黄海鳀鱼越冬洄游分布及其与物理环境的关系

依据2001~2003年间秋、冬季调查资料,对黄海鳀鱼的越冬洄游分布与环境因子的关系作了初步研究;利用一个以温、盐为参量的刻画海区物理环境对鳀鱼适合程度的指标(环境适合度),对环境因子在鳀鱼洄游分布中的作用做了初步的定量探讨。结果表明,鳀鱼的越冬洄游分布呈现出一种为温盐环境因子所“驱动”的态势;黄海冷水团和黄海暖流是其两个主要控制因素。秋季黄海冷水团决定着鳀鱼的洄游与分布,鳀鱼主要聚集于黄海冷水团的边缘、底层水温11~12℃等温线附近,冷水团边缘应是鳀鱼越冬洄游的主要路径。冬季黄海暖流决定了鳀鱼的越冬分布,鳀鱼主要密集于黄海暖流入侵所形成的暖水舌边缘、水温11~13℃等温线附近。物理环境适合度与鳀鱼的分布有着良好的匹配,适合度由低到高的负梯度方向决定了鳀鱼的越冬洄游路线,适合度高值区恰是越冬鳀鱼的密集区;表明适合度可作为一有效环境指标在预测鳀鱼密集区形成中发挥重要作用。     

黄海秋季鱼类群落关键种的年代际变化

本研究基于1985、2001、2009和2018年秋季黄海渔业资源调查数据,构建了黄海鱼类群落食物网拓扑结构,分析了黄海鱼类群落关键种的年代际变化。结果显示,1985—2018年间,黄海鱼类食物网包含物种67~103个,摄食关系数量为300~449个,食物网拓扑结构密度范围为0.198~0.227,种间关联度为0.044~0.074,符合自然条件下的群落种间摄食关系。1985—2018年间,黄海秋季鱼类群落关键种为鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、黄鮟鱇(Lophius litulon)和小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)。秋季黄海关键种并未发生变化,鳀为关键被捕食者,小黄鱼是控制群落离散变量的物种,两者的资源均出现衰退;黄鮟鱇作为关键捕食者,其相对资源量上升。1985—2018年间,秋季黄海优势种变化明显,由黄鮟鱇和银鲳(Pampus argenteus)转变为龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)、细纹狮子鱼(Liparis tanakae)和鳀;以重量和数量计算的丰富度指数(Rw和Rn)、多样性指数(H′w和H′n)逐步降低,2018年以后显著回升,均匀度指数(J′w和J′n)波动较小。研究表明,近30年秋季黄海关键种没有变化,但优势种变化明显,群落结构有波动,但仍处于较稳定状态。     

黄海鳀鱼限额捕捞的研究

根据10多年在黄海中南部鳀鱼（Engraulis japonicus）越冬场进行的声学／拖网调查生物量评估结果，利用调谐有效种群分析方法（VPA）对黄海鳀鱼资源种群动态进行了分析。研究结果：提出了鳀鱼限额捕捞工作内容和程序框架。并根据2001年鳀鱼生物量情况推荐，F↓（0．1）为0．7时     

黄海鳀鱼的生长特征及其年际与季节变化

利用2001年1月和2004年1月黄海鳀鱼(Engraulis japonicus)越冬群体的生物学资料和千里岩海洋环境监测站1997~2003年海表水温资料,对鳀鱼的生长特征及其年际差异进行了分析,对水温与鳀鱼生长的关系进行了初步探讨;利用2000年6、8、10月和2001年1、3、5月份的调查资料对鳀鱼生长的季节特征进行了分析。结果表明,(1)2001年和2004年鳀鱼的Von Bertanaffy体长生长方程参数L∞、k、t0分别为190.1mm、0.47、-0.06和172.7mm、0.61、-0.17;体重生长方程的参数W∞、k、t0分别为45.4g、0.46、-0.11和35.5g、0.60、-0.21;生长拐点分别为2.35龄和1.72龄。相对2001年,1~3龄鱼的体长和体重积温生长速度增大,4龄鱼的体长积温生长速度相同,体重积温生长速度减小。(2)伴随着群体的补充和个体的生长与死亡,鳀鱼的体长组成具有明显的季节特征。鳀鱼个体的肥满度也存在明显的季节变化,最高值出现在生殖盛期之前的5月,为0.82;最低值出现在越冬期之后的3月,为0.44。     

