基于组合湿地构建的池塘循环水养殖系统运行效果

为探索适用于高密度池塘养殖尾水处理和水循环利用的生态工程技术,本研究构建了一套基于组合湿地的池塘循环水养殖系统。在考察组合湿地对池塘尾水中氮、磷等物质去除效果和养殖过程中池塘水质动态变化的基础上,分析评估了系统氮、磷利用效率。结果显示：在5.54 m³/(m²·d)高水力负荷下,组合湿地对氨氮(TAN)、硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)、总悬浮物(TSS)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和化学耗氧量(COD)去除率分别为68.94%、-25.38%、60.86%、43.56%、16.67%和27.98%,湿地出水水质满足渔业养殖用水要求;养殖过程中,循环塘TAN、NO^-₂-N浓度较低,均值分别为0.72 mg/L、0.10 mg/L,显著低于对照塘,DO均值为4.85 mg/L,显著高于对照塘且较为稳定;主养品种黄颡鱼产量达到391.38 kg,较对照塘提高9.11%;氮、磷相对利用率分别提高10.68%和11.20%,绝对利用率分别提高11.06%和11.49%,环境...     

组合湿地系统对养殖尾水的净化效果

利用组合湿地系统对湖区池塘养殖尾水进行净化,以实现水体循环再利用,减少对周围水环境的污染。组合湿地系统由3个莲藕净化塘、1个生态沟渠和1个人工湿地组成,面积分别为2.1 hm2、1.47 hm2和0.52 hm2,其中净化塘莲藕的覆盖度分别为0%、30%、60%。沿程采样测定水化学指标。结果显示,组合系统能够有效降低养殖尾水中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH4+-N)和化学耗氧量(COD)等指标。TN、TP由初始值1.3 mg/L、0.76 mg/L降到0.4 mg/L、0.09 mg/L,去除率分别为41.5%、77.5%;NH4+-N、COD由初始值0.27 mg/L、42 mg/L降到0.06 mg/L、27 mg/L,去除率分别为77.7%、35%。研究表明,该组合湿地系统能有效净化养殖尾水,实现水体循环再利用,可有效缓解南四湖的入湖污染负荷。     

复合池塘养殖系统湿地水质净化功能研究

由潜流和表面流湿地组成复合人工湿地,与池塘有机结合构成鱼塘-湿地水循环系统应用于草鱼苗种培育,研究了该系统对池塘水质的改善效果。结果显示:在760 mm/d的水力负荷率条件下,复合湿地系统对NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、TN、TP、COD和TSS的平均去除率分别为(33.56±3.71)%、(50.73±3.95)%、(46.33±4.95)%、(27.99±2.78)%、(58.15±3.38)%、(29.60±2.24)%和(84.49±1.77)%;湿地出水水质符合渔业水质标准(GB11607-89)要求。结果表明鱼塘-湿地水循环系统对养殖用水具有较好的净化效果。     

集中连片池塘的尾水处理系统中氮磷的时空变化规律

为探明集中连片池塘排放尾水中氮磷经尾水处理系统各净化功能区的削减状况,分析尾水处理系统氮磷的削减机制,比较论证养殖尾水在各净化功能区的季节、月份变化规律,建立了一个具有养殖尾水处理系统的集中连片池塘养殖小区,对总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)在养殖试验周期内开展持续的时空监测。结果显示:生态沟渠和湿地+净化池塘组合构成的养殖尾水处理系统,6～10月间,对养殖尾水TN显著削减43.02%,TP显著削减30.39%。养殖小区排放水TN(1.318±0.408 mg/L)、TP(0.325±0.160 mg/L)符合SC/T 9101—2007《淡水池塘养殖水排放要求》一级排放标准。夏秋季与沿程交互作用对TN有显著影响(P0.05),夏秋季与沿程对TP不存在交互效应,夏秋季对TP的主效应差异不显著(P0.05)。研究表明:湿地+净化池塘组合对TN的净化效果优于生态沟渠,生态沟渠是TP的主要净化功能单元,养殖尾水处理系统秋季对TN的削减优于夏季。     

