方斑东风螺人工育苗技术

本文报道了方斑东风螺人工育苗试验．方斑东风螺亲螺日摄食率5—8％，亲螺夜间产卵，具卵囊，每个卵囊含卵约1千粒，以卵囊柄粘附于池底，呈悬浮状态。在水温28．0—29．0℃，盐度29的条件下，受精卵孵出卵囊的时间5—7d。浮游幼虫投喂角毛藻，孵化第13d开始出现变态的稚螺。浮游期壳长日均生长67．5um。池底铺沙培育稚螺，变态15d的稚螺，壳长可达3mm。     

管角螺的生物学特性及养殖

试验结果表明,在水温24~30℃的室内人工饲养条件下,管角螺受精卵经30 d发育变态为稚螺,孵化率98%。幼螺适宜温度为23~35℃、盐度为13.0~39.0。饵料以双壳贝类为主。经过50 d培育,共育出壳高8~32 mm的幼螺11.81万个,成活率92%。幼螺经12个月培养,壳高约10 cm。     

温度对黄缘闭壳龟孵化和稚龟表型特征的影响

为研究温度对黄缘闭壳龟受精卵孵化和稚龟表型特征的影响,采用恒温孵化法,设置3个孵育温度(26±0.5)、(28±0.5)、(30±0.5)℃,每个温度放置卵30个,检测孵化期、孵化率和孵化稚龟表型特征并进行统计分析。试验结果表明,28℃试验组的孵化成功率最高,达到93.3%,孵化期75 d,相对较短,所孵幼体的体质量和13个表型性状显著高于26℃试验组(P0.05),有利于幼体的生长;依据孵化率高低、稚龟体质量和表型特征大小,28℃是黄缘闭壳龟在北京及周边地区孵化的适宜温度条件。因此,孵化温度显著影响龟卵孵化效果和稚龟表型特征,该试验结果对黄缘闭壳龟在京津冀地区的繁育孵化具有重要的参考价值。     

两种培育方法对泥东风螺稚螺生长与存活的影响

本文报道了有底沙与无底沙培育方法对泥东风螺( Babylonia Lutosa)稚螺生长与存活影响的实验结果。以牡蛎为饵料,实验设计3×1042、5×104和7×104 ind/m2三个密度梯度,采用有底沙与无底沙两种方法培育刚变态的泥东风螺稚螺。经35 d培育,有底沙组稚螺壳高、体重的生长速度和存活率都高于无底沙组,壳高生长速度差异显著( P <0．05)。而两种培育方法不同的密度培育结果,密度7×104 ind/m2与3×104 ind/m2和5×104 ind/m2实验组稚螺壳高生长速度差异显著(P<0．05),而3×104 ind/m2与5×104 ind/m2实验组壳高生长速度差异不显著( P>0．05)。随着稚螺的生长其潜沙行为越明显,说明有沙培育更符合其具有的潜埋栖息习性,有利其生长和存活。     

管角螺的繁殖生物学

研究了管角螺(Hemifusus tuba Gmelin)繁殖方式、繁殖季节、繁殖力、孵化及稚、幼螺发育过程.研究结果表明,管角螺在广西沿海每年只有一个繁殖期(4-5月,水温24～28℃).管角螺的整个胚胎发育阶段都在卵囊内进行,属直接发生型,出膜后即为稚螺,其繁育过程没有自由生活的浮游幼虫阶段.繁殖期内亲螺有多次交尾现象,平均每个雌螺产卵2.1次,产卵囊20.4个,每个卵囊平均含有卵子2 115粒,个体繁殖力4.3万粒.水温24～29℃时稚螺孵出时间为29～30 d,孵化率98%.90 d后发育为5.0 cm的幼螺.     