东、黄海主要鱼类Q/B值与种群摄食量研究

利用东、黄海渔业资源调查所获得的数据,在测定年栖息平均水温、渐进体重、尾鳍外形比以及胃含物分析基础上,根据经验公式计算得出了东、黄海103种鱼类的Q/B值。Q/B值总体范围从3.09(黄鱼安鱼康)到19.13(七星底灯鱼),平均值为7.97。根据Q/B值和生物量评估了鱼类种群年摄食量。黄海的重要鱼类(鳀鱼、竹荚鱼、鲐鱼、细纹狮子鱼和小黄鱼),共消耗了449万t/年。东海的重要鱼类(竹荚鱼、带鱼、发光鲷、鳀鱼和蓝点马鲛),共消耗了175万t/年。97种鱼类在黄海共摄食约466万t/年,在东海共摄食278万t/年。同时对东、黄海主要饵料生物(磷虾类、鳀鱼、发光鲷、七星底灯鱼、细条天竺鲷、日本枪乌贼、桡足类、樱虾类、细螯虾和脊尾腹褐虾)被摄食量进行了估算。主要饵料生物在这两个海区共被消耗了555万t/年,占整个97种鱼类摄食消耗的74.6%。     

黄海南部和东海浮游动物分布与鲐鲹渔场关系

黄海南部和东海的日本鲐鱼和蓝圆鲹以浮游动物为主食，并兼食鳀鱼等小型鱼类。因此浮游动物的分布及其季节变化同鲐、鲹渔场的关系密切。本文报导了1972—1975年间，对黄海南部和东海浮游生物组成和数量分布的调查结果，并据此对鲐、鲹渔场的位置、渔期、渔获量以及洄游路线等进行了分析研究。不同季节，鲐鲹鱼类的产卵群、索饵群和越冬群形成的渔场位置及其变迁，都和浮动动物的分布、数量变化有密切的关系。     

黄海北部鱼类群落的摄食生态及其变化

根据2010年5月和8月对黄海北部渔业资源的底拖网调查,分析了黄海北部鱼类群落的摄食生态及其变化.结果表明,黄海北部鱼类群落共有9种重要种类,与5月相比,8月没有游泳动物食性鱼类,广食性鱼类减少,浮游动物食性鱼类的比例大大增加.黄海北部鱼类群落在5月和8月总摄食量分别为0.5万t和19.6万t,细长脚虫戎、中华哲水蚤、脊腹褐虾、中华安乐虾、小黄鱼和鳀是黄海北部鱼类群落被摄食量最高的6种主要饵料种类.1985年至2010年的25年间,黄海北部鱼类群落的优势种更替,游泳动物食性鱼类减少,广食性鱼类增多；鱼类群落的平均营养级每10年下降0.24,尽管近10年的下降速度有所放慢,但仍远远高于渤海和黄海中南部的下降速度.     

东黄海区鳀鱼资源变动及渔业管理

我国东黄海区鳀鱼资源丰富，渔场分布广。鳀鱼是一种集群性强、昼夜垂直移动明显的中上层小型鱼类。地方名又称鲅鱼食、离水烂、海蜒等。八十年代前，因鳀鱼属于低值小型鱼类，社会利用价值很低，所以鳀鱼资源并未引起人们高度重视，仅作为部分拖网、定置网等渔具兼捕对象。进入九十年代，随着主要传统经济鱼类资源的严重衰退，鳀鱼资源逐步得到大规模的开发利用，从而从兼捕对象变为主捕对象，取得了巨大的经济效益和社会效益。 一、鳀鱼资源特性演变 九十年以代来，鳀鱼渔业经过了开发生产－充分利用－过度利用三个阶段，鳀鱼渔业资源特性…     

东黄海区鳀鱼资源变动及渔业管理

我国东黄海区鳀鱼资源丰富,渔场分布广。鳀鱼是一种集群性强、昼夜垂直移动明显的中上层小型鱼类。地方名又称鲅鱼食、离水烂、海蜒等。80年代前,因鳀鱼属于低值小型鱼类,其资源并未引起人们高度重视,仅作为部分拖网、定置网等渔具兼捕对象。进入90年代,随着主要传统经济鱼类资源的严重衰退,鳀鱼资源逐步得到大规模的开发利用,从而由兼捕对象变为主捕对象,取得了巨大的捕捞经济效益和社会效益。     