淡水池塘不同养殖品种养殖尾水排放周期内的水质动态变化

为探明不同养殖品种在养殖尾水排放周期内的水质变化特征、主要污染物排放强度，获取养殖尾水排放周期内接近总排水量水质指标平均浓度的适宜采样时段，对暗纹东方鲀、罗氏沼虾、中华绒螯蟹养殖池塘进行养殖尾水水质监测，在16:30～次日7:30的养殖尾水排放周期内，每3 h采集养殖尾水检测总固体悬浮物(TSS)、有机物(COD_Mn)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)指标。结果显示：不同养殖品种之间，排放养殖尾水的4项水质指标质量浓度均有显著或极显著差异。综合评价养殖尾水水质状况：中华绒螯蟹最佳，暗纹东方鲀次之，罗氏沼虾较差。养殖尾水排放周期内，暗纹东方鲀、罗氏沼虾、中华绒螯蟹养殖池塘TSS和TP质量浓度在不同检测时间均有极显著差异(P<0.01),COD_Mn和TN质量浓度在不同检测时间均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。暗纹东方鲀养殖池塘的TSS实际排放强度显著高于估算排放强度(P<0.05),暗纹东方鲀和罗氏沼虾养殖池塘的TP实际排放强度显著高于估算排放强度(P<0.05),中华绒螯蟹养殖池塘4项水质指标的实际排放强度均低于估算排放强度(P...     

不同水力负荷下人工湿地对海水养殖尾水污染物的净化特征

海水养殖尾水的达标排放是海水养殖产业面临的主要问题之一,人工湿地作为一种生态、综合水处理技术,可有效去除养殖尾水中的氮、磷等污染物,获得适宜的水力负荷条件是该技术推广和应用的前提。构建一套复合垂直流人工湿地处理系统,研究3种水力负荷条件(V1=0.50、V2=0.19、V3=0.10 m/d)对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)养殖尾水的处理效果的影响。结果显示,3种水力负荷状态下,该系统对于海水养殖尾水中主要污染物的处理效果差异显著。进水中的化学需氧量(COD)浓度相对较低时,去除率均较低(最高去除率为36.25%),水力负荷状态对COD的去除率影响不明显。水力负荷为0.50 m/d时,总氮(TN)的去除率为49.50%;在0.10 m/d时,TN去除率达到85.90%。活性磷酸盐(PO43–-P)的去除率受到水力负荷的影响较小,最低去除率为77.44%。水力负荷状态会影响系统内氮、磷的浓度变化：在不同水力负荷下,下行池中氮污染物去除率在80%以上;上行池则会在高水力负荷状态下产生硝酸盐氮(NO3–-N)或亚硝酸盐氮(NO2–-N)的累积,影响出水水质。PO43–-P的吸附转化主要发生在下行池的中上层,水力负荷越大,PO43–-P的吸附转化就越靠近系统后程。     

3种养殖模式下暗纹东方鲀的生长及水质变化

为探讨不同养殖模式对暗纹东方鲀生长及水质的影响,选取无损伤、健康的暗纹东方鲀7000尾,随机分成3种养殖模式:立体种养模式(模式Ⅰ)、单养模式(模式Ⅱ)和混养模式(模式Ⅲ),进行了为期56 d的养殖试验,比较3种养殖模式下暗纹东方鲀的生长速度、成活率以及养殖水质指标的变化。试验结果:模式Ⅰ暗纹东方鲀的成活率(97.10%)高于模式Ⅱ(92.35%)和模式Ⅲ(89.37%),特定生长率[(1.83±0.12)%/d]显著高于模式Ⅲ(P<0.05),饲料系数(2.20)则低于其他2种模式;模式Ⅱ下养殖水体的三态氮(TAN、NO2^--N和NO3^--N)无明显变化,其质量浓度略低于模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅲ,模式Ⅲ下三态氮的质量浓度有所升高,而模式Ⅰ下TAN和NO2^--N质量浓度有降低的趋势;3种养殖模式下,池塘水体的化学需氧量(COD)呈现先升后降再升的变化趋势,总悬浮物(TSS)呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中模式Ⅰ的COD和TSS质量浓度均低于模式Ⅱ和模式Ⅲ;模式Ⅱ和模式Ⅲ下总氮(TN)质量浓度先降后升,而模式Ⅰ的TN质量浓度则是先降后升再降,且在14 d后均显著低于其他2种模式(P<0.05);模式Ⅱ和模式Ⅲ下总磷(TP)质量浓度无明显变化,模式Ⅰ下TP质量浓度在养殖初期有所升高,呈现先升后降的变化趋势,并在56 d时降至最低,显著低于模式Ⅱ和模式Ⅲ(P<0.05)。结果表明,在立体种养模式下,暗纹东方鲀不仅生长快,成活率高,而且栽种蕹菜对池塘养殖水体具有较好的净化作用,能减少池塘养殖水体富营养化,立体种养模式较单养和混养模式更适合暗纹东方鲀养殖。     