2种东风螺繁殖及苗种生长发育的比较

对方斑东风螺Babylonia areolata(Link)和台湾东风螺B·formosae(Sowerby)进行人工繁育试验,结果表明:在水温23·6±1·1℃和充气条件下,方斑东风螺的孵化时间为8d,台湾东风螺的孵化时间为7d;刚孵出幼体壳长方斑东风螺为482·7±10·6μm,台湾东风螺为398·2±10·3μm。在水温25·2±0·9℃、培育密度为0·1~0·2ind·mL-1左右时,方斑东风螺幼体壳长增长速度可达33·6μm·d-1,约在第18天开始进入附着变态,变态时壳高为1323·9±118·6μm;台湾东风螺幼体壳长增长速度为25·3μm·d-1,约在第16天开始进入附着变态,变态时壳高为955·5±74·4μm。在水温26·5±0·7℃、培育密度为2100ind·m-2左右时,方斑东风螺和台湾东风螺的稚贝壳高增长速度分别为0·21和0·20mm·d-1。     

底砂粒径对方斑东风螺生长、消化、抗氧化及底质的影响

为探究不同粒径养殖底砂对方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolata)稚螺养成效果的影响,在微流水养殖系统中采用3种不同粒径养殖底砂(细砂1 mm、中砂2 mm和粗砂3 mm)进行了养殖对比试验,比较其对稚螺生长、消化、抗氧化的影响以及对底质氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮含量的影响。试验稚螺的初始体质量、壳高、壳宽分别为(0.263 3±0.0033)g、(10.67±0.11)mm、(7.06±0.15)mm,试验周期为30 d。结果显示：试验结束时,细砂组稚螺的体质量、壳高、壳宽分别为(0.560 3±0.026 3)g、(12.72±0.06)mm、(8.50±0.16)mm,存活率为(92.67±0.94)%,均显著高于中砂组和粗砂组(P<0.05);随着养殖时间的推移,中砂组和粗砂组稚螺的存活率逐步降低,试验结束时分别降至(58.22±4.57)%、(48.44±1.13)%;中砂组稚螺最终的体质量、壳高、壳宽分别为(0.452 0±0.024 6)g、(12.13±0.17)mm、(7.91±0.13)mm,粗砂组分别为(0.427 5±0.019 6)g、(12.26±0.0...     

方斑东风螺室内人工育苗试验

为探索方斑东风螺的人工育苗技术，进行了室内人工育苗试验。采用降温干运法将亲螺从湛江水产学院运回试验基地，控制培育池水深25-30cm，海水比重1．017，水温28-30℃，保持充气和流水刺激，投喂新鲜的蟹肉和鱼肉。收集亲螺产出的卵囊，冲洗消毒后放入孵化池孵化。培育单细胞藻类作东风螺幼体的饵料，用蟹肉和鱼肉培育稚螺。试验共孵化出幼体550万粒，培育出5．5-17．5mm的稚螺40万粒，培育成活率为8％。     

管角螺对几种环境因子的耐受性试验

试验结果表明,管角螺幼螺生存温度为6～32 ℃,适宜温度20～30 ℃.管角螺对低盐具有较强的耐受力,适应盐度为13.0～39.0;生存pH为6.2～10.4,并具有较强的耐干露能力.气温28～30 ℃,壳高10.0 mm的幼螺干露12 h无死亡,干露24 h和36 h的死亡率分别为75%和100%.幼螺营底栖生活,底质条件对管角螺的个体成活率无明显影响.饵料以双壳贝类为主,对贝肉、鱼虾肉糜具明显的趋食性.     

鳞砗磲的人工繁育和早期发生

基于2015年的预备性试验,于2016年3—6月在三亚开展了鳞砗磲人工繁育技术研究。结果显示,采用五羟色胺催产剂可以有效促使鳞砗磲排放配子,精卵比例为50∶1~100∶1时受精率、孵化率较高,孵化密度控制在15~20个/m L较适宜,经过36 h孵化,获得初孵D形幼虫;优选的D形幼虫经过5 d的微充气培养,即发育至足面盘幼虫,进入附着变态期。利用净水采苗法促使幼虫完成变态,经过7~10 d,幼虫出现鳃、次生壳,并建立完善的虫黄藻系统,即完成变态、形成稚贝。利用一定浓度虫黄藻浸泡足面盘幼虫2 h以内,可以有效地提高变态率。采用微流水+微充气模式和2000~3000 lx光照(白天)进行稚贝培养,稚贝利用体内虫黄藻提供的营养就可以继续完成贝壳生长、器官发育。经过48 d和65 d的培育,分别成功获得壳长×壳高=(1174.0±146.5)μm×(1208.0±135.3)μm的稚贝约3万个,壳长×壳高=(1750.2±224.1)μm×(1816.5±226.5)μm的幼贝约0.5万个。本研究首次在国内人工繁育成功,获得了鳞砗磲苗种,为鳞砗磲人工大规模繁育、增殖放流、移植保育等工作奠定了基础。     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Effect of Salinity on Embryonic Development,Hatchability, and Growth of African Catfish,Clarias gariepinus,Eggs and Larvae