不同工艺提取鳀蛋白质原料对黄颡鱼生长性能和生理健康的影响

[目的]为了比较不同生产工艺得到的酶解鳀鱼浆（HFP）、鳀鱼鱼溶浆（SW）、酶解鳀鱼鱼溶浆（HSW）、低温烘干鳀鱼粉（L-FM）和常规烘干鳀鱼粉（H-FM）在饲料中的应用效果 。[方法]以初始体重为（17.69±0.09）g的黄颡鱼幼鱼为养殖对象 ,以30%的秘鲁超级蒸汽鱼粉（FM组）为对照,在试验日粮中分别添加酶解鳀鱼浆、鳀鱼鱼溶浆、酶解鳀鱼鱼溶浆、低温烘干鳀鱼粉和常规烘干鳀鱼粉,经过8周池塘网箱养殖试验,比较5种不同生产工艺得到的鳀鱼蛋白质原料对黄颡鱼生长性能的影响。其中,酶解鳀鱼浆在日粮中的添加量为FM组中鱼粉蛋白质量的25%（HFP25组）、45%（HFP45组）和65%（HFP65组）三个剂量梯度;以酶解鳀鱼浆组（HFP45组）添加的酶解鳀鱼浆蛋白含量为基准,与相同蛋白含量的鳀鱼鱼溶浆（SW组）和酶解鳀鱼鱼溶浆（HSW组）进行生长比较;低温烘干鳀鱼粉和常规烘干鳀鱼粉添加量为30%;以上共计8组等氮等脂 日粮,每组设置3个重复,每个重复40尾。[结果]试验结果显示：1）与FM组相比,L-FM和H-FM组的SGR和FCR均无显著差异（P>0.05）;2）以FM组为对照,HFP25试验组的SGR降低了3.30%,FCR升高了5.36%,无显著差异（P>0.05）,而HFP45和HFP65组的SGR分别降低了10.99%、20.33%,FCR分别升高了21.43%、41.96%,差异显著（P<0.05）,并且随着日粮中HFP添加量的增加,SGR、蛋白沉积率（PRR）和脂肪沉积率（FRR）均呈现下降趋势,差异显著（P<0.05）;3）HFP45、SW、HSW三组试验饲料的结果为：HFP具有最高的SGR,而SW的SGR最低,差异不显著（P<0.05）。经酶解处理后的HSW相比SW组SGR升高了2.25%,差异不显著（P>0.05）,体组成方面,鱼体水分、蛋白、脂肪和总磷含量变化不显著（P>0.05）,灰分变化显著（P<0.05）。[结论]研究表明：秘鲁超级蒸汽鱼粉（FM）、低温烘干鳀鱼粉（L-FM）和常规烘干鳀鱼粉（H-FM）在黄颡鱼生长性能和饲料利用效率方面无显著性差异,但低温烘干鳀鱼粉在黄颡鱼鱼体健康方面优于常规烘干鳀鱼粉;在黄颡鱼日粮中实际添加7.1%的酶解鳀鱼浆可以完全替代30%的鱼粉, 在鱼体生长速度、饲料效率和血清指标等方面具有一定的等效性;日粮中过高添加量的酶解鳀鱼浆会导致黄颡鱼生长速度和饲料效率的下降;不同酶解蛋白原料中,酶解鳀鱼浆（HFP）对黄颡鱼的生长效果最好,鳀鱼鱼溶浆（SW）生长效果最差。此外,经酶解处理后的酶解鳀鱼鱼溶浆（HSW）要优于鳀鱼鱼溶浆（SW）。     

东海区小黄鱼繁殖模型优化选择及其管理应用研究

根据 1999-2008 年东海区渔业资源底拖网大面定点调查获取的小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)渔业生物学资料,利用AIC(Akaike Information Criterion)与BIC(Bayesian Information Criterion),对小黄鱼的Ricker、Beverton-Holt和Cushing繁殖模型进行了拟合优度检验.针对选择的繁殖模型,经单因子相关分析和逐步回归分析,筛选对繁殖模型有重要影响的环境因子,经模型的拟合和检验,确定东海区小黄鱼的适用繁殖模型.结果表明:3种繁殖模型中,Ricker繁殖模型更适合模拟小黄鱼亲体与补充量关系,但吕泗渔场海域3-4月平均海水表温、7月海水表温和5月长江径流量、7-8月长江平均径流量以及当年夏季风速对模型中的补充量有着重要的影响;优化后的Ricker繁殖模型不仅可以提高东海区小黄鱼亲鱼量与补充量的拟合精度,而且可参考该模型修正当年度小黄鱼的资源管理目标,提高资源管理的科学性.     