植物收割对人工湿地基质酶活性的影响

研究了7月份植物收割对人工湿地基质磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、脱氢酶活性及养殖废水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、COD去除率的影响。结果显示:植物收割后磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶活性开始增高,分别于第20天(13.7 mg/100 g)、第16天(1.9 mg/100 g)、第12天(61.7 mg/100 g)达到最大值,均于第28天(10.1 mg/100 g、1.1 mg/100 g、43.2 mg/100 g)恢复到收割前水平。脱氢酶活性在植物收割后第4天(142.3μL/100 g)降到最小值,此后开始增高,第16天(249.5μL/100 g)达到最大值,于第24天(195.6μL/100 g)恢复到收割前水平。净化效果研究表明,植物收割后TP、TN去除率开始增高,分别在植物收割后第20天(75.1%)、16天(60.6%)达到最大值,均于第28天(51.1%、34.1%)恢复到收割前水平。COD去除率在收割后第4天(25.3%)降到最小值,此后开始增高,第16天(70.2%)达到最高值,第24天(46.5%)恢复到收割前水平。     

基于人工湿地的循环水养殖系统运行效果研究

为探索建立一种可行的循环水养殖模式,设计了一种养殖池与人工潜流湿地合理搭配的循环水养殖系统,以鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)作为养殖对象,分析了养殖期间系统水质指标和鱼类生长状况。结果显示:经过68 d的养殖,4组养殖池(A、B、C、D)的鱼类养殖密度,由试验初期的2、4、8和16 kg/m~3分别增加到试验末期的2. 8、5. 1、10. 3和20 kg/m~3,平均存活率(95. 30±3. 28)%,实现了基于湿地的循环水养殖。湿地对总氮(TN)、总氨氮(TAN)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO-2-N)、化学耗氧量(COD)和总悬浮物(TSS)的去除率分别为(35.6±7. 6)%、(61. 2±9. 3)%、(76. 5±11. 5)%、(58. 3±7. 5)%和(88. 0±3. 7)%;养殖期间,TAN、NO-2-N和COD平均值分别为(0. 29±0. 10)、(0. 075±0. 023)和(11. 17±2. 37) mg/L;养殖池中水体溶氧(DO)和总固体悬浮物(TSS)平均值分别为(6. 84±0. 92) mg/L和(64. 11±17. 89) mg/L。研究表明,基于人工湿地的循环水养殖系统具有养殖存活率高、生长良好以及节水减排效果显著优点。     

黄河三角洲海参养殖池塘水质变化特征分析

调查了两口海参养殖池塘的水质变化情况,对水温进行了全年监测,在4-9月份对pH、NH4+-N、NO2--N、TN、TP和COD进行定期监测。结果表明:池塘底层水温全年在-0.8~30.9℃之间变化,最低温出现在1月份,温度为-0.8℃,最高温出现在7月末,温度为30.9℃。pH在8.13~8.57之间变化,波动较小,池塘间差异不明显(P0.05);NH4+-N在0.090~0.309 mg/L之间变化,NO2--N变化范围为0.017~0.049mg/L,两池塘差异显著(P0.05);TN变化范围为2.749~5.880mg/L,TP为0.049~0.129mg/L,两池塘间差异不显著(P0.05);COD变化范围为7.28~8.40mg/L,非常稳定,池塘间差异不显著(P0.05)。监测期间水温有明显的季节变化,其他水质指标有波动,但没有明显的季节变化,水质整体保持在比较适宜的范围,海参生长良好。     

人工湿地联合塘内设施调控生产性虾塘水环境的效果与技术

研究了由表面流与水平潜流组成的复合人工湿地联合使用塘内曝气增氧机与人工净化网调控生产性淡水对虾养殖塘水环境的效果与技术。养殖中后期(约60 d后), 湿地以1.65 m/d水力负荷, 3次循环处理虾塘废水, 有效调控虾塘水质, 确保养殖成功。结果表明湿地对废水中有害物质均可程度不等地去除, 蓝绿藻得以控制, 出口水 -N与BOD5分别为极显著(P<0.01)与显著(P<0.05)去除, 去除率与去除速率分别为72.6%, 0.467 g/(m²·d)与29.7%, 2.651 g/(m²·d), -P为41.7%, 0.022 g/(m²·d), TN为26.1%, 2.619 g / (m2?d), CODMn为15.9%, 3.738 g/(m²·d), -N去除率仅3.6%, 但去除速率较高[0.462 g/(m²·d)]。湿地静止4 d期间, 废水中 -N与 -N去除率达96.8%与93.3%, 均极显著去除(P<0.01)。养殖周期试验塘水化学指标均维持在虾安全生长范围内, 收获虾8.81 g, 9.36 cm; 对照塘因爆发蓝绿藻仅养殖60 d, 收获虾3.06 g, 6.54 cm。试验表明, 在不用药、不换水条件下, 联合塘内设施, 人工湿地以较高水力负荷与低频率运转可有效调控虾塘水质, 确保养殖成功。     

