛与嵊泗列岛最低,仅0.480;目级相似性最高的仍是洞头列岛与台州列岛,达0.781,台州列岛与渔山列岛最低,仅0.623。本研究分析了浙江6个重要列岛潮间带大型底栖动物分类多样性,以期为浙江海岛潮间带大型底栖动物资源的养护、开发与管理提供科学依据。     

浙江沿海大型底栖海藻分布区域与资源特征研究

根据对浙江沿海底栖海藻资源调查，研究分析了该区大型底栖海藻的种类数量，计56种，分隶5纲、13目，归入3个门，其中绿藻门15种，褐藻门20种，红藻门21种。该海区岩相潮间带底栖海藻资源丰富，其大型底栖海藻种类资源特征以我国沿海广温广布种（20种）和优势种类（16种）及常见种类（10种）占多数，其次为少见种类（5种）和稀有种类（4种）；平面分布种以暖温性种类（29种）占多数，其次为亚热带种类（22种），而以冷水性种类（5种）为最少；其种类垂直生态分布特征以低潮带为最多，其次为中潮带，最少的是高潮带。最后提出了对浙江沿海大型底栖海藻资源开展生态保护和实施可持续开发的若干意见。     

底质类型对三亚湾潮间带大型底栖动物生态功能的影响

根据2014年3月在海南三亚湾及湾内东、西琩洲岛获取的9条潮间带断面(3条砂质和6条岩礁)中潮区生物调查数据,分析底质类型对潮间带大型底栖动物生态功能的影响。结果显示,(1)移动能力弱、掘洞型和滤食性的底栖动物在砂质海滩有较多分布,而不移动、移动能力强、固着型、爬行型以及植食性和捕食性的底栖动物在岩礁海岸分布较多;(2)主坐标典型性分析(CAP)显示,9条潮间带断面的大型底栖动物可明显分为岩礁和砂质2群,不同底质的潮间带断面大型底栖动物具有不同的性状模式,其中迁移能力、栖息方式和食性是造成其差异的主要原因;(3)大型底栖动物的香农多样性指数(H′)和功能多样性指数(FD)均呈岩礁潮间带断面高于砂质潮间带断面;(4)2种底质海滩的大型底栖动物均具有较高的功能冗余,但砂质海滩略高于岩礁海滩。     

浙江六横岛泥滩潮间带大型底栖动物的群落特征

本文分析了浙江六横岛泥滩潮间带大型底栖动物的种类组成、数量分布和多样性指数等群落特征。3个泥滩潮间带断面调查采获的大型底栖动物共有19种，其中软体动物10种，节肢动物6种，脊索动物2种，环节动物1种。3个泥滩潮间带断面总平均生物量为470.77±314.32 g/m2, 总平均栖息密度为480±248 ind./m2。在各类群底栖动物中，平均生物量及密度都以软体动物居首位。六横岛潮间带大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数的分布范围分别在1.97-2.14、1.45-1.67和0.83-0.95，平均值分别为2.06±0.08、1.53±0.12和0.90±0.06。六横潮间带大型底栖动物ABC曲线分析表明底栖动物群落已受到一定程度的污染扰动。     

崂山湾人工礁区大型底栖海藻时空格局及对环境变化的响应

2015年5—9月对青岛崂山湾两个人工礁区大型底栖海藻的水平和垂直分布特征进行了调查,初步探明了两个人工礁区大型底栖海藻的群落特征、月际更替规律及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明,崂山湾两个人工礁区内及礁区间不同水深的水流强度差异极显著,不同月份温度差异显著;调查期间共采集到大型底栖海藻26种,隶属于3门17科21属,其中红藻15种,褐藻7种,绿藻4种,分别占总种类数的57.69%、26.92%和15.38%;不同月份的大型底栖海藻种类更替差异显著,酸藻(Desmarestia viridis)、金膜藻(Chrysymenia wrightii)和扁江蓠(Gracilaria textorii)分别是春季、夏季和秋季的第一优势种;大型底栖藻类群落的物种多样性指数呈先升高后降低趋势,且三亩前礁区多样性指数普遍高于黄山口礁区,温度变化是造成不同月份物种多样性指数和优势种变化的主要原因。冗余分析(RDA)排序结果显示,温度是影响大型底栖藻类月际更替的主要因素,对变量的解释率达到37.64%;水流强度和水深是影响大型底栖藻类水平和垂直分布的主要环境因子,对变量的解释率分别为26.54%和19.13%。研究结果表明,崂山湾人工鱼礁为大型底栖海藻提供了良好的附着基;礁区建成5年后大型底栖海藻群落已经发展至顶级群落,群落的季节更替较稳定,具有一定抵御外界干扰的能力。     