Temperature-dependent stock-recruitment model for walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) around northern Japan

Changes in fish year‐class strength have been attributed to year‐to‐year variability in environmental conditions and spawning stock biomass (SSB). In particular, sea temperature has been shown to be linked to fish recruitment. In the present study, I examined the relationship between sea surface temperature (SST), SSB and recruitment for two stocks of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) around northern Japan [Japanese Pacific stock (JPS) and northern Japan Sea stock (JSS)] using a temperature‐dependent stock‐recruitment model (TDSRM). The recruitment fluctuation of JPS was successfully reproduced by the TDSRM with February and April SSTs, and February SST was a better environmental predictor than April SST. In addition, the JPS recruitment was positively related to February SST and negatively to April SST. The JSS recruitment modeled by the TDSRM incorporating February SST was also consistent with the observation, whereas the relationship between recruitment and February SST was negative, that is the opposite trend to JPS. These findings suggest that SST in February is important as a predictor of recruitment for both stocks, and that higher and lower SSTs in February act favorably on the recruitment of JPS and JSS respectively. Furthermore, Ricker‐type TDSRM was not selected for either of the stocks, suggesting that the strong density‐dependent effect as in the Ricker model does not exist for JPS and JSS. I formulate hypotheses to explain the links between SST and recruitment, and note that these relationships should be considered in any future attempts to understand the recruitment dynamics of JPS and JSS.     

Causes of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) recruitment decline in the northern Sea of Japan: implications for stock management

Recruitment of the northern Japan Sea stock (JSS) of walleye pollock has been decreasing since around 1990. In this study, I analyzed the factors causing this decrease in recruitment by investigating the relationship between recruitment, spawning stock biomass (SSB) and environmental factors using a generalized additive model (GAM). GAM fit to the data showed the importance of SSB, sea surface temperature (SST), ocean current strength (Tsushima Warm Current) and wind intensity (Asian monsoon) in determining the recruitment. Of these, the relationship between SSB and recruitment was positive and not negatively density‐dependent. On the other hand, the recruitment was negatively related to SST and ocean current strength, and a dome‐shaped relationship was observed between wind intensity and recruitment. Since around 1990, the values of SST and ocean current strength have mostly been high and that of wind intensity mostly low. In addition, SSB has been decreasing since the late 1990s. It is likely that the recruitment decline of JSS after approximately 1990 has been caused by warm water temperature, strong Tsushima Warm Current and weak Asian monsoon, and that the recent decrease in SSB has amplified this recruitment decline. According to the model’s estimation, a recruitment recovery due to environmental improvement will be highly restricted as long as SSB remains at its current low level. Significant recovery of SSB is urgently needed for JSS.     

Does the Ricker or Beverton and Holt type of stock-recruitment relationship truly exist?

ABSTRACT:   This study investigated the main causes of population abundance fluctuations. Particularly, attention was paid to whether a density-dependant factor, such as a stock-recruitment relationship (S-R relationship) or a density-independent factor such as an environmental factor, is more important. Using data pertaining to the number of eggs of the Pacific stock mackerel and information about regime shifts and sea surface temperature, the shape of the S-R relationship was discussed and these shapes with the results of simulation trails were compared. Further other historical S-R relationship data were analyzed. The results are as follows: (i) a new mechanism that causes population fluctuations could be proposed, that is, (a) the recruitment is proportional to the spawning stock biomass (SSB) and the relation is expressed by several lines with the same slope, and (b) the shift between the lines occurs due to environmental conditions; and (ii) the density-dependent S-R relationship, which suggests that recruitment decreased due to high density in SSB, proposed by Ricker or Beverton and Holt, would not exist.     

Proposal for stock-recruitment relationship for Japanese sardine <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sardinops melanostictus</Emphasis> in North-Western Pacific

ABSTRACT:   This study assessed the stock-recruitment relationship (SRR) for the Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus in the North-western Pacific. Of the 20 SRR models investigated, the Akaike information criterion (AIC) was the minimum (AIC = 551.2) when the data were separated into two groups (A and B) and the log-normal distribution was applied as the error term. Group A was constructed with SRR data from 1976–1987 and 1992–2004. Group B consisted of data from 1988–1991. The AIC minimum model was R  = 22.8 S  ×  e ^ε for Group A, where R , S , and ε denote the recruitment of sardine (individual number of 0-year old fish), spawning stock biomass (SSB), and error term, respectively. This model indicated that recruitment was proportional to the SSB and that no density-dependent effect operated over the range of SSB investigated (51 000–11.3 million t). Recruitment was markedly higher (lower) when the sea surface temperature (SST) of the Kuroshio Extension area in February was low (high). The essential SRR can simply be expressed as R  = 22.8 S  ×  e ^ε with the level of recruitment deviating from the model to a greater or lesser degree depending on the environmental conditions.     