Abstract

Effects of salinity on embryonic development and growth of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, eggs and larvae were studied. Eggs were incubated at 27-29°C in 2,4,6,8, and 10 ppt sodium chloride. Rate of embryonic development was delayed in all salt solutions by 15, 15,28 and 30 minutes, in 2,4,6, and 8 ppt sodium chloride, respectively, when compared with the control group (0% salt); total mortality occurred at 12 hours after gastrula stage in the 10 ppt concentration. Percentage hatching was 45.1,47.7, 59.5,49.2, and 26.6% while percentage deformity was 10.4, 16.1, 52.0, 28.6, and 71.6% in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppt salt treatments, respectively. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in the hatching percentage and in deformity percentage between 4, 6, and 8 ppt. Rate of yolk absorption was significantly faster in the control and 2 ppt salt treatments, but slower in 4, 6, and 8 ppt. Rate of increase in length was slower with increasing salinity. The optimum salinity for African catfish eggs and was between 0-2 ppt and acceptable up to 6 ppt. The results suggest that increasing salinity delayed hatching and development of African catfish eggs and larvae, respectively, as well as increased the deformity of the larvae.     

Effect of Temperature on Growth,Energy Budget,and Physiological Performance of Green,White, and Purple Color Morphs of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

As an intertidal species, Apostichopus japonicus is subject to diel and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Color variation is a distinct characteristic of A. japonicus, and a new color morph, purple A. japonicus, was recently found on the coast of Rushan, Weihai City. This study was conducted to compare the performance of green, white, and purple color morphs of A. japonicus at different water temperatures to help improving aquaculture technology and management. In this study, green, white, and purple color morphs of juvenile A. japonicus (1.5 ± 0.1 g) were cultured at 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 C for 60 d, according to the suitable temperature range for sea cucumber growth. Temperature was shown to have a significant effect on growth, energy budget, and physiology of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Specific growth rates, feed conversion efficiencies, and the proportion of energy allocated to growth of all three color morphs were optimal at 18 C. Activities of the enzymes related with oxidative stress, immune response, and digestion were determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and trypsin activities generally reached a maximum in all three color morphs at 18 C. The purple color morph of A. japonicus was higher in growth rate, food conversion efficiency, and proportion of energy allocated to growth than green and white color morphs at 18 and 22 C, consistent with its higher trypsin and SOD activity, indicating the mutual effect of growth and physiology. At 18, 22, and 26 C, the green color morph had the highest level of lysozyme activity and purple color morph had the lowest, indicating possible infection by external pathogens of green color morph, which might be caused by high temperature. These results suggested that the optimum temperature for culture of the three color morphs was approximately 18 C, the purple had a better adaption to high temperature, and the green and white color morphs may be more susceptible to thermal stress than the purple color morph.     

Influence of density and background color to stress response, appetite, growth, and blind-side hypermelanosis of flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