适于稻作的水处理系统构建及运行效果

为了处理和资源化利用池塘养殖废水,结合生物滤池和水上稻作技术,设计并构建了一种适合于水稻种植的水处理系统。系统运行试验结果表明:在水力负荷为0.29~0.58 m/d,气水比为2~4时都可以获得比较好的水处理效果。将池塘养殖有机结合形成的循环水养殖系统中,在水力负荷为0.58 m/d,气水比为2的条件下,系统对养殖废水中TAN、TN、TP和CODMn的去除率分别为33.75%~34.31%、59.21%~64.53%、68.43%~73.75%和71.66%~74.37%。与此同时,水处理系统获得7 127.01 kg/hm~2的水稻产量。由此实现养殖废水资源化利用,是一种可持续的水产养殖方式,可为我国渔农混作区池塘养殖废水的处理和循环利用提供一种新方法。     

Constructed wetlands as a treatment method for effluents from intensive trout farms

This study examined the effects of different hydraulic loading rates on the treatment efficiency of subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetlands treating effluents from trout farming over a period of 6 months. Six identical wetland cells with a pre-sedimentation zone of 9.6 m² and a root zone of 23.6 m² were loaded with effluents from intensive trout farming (> 2.1 kg feeding stuff per L/s and day). The total runoff of 13.2 L/s was treated in the wetland cells, where two duplicate cells received equal hydraulic loads of 3.9, 1.8 and 0.9 L/s. All examined wetland cells had significant treatment effects on the nutrient fractions containing particulate matter [total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), biological oxygen demand in 5 days (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS)].

Efficiency was between 5.5% for TN and 90.1% for TSS. The SSF wetland also had a high treatment effect on total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), with efficiencies of 61.2 to 87.8%. Nitrate nitrogen (NO₃–N) and phosphate phosphorous (PO₄–P) showed a significant increase in the wetland effluent by 8.4 to 209%. Nitrite nitrogen (NO₂–N), had no significant, or significant effluent increase depending on the inflow rate. Treatment efficiency for particulate nutrients and TAN increased with decreasing hydraulic load, while the differences between 1.8 and 0.9 L/s were not significant. The treatment efficiency for TP was constant for all cells, at around 40%. The wetland receiving 3.9 L/s was over-flooded after 10 to 12 weeks due to colmatation. Nevertheless, the wetland still showed high treatment efficiencies. For commercial trout farms, SSF wetlands are a highly effective method of effluent treatment. A hydraulic load of 1 L/s on 13.3 m² wetland area (1.8 L/s on the examined wetland) seems most suitable. Higher loads lead to accelerated wetland colmatation, while lower loads waste space.     

The Potential Use of Mangrove Forests as Nitrogen Sinks of Shrimp Aquaculture Pond Effluents: The Role of Denitrification

A generalized nitrogen budget was constructed to evaluate the potential role of mangrove sediments as a sink for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in shrimp pond effluents. DIN concentrations were measured in pond effluents from three semi-intensive shrimp ponds along the Caribbean coast of Colombia between 1994–1995. Mean NH₄⁺ concentrations in the discharge water for all farms were significantly higher (67 × 12 μg/L) than in the adjacent estuaries (33 × 8 μg/L). Average NH₄⁺ concentrations in the pond discharge over all growout cycles were similar, representing an approximate doubling in relation to estuarine water concentrations. In contrast, NO₂^-+ NO₃^- concentrations were similar in both pond effluent and estuarine waters. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen loading of the ponds was similar. The estimated reduction of DIN in pond effluents by preliminary diversion of outflow to mangrove wetlands rather than directly to estuarine waters would be × 190 mg N/m² per d. Based on this nitrogen loss and depending upon the enrichment rate, between 0.04 to 0.12 ha of mangrove forest is required to completely remove the DIN load from effluents produced by a 1-ha pond.     