西沙群岛重要珊瑚礁海域鱼类区系

根据1998年5月、1999年5月和2003年5月在西沙群岛北礁、永兴岛、琛航岛、华光礁、浪花礁、金银岛、东岛和玉琢礁等8个岛礁的调查资料,研究了西沙群岛岛礁水域的鱼类区系。在8个岛礁共捕获鱼类48科261种,其中礁栖性鱼类占78.93%,在8个岛礁广泛分布的鱼类只有33种,各礁区之间种类的相似度不超过41%,因此,种类多样性高和相似度低是该区域鱼类区系的2个主要特征。与南沙岛礁(1998～1999)延绳钓、刺网和手钓以及南沙群岛西南陆架区(1991)、南海北部海域等底拖网鱼类相比较,物种相似度分别为34.0%、5.1%和6.8%。     

胶州湾西北部潮间带冬季大型底栖动物丰度和生物量

为了解潮间带底栖动物的空间分布情况,根据2009年2月份在胶州湾西北部潮间带进行的7断面35个站位的底栖生物采样调查资料,分析了潮间带冬季大型底栖动物的数量分布。结果表明,调查共获得大型底栖动物49种,平均丰度88.1ind/m2,平均生物量77.8g/m2;主要优势种为菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、凸壳肌蛤(Musculus senhousei)和日本大眼蟹(Macrophthalmus japonicus)。总体丰度在中潮区较高,生物量在低潮区较大;断面5丰度、生物量均最高,断面1丰度、生物量均最低。多毛类丰度和生物量在潮区间差异显著(P0.05),在中下潮区分布最多;甲壳类丰度和生物量在潮区和断面间差异均不显著(P0.05);软体类生物量在断面间的分布差异显著(P0.05),断面5最高,断面1最低。研究表明,大型底栖动物的种类组成、丰度与生物量的分布很不均匀,环境的复杂性和人为扰动可能是胶州湾西北部潮间带底栖动物分布不均匀的主要原因。     

刺参养殖池塘人工参礁生态效应的研究

研究了采用蓝网、白纱、绿纱、编布、瓦片、石头制成的各种人工参礁对刺参池塘生态系统中底栖藻类种类组成及生物量、底层溶氧和营养盐等生态因子的影响。结果表明,颜色较深的蓝网与绿纱附着底栖藻类的生物量较大;水深小于150cm时附着生物量较大;小型底栖藻类在编布、瓦片上的生物量较大;大型底栖硅藻在蓝网、绿纱、白纱等有孔网片上的生物量较大。NO3--N远远大于NH4+-N并与底栖藻类生物量的相关系数极小;而底层NH4+-N与底栖藻类生物量的相关系数较大,为0.7176;PO43--P与底栖藻类生物量的相关系数介于二者之间。人工参礁的材料、设置方式与水深是刺参池塘养殖生态系统的关键技术和条件,并具有显著的生态效应。     

The trophic cascade from fish to benthic algae: manipulation of habitat heterogeneity and disturbance in experimental flow-through pools

To investigate the effects of environmental change on the trophic cascade from fish to benthic algae, two 26-day experiments were conducted in outdoor flow-through pools. Habitat heterogeneity was manipulated by filling grooves under tiles with wood. Disturbance was simulated by removing invertebrates and benthic algae from tiles with a stainless steel brush 10 days before the end of the experiment. Benthic invertebrates and algae rapidly colonized the pools. Japanese dace Tribolodon hakonensis that had been introduced as a top predator fed predominantly on ephemeropteran nymphs, chironomid larvae, trichopteran larvae, and benthic algae. Predation and intimidation by the dace reduced the number of ephemeropteran nymphs and lowered the percentage of invertebrates on the upper surfaces and sides of the tiles. Consequently, dace increased the algal biomass through a trophic cascade. When dace were present, a disturbance did not reduce the numbers of invertebrates at the end of the experiment, probably because most invertebrates recolonized the tiles and new invertebrates rapidly colonized the pools. The manipulation of habitat heterogeneity reduced the number of trichopteran larvae, but did not affect other invertebrates that used all surfaces of the tiles. Consequently, trophic cascades were not damped by these changes of habitat heterogeneity and disturbance.     

Preliminary experiments on the development of extensive culture methods for juvenile sole, Solea solea (L.)

Abstract. The effect of different levels of organic enrichment on benthic productivity was studied over a 16-week period in trays of sediment placed in a fertilized seawater pond. Primary and secondary planktonic production were also monitored. The exploitation of these sources of food by juvenile sole and their growth and survival over an 8-week period were assessed.
The colonization of the sediments showed a marked succession. Nematodes were numerically the most abundant group and reached a peak after about 8 weeks. This was followed by a peak in the abundance of epibenthic copepods after 11 weeks. The maximum numbers of poiychaetes and larger Crustacea (mainly amphipods) occurred at the end of the trial (15 weeks). The high-organic sediment supported fewer polychaetes and copepods than either the low- or medium-organic sediments. The species composition of the benthos varied both with the level of organic enrichment and with time. Peaks of zooplankton concentrations of 23 to 25 organisms/l occurred during the spring and late summer. There was some evidence of an inverse relationship between zooplankton abundance and standing crop of algae, as indicated by chlorophyll a concentrations.
Harpacticoid copepods were the dominant food item consumed by small (21-50mm total length) sole. Polychaetes, amphipods and Crangon spp. were exploited by large (61-90mm total length) sole to a much greater extent, though harpacticoid copepods were also commonly taken.
The percentage increase in length of the juvenile sole at low-, medium- and high-organic levels was 108, 146 and 152 respectively. Survival, however, was highest (100%) on the untreated sediment and lowest (57%) at the medium-organic level.     

