磷的不同动态变化对模拟湖泊生态系统中附草螺类的影响

采用试验围隔模拟湖泊富营养化过程,选取磷的不同动态变化,研究其动态输入模式对附草螺类的影响。结果表明,总量相同时,中短期内低频次的磷输入比高频次的磷输入对螺类生物量的影响更显著,而长期条件下高低频次的磷输入对螺类生物量的影响无显著差异(P>0.05)。营养的添加显著促进螺类生物量(密度和丰度)的增长。试验系统中附植藻类的生物量与螺类的生物量成显著负相关(P<0.05),沉水植物刺苦草(Vallisneria spinulosa)与螺类(Radix)生物量的相关性不显著(P>0.05),表明螺类是螺类-附着藻-沉水植物系统的关键调控因子,而沉水植物可能会因生态系统状态的差异而存在不同的响应机制。     

饲料中添加不同类型核苷酸对凡纳滨对虾生长性能的影响

以1种对照饲料和3种分别添加200mg/kg鸟苷酸（5′-GMP）、腺苷酸（5′-AMP）和尿苷酸（5′-UMP）的试验饲料饲养平均体重为1.04±0.02g的凡纳滨对虾8周,研究不同类型核苷酸对凡纳滨对虾生长性能及体成分组成的影响。试验结果显示,四组试验虾的增重率组间差异不显著（P〉0.05）;AMP组的存活率显著高于UMP组（P〈0.05）,各添加核苷酸组与对照组之间无显著差异;各组的饲料系数差异不显著（P〉0.05）;各组虾全虾的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及灰分含量均没有显著差异,其中添加核苷酸各组的粗蛋白及粗脂肪含量均高于对照组。     

添加光合细菌对糙海参幼苗培育阶段的影响研究

以受精后24h孵化出的糙海参（Holothuria scabra）耳状幼体为研究对象,探讨养殖水体不同量光合细菌对糙海参苗期生长、成活、消化道消化酶活性和养殖水体水质变化的影响。试验设4个处理,光合细菌（浓度为1×10^11cfu·mL^-1）添加量分别是0m L（组1,对照组）、50m L（组2）、100m L（组3）和150m L（组4）,每个处理设3个重复,每个重复放养4×10^4尾幼体于室内水泥池（5m×3 m×1.5m）中,试验周期为41 d。结果表明,添加光合细菌组的糙海参出苗体质量和成活率均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,而组3和组4的体质量和成活率又明显优于组2（P〈0.05）,组3和组4之间的差异不显著（P〉0.05）。添加光合细菌还能不同程度地影响糙海参苗体消化道蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的活性,试验组3种酶的活性均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,而组3和组4的蛋白酶活性和纤维素酶活性显著高于组2（P〈0.05）,淀粉酶活性在3个试验组之间无显著差异（P〉0.05）。在试验第10天后,各试验组氨氮（NH3-N）和亚硝酸盐含量显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,在试验第20天后,各试验组化学需氧量（COD）的值显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,而总磷（TP）的差异不大（P〉0.05）。表明光合细菌可以促进糙海参幼体的生长,提高消化酶活性和成活率,并改良育苗水体水质。     

大蒜素与大蒜干粉用作肉仔鸡饲料添加剂的效果试验

利用人工合成大蒜素和大蒜干粉以适夸比例分别为0.1％和0．2％添加于1日龄的肉仔鸡日粮中。观察对其试验效果。结果显示，从试验全期看肉仔鸡的体重对照组明显优于两个实验组；全期来看试验组的平均日增重都低于对照组并且都未达到显著水平（p〉0．05）；全期的平均斜重比来看，两个实验组都明显高于对照组并且表现为差异显著（p〈0.05）；粗蛋白和粗灰分及钙的利用率试验一组高于试验二组和对照组。并且与试验二组和对照组相比较表现为差异显著（p〈0.05）；粗脂肪和能量的利用率试验二组好于试验一组和对照组但是并未表现差异显著（p〉0.05）；粗纤维的利用率试验二组高于其他组别也未表现差异显著（p〉0．05）；磷的利用率对照组高于试验组并且与试验组相比表现为差异显著（p〈0.05）。     