环杭州湾围垦养殖区凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)池塘水质特征及污染物排放研究

为探明浙江省环杭州湾围垦养殖区养殖水体污染状况,降低养殖风险,2016年7-10月对环杭州湾围垦养殖区凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)池塘水质现状和主要污染情况进行了研究,并采用水质污染指数评价法和综合营养状态指数评价法对凡纳滨对虾池塘水质和主要污染物进行了评价和分析。水质分析结果显示,环杭州湾围垦养殖区凡纳滨对虾池塘水质均劣于地表水环境质量标准Ⅴ类水,其中TN、TP和COD为主要的超标因子。污染指数评价法评价结果显示,环杭州湾围垦养殖区凡纳滨对虾池塘均为严重污染状态,其中,总磷为首要污染物。综合营养状态指数法结果显示,大部分池塘的综合营养状态指数TLI(∑)都达到了60以上,均为中度-重度富营养化水体。     

The start-up and saline adaptation of mesophilic anaerobic sequencing batch reactor treating sludge from recirculating aquaculture systems

Treatment of sludge from aquaculture is a matter of special importance and there is a need for salt-tolerant biological wastewater treatment to coincide with the development of brackish/marine aquaculture. The aims of the current study were to determine the ability of anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) to anaerobically digest sludge from fresh-water recirculating aquaculture systems and the ability of adaptation to low saline conditions. The mesophilic ASBR were evaluated with loading rates between 0.12 and 0.41 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/day at a 20-day hydraulic retention time (HRT) for start-up and with organic loading rates (OLR) of 0.39–0.41 g COD/L day at a 20-day HRT for saline adaptation. The average removal rate of total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), total suspended solids (TSS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) of the ASBR were above 97%, 96% and 91% during the stabilization period of the experimental reactors. The average daily gas production of ASBR was between 0.013 and 0.022 L/g TCOD from day 118. A sludge-mass reduction of up to 94 ± 2.3%, TCOD reduction of 44 ± 13% and VSS/SS of 39–70% were demonstrated for the reactor performance during the gas production period. However, the process of gas production was obviously inhibited, presumably by salt, and unstable due to the dissolved COD (DCOD), total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) and alkalinity of the effluents of the experimental reactors and TSS and sludge volume index (SVI) observed within the reactors. The daily gas production was observed to decrease during the saline adaptation period and stopped when the salinity of the effluents was higher than 8.7 ppt until the end of the experiment.     

Suspended Solids from Baitfish Pond Effluents in Drainage Ditches

Effluents from aquaculture facilities vary between species and among production systems. Drainage ditches commonly convey effluents from central Arkansas baitfish ponds. Ditches could potentially reduce suspended solids prior to effluent release into receiving streams through settling. We characterized suspended solids in effluents from baitfish ponds and evaluated changes in suspended solids in drainage ditches. We also characterized drainage ditches based on width, depth, slope, and percent vegetation cover. Average (± SD) total suspended solids (TSS) at the point of discharge was 52 (± 41) mg/L, while volatile suspended solids (VSS) averaged 22 (± 23) mg/L. Screening effluents did little to alter their composition. Approximately 76% of TSS were less than 5 μm. There were no significant changes in effluent solids along drainage ditches 100 m from the point of discharge and no significant correlations between ditch characteristics and changes in either TSS or VSS. Existing ditches are quite variable and are not necessarily effective in removing solids present in baitfish effluents. Screening and use of ditches as settling basins seem impractical for effluent treatment given the characteristics of solids in baitfish effluents.     

复合池塘循环水养殖系统生态足迹分析

生态足迹模型已广泛应用于可持续发展的评估中。将生物塘、人工湿地、生态沟渠等生态工程系统与传统养殖塘有机结合而构建形成的复合池塘循环水养殖系统,作为一种新养殖模式,它具有循环微流水养殖、种养结合、水陆交互作用的特点。本文运用生态足迹方法对这一新养殖模式进行了定量分析。结果表明:就单位利润生态足迹量而言,复合池塘循环水养殖模式为2.92 ghm2/万元,而传统池塘养殖模式为4.91ghm2/万元,复合模式具有更高的生态经济综合效益,更符合可持续发展要求。     

静水海水池塘投饵养殖非鲫的鱼产力和负荷力

用８个３ｍ×８ｍ的实验围隔，研究了静水海水池塘对投饵养殖台湾红非鲫的鱼产力和负荷力。放养量为０．６７、１．００、１．３３、１．６７尾／ｍ＾２四个水平。每日投喂颗粒饲料４次，投饵量以鱼体重的３％为基础，再根据鱼的摄食情况加以调整，以１．５ｈ内吃完为准。