不同模型礁底栖藻类附着效果的初步研究

在潮间带海域开展了不同材料（混凝土、煤灰、橡胶、玻璃钢、鲍壳、牡蛎壳和铁皮）和不同形状混凝土（圆凹形、圆凸形、锯齿凹形和锯齿凸形）模型礁的藻类自然附着试验研究,结果表明：1）在4个半月的6次藻类取样过程中,模型礁上共发现附着的藻类3门13种,其中优势种为绿藻门（Chlorophyta）中的石莼类（Ulvaceae）和浒苔类（Enterom orpha）。2）混凝土、煤灰制作的模型礁上藻类的附着效果最佳,平均盖度分别为65.7%和65.0%,橡胶、玻璃钢、鲍壳和牡蛎壳制作的模型礁居中,平均盖度分别为46.2%、17.8%、26.5%和32.3%,铁皮效果最差,平均盖度仅3%。3）凸形表面模型礁与平面模型礁上藻类的盖度显著高于凹形模型礁（P〈0.05）。4）模型礁上藻类盖度呈现出高-低-高的演替趋势。     

In‐stream structure alters density‐dependent fish effects in stream ecosystems

The independent effects of in‐stream structure (ISS) and fish foraging on stream properties have been well documented, but few studies have explored the interactive effects of ISS and fishes on streams. Herein, we tested the independent and interactive effects of ISS and a generalist fish (Blacktail shiner, Cyprinella venusta) on suspended organic matter (SOM), benthic algae, invertebrate density and fish growth using experimental mesocosms. We found that Blacktail shiner foraging affected all of the ecosystem properties; however, in some cases, the fish effects differed between mesocosms with and without ISS. Specifically, mesocosms with ISS provided greater surface area for invertebrate colonisation and enhanced food resources for Blacktail shiner. As a result, benthic foraging by Blacktail shiner was reduced in these mesocosms. The reduced benthic foraging in turn enhanced benthic algae and benthic invertebrates via a bottom‐up, nutrient excretion pathway. The ISS‐dependent effects of fish on these stream properties, however, were only evident at low and intermediate fish densities (1 and 2 fish·m^?2 respectively). This was likely because at the highest fish density (4 fish·m^?2) intense fish foraging overrode any mediating effects of ISS. Furthermore, fish growth decreased with fish density because of intraspecific competition, but this negative effect on growth was reduced in mesocosms with ISS because of the increased forage base. However, the positive effect on fish growth was weak and only marginally significant. Our data suggest that fish‐mediated effects on streams are context dependent, changing with microhabitat availability (e.g. ISS) and density of the fish population.     

单细胞藻类饲养青蛤稚贝的研究

本试验以几种单细胞藻类为饵料,研究青蛤稚贝的生长和成活率。经21天饲养证明,小球藻、扁藻、三角褐指藻、底栖硅藻都是青蛤稚贝的适宜饵料,其成活率均达90％以上,其中又以投喂底栖硅藻生长最快。     

Community and trophic structures of abalone <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haliotis diversicolor</Emphasis> habitat in Sagami Bay,Japan

Abstract:   The community and trophic structures of the subtidal habitat of the abalone Haliotis diversicolor were examined in Nagai, Sagami Bay, Japan. Conventional community indices showed no significant differences among three sampling stations. The overall continuum of stable isotope ratios was structured into three different trophic linkages: (i) brown algae-dependent benthic food chain; (ii) red algae-dependent benthic food chain; and (iii) planktonic food chain. Brown algae and red algae likely play different roles with respect to carbon sources in the habitat. Conventional fractionation values indicated that the abalone H. diversicolor (δ¹³C = −12.4 ± 1.0‰, δ¹⁵N = 9.3 ± 0.5‰) feeds on the lamina of Undaria pinnatifida during juvenile and adult stages (8.0–65.6 mm shell length). Stable isotope signatures suggested that the juveniles of other abalone species as well as some amphipods and a sea cucumber Holothuria decorata are competitors of H. diversicolor , whereas some Muricidae gastropods such as Thais bronni and Ergalatax contractus are predators. The isotopic differences among macroalgal species and the subsequent transfer to consumers indicate that stable isotopic analysis is an effective means of studying food webs in an open rocky shore community with little influence from external primary production such as terrestrial vegetation.