壳聚糖复合物对草鱼种生长性能的影响

将均重132g草鱼种540尾随机分成3个处理（每处理3个重复）。分别饲喂含壳聚糖复合物（以壳聚糖为主要活性成分）0、300g／T、500g／T的三种饲料，进行70天网箱养殖试验。结果表明：草鱼鱼种饲料中添加壳聚糖复合物500g／T后，增重率显著提高（P〈0．05），饵料系数显著降低（P〈0．05），对肥满度和成活率没有显著影响（P〈0．05），对草鱼过氧化氢酶和谷草转氨酶都没有显著影响（P〉0．05）：300g／T壳聚糖复合物添加后，丙二醛的量显著提高，谷丙转氨酶活性显著下降（P〈0．05），但500g／T添加组丙二醛的量和谷丙转氨酶的活性与对照组无显著差异（P〉0．05）。建议壳聚糖复合物在草鱼中的适宜添加量为500g／T。     

发酵豆粕部分替代鱼粉对日本鳗鲡生长性能和体内矿物元素的影响

在日本鳗鲡（Anguill japonica）饲料中分别添加0、50 g·kg-1、100 g·kg-1、150 g·kg-1和200 g·kg-1的发酵豆粕,相应替代饲料中鱼粉使用量的0、5%、10%、15%和20%,饲养体质量为（37.62±0.16）g日本鳗鲡50 d,研究发酵豆粕对鳗鱼生长性能和体内矿物元素的影响。结果显示：1）随着发酵豆粕替代鱼粉的比例升高,鳗鱼增重率和特定生长率呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中15%替代组增重率和特定生长率高于其他组,但差异不显著（P﹥0.05）,5%替代组饲料系数显著低于其他组（P〈0.05）。从生长性能上看,15%是发酵豆粕替代鳗鱼饲料中鱼粉的最适比例;2）发酵豆粕替代鱼粉后鳗鱼饲料中的钾（K）、铁（Fe）、镁（Mg）等元素质量分数升高,而铝（Al）元素质量分数降低,按变化幅度大小排列Al〉K〉铜（Cu）〉硼（B）〉钙（Ca）〉钠（Na）〉磷（P）〉Fe,但替代组与对照组鳗鱼肌肉中矿物元素K、Ca和P差异不显著（P〉0.05）,而无论是肌肉还是皮肤中矿物元素Cu质分数量均降低（P〈0.05）,因此,发酵豆粕替代鱼粉后应对饲料中矿物元素添加量适当进行调整。     

甘露寡糖对半滑舌鳎（Cynoglossus semilaevis GUnther）稚鱼生长、肠道发育和非特异性免疫水平的影响

通过投喂经甘露寡糖强化的卤虫无节幼体,探索其对半滑舌鳎稚鱼（初始体长为1.4 cm左右）生长性能、肠道发育和非特异性免疫水平的影响。试验设两个处理组（对照组和甘露寡糖组）,分别投喂经裂壶藻或甘露寡糖＋裂壶藻强化的卤虫无节幼体。试验进行34 d,每17 d取样1次。结果显示,17 d时甘露寡糖组体长显著大于对照组（P〈0.05）。两组间的特定生长率和存活率无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。RNA/DNA和protein/DNA的比值在17 d时两组间均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;34 d时甘露寡糖组的RNA/DNA和protein/DNA比值均大于对照组。甘露寡糖组17 d时淀粉酶比活力和34 d时胰蛋白酶比活力显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。甘露寡糖组的过氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和溶菌酶活性均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。甘露寡糖组的微绒毛长度和皱襞高度显著大于对照组（P〈0.05）;黏膜厚度大于对照组,但无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。试验结果表明,甘露寡糖可以提高半滑舌鳎稚鱼肠道发育和非特异性免疫水平。     