To study the relevance of density and background color to stress response, appetite, and growth in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, we reared two duplicate groups of juveniles (total length 4.46 ± 0.06 cm, body weight 0.77 ± 0.03 g) in flat-bottom aquaria with dark-green (control) and white backgrounds for 120 days. We measured cortisol and glucose levels in blood and calculated the daily food intake, food conversion efficiency, survival rate, and growth rate. To study the relevance of density and background color to malpigmentation (hypermelanosis) on the blind side, we also compared malpigmented ratios and prepro-melanin-concentrating hormone mRNA activities in the brain between the dark-green and white background groups, as well as between a relatively lower density (60 days) and higher density (120 days). Although we measured relatively higher levels of cortisol and glucose in the white background group and over 200 % of coverage area [PCA]), the bright background failed to induce an acute stress response of more than 20 ng/ml cortisol and 40 mg/dl glucose both in 60 days and 120 days, but did enhance appetite and growth. Also, a bright background color delayed hyperpigmentation only at a low density below 200 % PCA, but did not inhibit malpigmentation at a high density of more than 200 % PCA. In addition, below 200 % PCA, expression of MCH mRNA was significantly higher in the white group, but the level was reversed and was lower in the white group at more than 200 % PCA. In conclusion, although did not induce a high stress response over 200 % PCA, the bright background color resulted in a moderate increasing of cortisol level in blood below 20 ng/ml and enhanced appetite and growth. Moreover, at a density below 200 % PCA, the bright color inhibited hypermelanosis with high MCH mRNA activity, but at more than 200 % PCA did not inhibit malpigmentation, and the fish showed low MCH mRNA activity, indicating that the inhibitory effect of a bright background color on hypermelanosis is density dependent.     

Compositional differences,antioxidant activity,angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition,and sensory characteristics of kamaboko fermented in wheat,rice, brown rice,and soybean koji

Fisheries Science - Fermentation of kamaboko in koji with wheat (KW), rice (KR), brown rice (KB), or soybean (KS) was performed by simulation of tofuyo processing. Moisture and protein content...     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Effects of Dietary Savory and Myrtle Essential Oils on Growth,Survival, Nutritional Indices,Serum Biochemistry,and Hematology of Farmed Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,Fry

The effects of diets containing different levels of essential oils from savory Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad and myrtle Myrtus communis L and an immunity complement were investigated on growth, survival, nutritional indices, serum biochemistry, and hematology of farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fry (n = 4500; 5 ± 2 g). The essential oils were dosed as 300 and 500 mg/kg diet. After 60 d, the fish fed 300 mg/kg of the essential oils showed the highest counts of white blood cells (P < 0.05). The same treatment revealed the greatest levels of hematocrit, total protein, and albumin, but glucose and cholesterol values significantly decreased compared with the control (P < 0.05). Feeding fish with 300 mg/kg of the essential oils led to highest records of specific growth rate and survival rate but the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR), and those fed with immunity complement attained the lowest values of growth parameters. The fry fed with immunity complement and 300 mg/kg of myrtle essential oil achieved the highest and lowest FCR values, respectively. The results indicate that dietary supplementation of 300 mg/kg of the above essential oils exert positive impacts on the growth performance, feeding efficiency, and hematological factors in O. mykiss.     

Ctenocephalides canis and Ctenocephalides felis infestations of dogs and cats. Biology of the agent, epizootiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis and control

A review is presented of the biology, epizootiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of canine and feline Ctenocephalides canis and C. felis infestation. Also data are given on the prevalence of fleas in dogs and cats during a year at the 1st Animal Medical Hospital, Munich Veterinary Faculty. 5.5% of the dogs and 18.9% of the cats were infested with fleas.     

Effects of levamisole,echinacea, and thyme oral administration on growth factors,blood parameters,and immunity in beluga,Huso huso

A total of 180 fish (95.50 g) were fed with 0.1% levamisole, 0.5% thyme, and 0.5% echinacea crude extract for 60 days. The control group received no stimulant. The results of growth parameters indicated a significant positive effect of levamisole in comparison with the control group, though it was not significantly different from echinacea and thyme treatments (P > 0.05). No mortalities were observed in the treatments. Feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio did not differ significantly between the treatments. The highest numbers of white and red blood cells and the greatest amounts of hemoglobin and hematocrit were detected in the levamisole treatment, showing significant differences with the other groups in the percentage of hemoglobin only (P < 0.05). The highest levels of MCH and MCHC were also measured in the levamisole treatment. Differential count of white blood cells revealed no significant differences in neutrophil and lymphocyte levels with the control. There was a significant increase in the percentage of eosinophil in the levamisole treatment alone. No significant differences were recorded in total protein, albumin, and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzymes. Levamisole treatment displayed the highest activities of glutathione peroxidase and lysozyme as well as the greatest amount of immunoglobulin. So 0.1 levamisole yielded better results in the growth, blood, and immunity parameters and can be used as a stimulant without injuring body organs.