印度洋长鳍金枪鱼资源评估

本研究运用年龄结构资源评估模型ASAP,利用最新的渔业数据和生物学研究成果,对印度洋长鳍金枪鱼资源进行了评估。结果显示,主要资源变量捕捞死亡系数(F)、产卵亲体生物量(SSB)和生物学参考点受亲体-补充量关系的陡度参数(h)的影响很大。假设陡度参数h=0.7、0.8、0.9时,最大持续产量(MSY)分别为25 268t、27 414t、51 924t,当前(2010年初)F与FMSY之比分别为2.85、2.32、1.11,当前渔获量与MSY之比分别为1.65、1.52、0.80。1984年以来,F总体处于上升趋势,SSB处于下降趋势。基本模型条件下(h=0.8),当前资源状况为"趋向于过度捕捞"(Overfishing),且已接近于"过度捕捞"(Overfished)。若h=0.7、h=0.9,当前资源状况分别为"捕捞过度"、"趋向于过度捕捞"。     

人工增殖放流技术的探讨

渔业资源增殖放流是指对野生鱼、虾、蟹和贝类等进行人工繁殖、养殖或捕捞天然苗种在人工条件下培育后,释放到渔业资源出现衰退的天然水域中,使其自然种群得以恢复的一种方法。增殖放流的目的在于保护濒危物种、增加渔业资源产量和修复生态环境,还具有培养渔民环保意识和增加渔民收入等多方面的重要意义。本文从苗种来源、标记方法、放流策略和效果评价四个方面总结了国内外增殖放流的技术,以期为今后的放流工作提供借鉴和参考。     

Linking cod (Gadus morhua) and climate: investigating variability in Irish Sea cod recruitment

How climatic variability and anthropogenic pressures interact to influence recruitment is a key factor in achieving sustainable resource management. However, the combined effects of these pressures can make it difficult to detect non‐stationary interactions or shifts in the relationships with recruitment. Here we examine the links between climate and Irish Sea cod recruitment during a period of declining spawning stock biomass (SSB). Specifically, we test for a shift in the relationship between recruitment, SSB and climate by comparing an additive (generalized additive model, GAM) and non‐additive threshold model (TGAM). The relationship between recruitment success, SSB and the climatic driver, sea surface temperature, was best described by the TGAM, with a threshold identified between recruitment and SSB at approximately 7900 t. The analysis suggests a threshold shift in the relationship between recruitment and SSB in Irish Sea cod, with cod recruitment being more sensitive to climatic variability during the recent low SSB regime.     

鳀鱼的生物量、渔业及其生物学特征

IntroductionThe Yellow Sea is characterized by a shallow continental shelf. High tides and seasonally varying mon-soons,freshwater discharge from surrounding landmasses and large amounts of sediments transported intothe sea as well as the effect of the Kuroshio current have strong effects on the environment in these areas.Productivity of an ecosystem may be measured in terms of abundance of the adult population and recruitmentof new year classes.Japanese anchovy(Engraulis jap onicus) is cons…     

Environmental effects on recruitment and productivity of Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus and chub mackerel Scomber japonicus with recommendations for management

We compared a wide range of environmental data with measures of recruitment and stock production for Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus and chub mackerel Scomber japonicus to examine factors potentially responsible for fishery regimes (periods of high or low recruitment and productivity). Environmental factors fall into two groups based on principal component analyses. The first principal component group was determined by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index and was dominated by variables associated with the Southern Oscillation Index and Kuroshio Sverdrup transport. The second was led by the Arctic Oscillation and dominated by variables associated with Kuroshio geostrophic transport. Instantaneous surplus production rates (ISPR) and log recruitment residuals (LNRR) changed within several years of environmental regime shifts and then stabilized due, we hypothesize, to rapid changes in carrying capacity and relaxation of density dependent effects. Like ISPR, LNRR appears more useful than fluctuation in commercial catch data for identifying the onset of fishery regime shifts. The extended Ricker models indicate spawning stock biomass and sea surface temperatures (SST) affect recruitment of sardine while spawning stock biomass, SST and sardine biomass affect recruitment of chub mackerel. Environmental conditions were favorable for sardine during 1969–87 and unfavorable during 1951–67 and after 1988. There were apparent shifts from favorable to unfavorable conditions for chub mackerel during 1976–77 and 1985–88, and from unfavorable to favorable during 1969–70 and 1988–92. Environmental effects on recruitment and surplus production are important but fishing effects are also influential. For example, chub mackerel may have shifted into a new favorable fishery regime in 1992 if fishing mortality had been lower. We suggest that managers consider to shift fishing effort in response to the changing stock productivity, and protect strong year classes by which we may detect new favorable regimes.