不同养殖环境对中华小长臂虾生长及成活率的影响分析

对中华小长臂虾在稻田、池塘、室内水泥池3种环境下进行养殖试验,分析比较不同养殖环境对中华小长臂虾生长和存活率的影响。结果表明：稻田组与池塘组中华小长臂虾体长随着时间的增长由差异显著（P〈0．05）变为差异不显著（P〉0．05）,稻田组和池塘组与室内组中华小长臂虾体长的差异显著（P〈0．05）;稻田组的中华小长臂虾的特定增长率（SGR）、日增重（DWG）、增长率（GBL）、增重率（GBW）均高于池塘组和室内组,室内组各试验指标均最低,稻田组与池塘组以上各试验指标差异不显著（P〉0．05）,稻田组和池塘组与室内组以上各试验指标差异显著（P〈O．05）。为进一步区分环境因素对中华小长臂虾幼虾生长过程中5个时间点体长、腹长、头胸甲长的具体影响,进行了具有一个重复测量因素的方差分析,得知不同环境下中华小长臂虾幼虾的体长、腹长、头胸甲长的变化除7月15日无差异（P〉0．05）,其余均差异极显著（P〈0．01）。     

不同饲料对哲罗鲑生长性能和营养成分的影响

在人工养殖条件下,分别投喂野生鲫鱼和人工饲料对哲罗鲑生长性能和营养成分进行比较。每组养殖实验鱼50尾,每个实验组设3个重复,试验水温10.8～16.5℃,pH值7.2～7.5,溶氧〉6.0mg/L,试验共进行56d。试验结果：野生鲫组增重率、特定生长率、肥满度、水分均显著高于人工饲料组（P〈0.05）。野生鲫组粗脂肪显著低于配合饲料组（P〈0.05）。两试验组鱼体粗蛋白、粗灰分、肌肉氨基酸含量及组成差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。野生鲫组与人工饲料组相比,野生鲫组哲罗鲑生长性能较好,鱼体成分发生改变,而肌肉氨基酸营养价值未发生变化。     

广西会仙湿地农田沟渠鱼类群聚差异研究

研究会仙湿地非硬质化、半硬质化和硬质化沟渠中夏秋两季鱼类组成,评价沟渠硬质化对鱼类生物多样性影响。采用电捕法和人工抄网共采集鱼类标本1388尾,经鉴定为25种,隶属于5目10科22属。单因素方差分析（ANOVA）结果显示夏季非硬质化沟渠的鱼类Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于硬质化沟渠（P＜0.05）;秋季非硬质化沟渠及半硬质化沟渠的鱼类生物量显著高于硬质化沟渠（P＜0.05）;秋季半硬质化沟渠的鱼类个体数显著高于硬质化沟渠（P＜0.05）;夏季非硬质化沟渠的鱼类物种数显著高于硬质化沟渠（P＜0.05）,而秋季半硬质化沟渠的物种数显著高于硬质化沟渠（P＜0.05）。鱼类群落多维排序图（NMDS）结果显示,夏秋两季鱼类群落结构基本能分开,且鱼类群落结构的相似性分析(ANOSIM)显示夏秋季之间的鱼类群落结构存在显著差异（P＜0.05）;鱼类群落NMDS排序与单因子相似性分析结果显示,夏季和秋季会仙湿地农田3类沟渠的鱼类群落结构均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。     

张掖黑河湿地附植硅藻群落初步研究 ——以张掖国家湿地公园为例

研究张掖国家湿地公园附植硅藻群落现状,为保护寒、旱区湿地水生植物与生物多样性提供理论依据。2017年夏、秋从张掖国家湿地公园浅水湖泊采集12种常见水生植物,采集植物上附植硅藻,并在水质富营养化评价的基础上进一步分析硅藻的种类分布、优势种、多样性和聚类性。结果表明,张掖国家湿地公园水体轻度富营养化;共检出附植硅藻39属158种(含变种),其中舟形藻属种类最多(18种),其次为菱形藻属(16种)、桥弯藻属(15种)和脆杆藻属(13种);Achnanthedium minutissimum为分布最为广泛的优势种,其次为Ulnaria acus和Encyonopsis subcryptocephala;Shannon-Weaver多样性指数在1.41～3.13,Pielou均匀度指数在0.58～1.07,均是秋季显著高于夏季(P0.05,t-test);Cody指数与聚类分析表明,在同一时期内附植硅藻种类组成的相似程度和优势种分布对部分宿主植物的选择趋于一致,但也有部分宿主植物之间附植硅藻群落结构仍然存在较大差异。     

Food habits of small fishes in seagrass habitats in Trang,southern Thailand

To clarify the feeding habits of seagrass fishes, we examined the gut contents from 42 fish species collected in seagrass habitats in Trang. Thirteen species showed ontogenetic and/or seasonal changes in food-use patterns. Smaller individuals generally preyed on small planktonic items (e.g., copepod larvae) or small benthic/epiphytic crustaceans (e.g., harpacticoid copepods), with subsequent changes to other prey items (e.g., shrimps, crabs, detritus and filamentous algae) with growth. The most important dietary items for the seagrass fish assemblages comprised benthic/epiphytic crustaceans, detritus, and planktonic copepods. Cluster analysis based on dietary overlaps showed that the seagrass fishes comprised eight feeding guilds (large benthic/epiphytic crustacean, detritus, planktonic animal, small benthic/epiphytic crustacean, mollusc, invertebrate egg, polychaete, and fish feeders). Of these, the first three guilds were the most abundantly represented, whereas the last three were each represented by only a single species.     

温度和盐度对中华圆田螺和铜锈环棱螺标准代谢的影响

利用室内模拟实验研究了环境因子(温度和盐度)对中华圆田螺(Cipangopaludina cathayensis)和铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)标准代谢的影响。结果表明,在10~35℃范围内,两种螺的耗氧率、CO2排放率和排氨率均随温度的升高而升高,至30℃达到最大值。从Q10值来看,铜锈环棱螺的代谢水平对水温的响应较中华圆田螺更为敏感。呼吸熵和氧氮比结果表明,25℃时两种螺体内的蛋白质消耗最少,由此初步判断二者的最适温度在25℃左右。盐度升高至1.8时两种螺的耗氧率等代谢指标显著提高,同时二者对温度变化的敏感性降低。但从动物呼吸熵和氧氮比的测定结果来看,该盐度下机体仍维持在相对正常的代谢水平。温度和盐度对中华圆田螺代谢活动的影响有显著的交互作用,但对铜锈环棱螺的影响不显著。此外,两种螺的代谢率都存在明显的昼夜变化规律,夜晚的代谢率要显著高于白天。     

Improving estimates of richness,habitat associations,and assemblage characteristics of freshwater gastropods

1. Freshwater gastropods are imperilled globally and are among North America's most vulnerable major animal groups. Habitat loss, invasive species, and inadequate information about species distributions and assemblages all impair efforts to conserve freshwater gastropods. Conservation efforts are also impaired by difficulty obtaining and using distributional data for snails and other inconspicuous organisms, which are required to assess habitat associations.
2. A gastropod‐specific sampling protocol was developed and used to survey 110 sites from 24 sub‐basins in two major river basins of the Intermountain West, USA. Habitat associations of individual taxa and groups of taxa that co‐occurred together more frequently than expected by chance were also examined.
3. Using the gastropod‐specific sampling protocol, snails were found at most sites, even in regions where general macroinvertebrate sampling did not detect snails. Thus, these results show that general macroinvertebrate surveys do not accurately reflect the diversity of freshwater gastropods. Although snails of the same family are typically expected to live in the same habitats, this study found that in most cases, within a gastropod family, taxa exhibited unique habitat associations because they co‐occurred more frequently with taxa from different gastropod families. Five genera or sub‐genera were associated with specific mesohabitat or substrate types while two groups of co‐occurring taxa were associated with specific land classes or landform types.
4. For diverse, inconspicuous taxa such as freshwater gastropods, qualitative, class‐specific sampling methods, and analyses of habitat associations based on co‐occurring taxa, rather than relatedness, should facilitate conservation efforts.

     

Predation by neogastropods on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Turbo cornutus</Emphasis> juveniles and other small gastropods inhabiting coralline algal turfs

To understand the effects of predation by gastropods on juveniles of the Japanese spiny turban snail Turbo cornutus, a field survey and laboratory experiments were conducted. The species compositions of the order Neogastropoda inside turfs of articulated coralline algae (ACA) on the east coast of Sagami Bay were surveyed monthly, and the dominant species inside the ACA turfs were identified. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effects of predation by the dominant neogastropods on small gastropods in ACA turfs. Turban snails, which inhabit ACA turfs during their juvenile stages, were predated by two muricid gastropods, Ergalatax contractus and Thais bronni, with the predation rate of E. contractus being significantly higher than that of T. bronni. While E. contractus could also predate two other species of gastropods, Anachis misera and Cantharidus japonicus, the predation rates on these two snails were significantly lower than on T. cornutus. The observed defensive behaviors were different among the three prey species, and the defensive strategy related to the calcified operculum of T. cornutus was not efficient against predation by E. contractus. It is concluded that the predation by E. contractus represents an important factor in the mortality of juvenile turban snails inside ACA turfs.     

Occurrence of tetrodotoxin in three Nassarius gastropod species in Khanh Hoa Province,Vietnam

Fisheries Science - Neurotoxic poisonings with fatal symptoms caused by consumption of Nassarius gastropods have been reported in Vietnam but the causative toxins have not been confirmed. In the...     

Paralytic shellfish poison as an attractant for toxic snails

The attracting effect of paralytic shell poison (PSP) on eight toxic snail species (Polinices didyma, Natica lineata, N. vitellus, Zeuxis sufflatus, Niotha clathrata, Oliva miniacea, O. mustelina, O. hirasei) and two non-toxic species (Pomacea canaliculata, Satsuma bairdi) was investigated. Eight toxic species were reported to contain tetrodotoxin, and three out of these contained minor PSP. The minimum lethal dose of PSP in most toxic gastropods was estimated to be more than 150 MU PSP/20 g body weight, but in non-toxic gastropods was less than 15 MU PSP/20 g body weight. After the attracting test, all toxic gastropods showed significant positive linear relationship (Y=3.716X+0.363, r=0.8427) between comparative attracting variation and the toxicity reported. The relationship between PSP resistance ability and the toxicity also had a positive correlation (Y=0.91X+210.090, r=0.6803). However, the non-toxic species showed a negative response. This indicates that PSP is an attractant for toxic snails.     

海草对营养盐的吸收过程及其与附生藻类的竞争机制

海草床是近岸海域重要的生态系统,具有显著的生态服务功能,但近岸海域的富营养化已对海草床生态系统的结构与功能构成严重威胁。本文从营养盐与海草生长的关系、海草叶片和根部对营养盐的摄取过程、海草与附生藻类的营养盐竞争及其影响等三个方面,综述了海草对营养盐的吸收过程及其与附生藻类的竞争机制。最后提出如下重点研究方向:1)在不同环境条件下,海草叶与根对营养盐摄取的贡献;2)附生藻类对海草生长的影响机制;3)海草营养吸收与竞争的生态环境效应。     

枸杞岛贻贝养殖筏架附着海藻的群落结构

为了解贝类筏式养殖区的大型海藻种类组成和分布格局及季节变动等群落水平的特征,实验于2018年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(11月)和2019年冬季(2月)对枸杞岛贻贝养殖筏架上的附着海藻进行采样和分析。结果显示,全年共采集到49种附着海藻,隶属11目20科33属。在物种数季节变化上,秋季最高(29种),春季最低(20种),平均有23种;平均生物量季节变化上,夏季最高(5 529.40 g/m~2),秋季最低(2 340.45g/m~2),年平均值为(3 455.06±1 480.40) g/m~2;平均物种数和平均生物量在水平分布上均呈现从养殖区内侧至外侧逐渐减少的特点;附着海藻多样性指数(H')最高为秋季(2.30),最低为夏季(1.87),年平均值为2.07±0.18;全年共采集到优势海藻13种,最高是秋季(8种),夏季最低(5种),平均有6种,其中宽角叉珊藻和密毛沙菜是养殖筏架上的全年优势种;优势海藻的生态位宽度最大值与最小值均出现在秋季,分别为密毛沙菜(2.21)和铜藻(0.74);生态位重叠最大值与最小值均出现在秋季,分别是扁江蓠-铜藻(0.86)和带形蜈蚣藻-铜藻(0)。研究表明,大规模筏式养殖的存在,延长了舌状蜈蚣藻、密毛沙菜等红藻的生长期,拓宽了铜藻等褐藻的栖息范围,从而改变了养殖区内大型海藻的群落结构,有利于所在海区维持更高的全年初级生产力水平和海藻碎屑产生量,为海洋牧场建设过程中海藻场的营造提供科学依据。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book review in this article:
Some methods for the statistical analysis of samples of benthic invertebrates . by J. M.
A key to the British fresh- and brackish-water gastropods with notes on their ecology , by T. T. Macan.