不同产地中华绒螯蟹形态差异的地标点法分析

为了解长江水系的太湖、洪泽湖、高宝湖、长荡湖、阳澄湖以及巴城、兴化"泓膏"养殖水域和长江口崇明自然水域等知名产区产中华绒螯蟹形态上的差异,首次运用地标点法研究其形态的产地差异性。背甲以及腹甲的形态使用地标点法进行分析,经图像处理后提取地标点坐标,进行相对扭曲主成分分析以及判别分析,利用薄板样条分析和网格变形将其形态变异矢量可视化。结果显示,在相对扭曲主成分分析中,提取了许多Ⅱ型地标点,其贡献率为82.637%~97.698%,作用较大,解释了主要形态变异。特别是相对扭曲主成分的判别分析对雄性以及雌性蟹背甲的判别准确率均为100%。研究表明,不同产地养殖环境可以导致中华绒螯蟹的形态出现差异;而以背甲为对象的形态地标点法分析应该可以作为判别不同产地中华绒螯蟹的有效方法。     

山东沿海不同地理群体中国蛤蜊形态差异分析

为研究山东沿海不同地理群体中国蛤蜊(Mactra chinensis)形态差异和地理分化特点，运用多变量形态度量学方法，通过方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和判别分析对日照东港(DG)、烟台海阳(HY)、青岛黄岛(HD)、威海文登(WD)和东营垦利(KL)5个中国蛤蜊野生群体形态数据进行比较分析。生长指标指数显示，文登群体贝壳最厚，黄岛群体贝壳最薄、肥满度最低，海阳群体软体部最肥；5个群体间最大差异系数为0.515～1.245,均小于1.28,尚未达到亚种水平；主成分分析共提取3个主成分，主成分1贡献率为33.71%,主成分2贡献率为27.16%,主成分3贡献率为14.42%,累计贡献率达75.29%;聚类分析结果表明，5个中国蛤蜊群体聚为2类，海阳群体、文登群体和垦利群体聚为一类，东港群体和黄岛群体分别聚为一类；通过判别分析，共建立了4个判别函数，判别准确率为70.0%～94.0%,综合判别率为80.0%。研究结果可为中国蛤蜊的地理群体识别、种质资源保护与利用提供重要依据。     

雌核发育、野生及养殖牙鲆形态差异分析

通过测定牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)传统形态学和现代框架结构特征数据,利用方差、聚类、主成分和判别分析等方法,分析了雌核发育牙鲆、野生牙鲆、养殖牙鲆的形态特征差异。结果显示:雌核发育牙鲆、野生牙鲆、养殖牙鲆间38个指标存在显著差异(P0.05)。雌核发育牙鲆先和野生牙鲆聚成一支,二者再与养殖牙鲆聚到一支。共得到9个主成分,表明三种牙鲆的形态差异主要体现在牙鲆鱼体纵向和头部性状指标间。雌核发育、野生、养殖牙鲆的判别准确率P1均为90%,其判别准确率P2分别为96.43%、90%、84.38%,综合判别率为90%。研究表明:方差、聚类、主成分和判别分析等方法对三种牙鲆差异分析比较有效。     

基于地标点几何形态测量法区分不同水系野生中华绒螯蟹

为鉴别不同地理种群野生中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis),运用基于地标点法的几何形态测量学方法研究长江、黄河、辽河、瓯江、闽江及图们江中野生中华绒螯蟹头胸甲的形态特征。主要步骤为先通过地标点法提取中华绒螯蟹头胸甲上特征点的坐标值,然后进行相对扭曲主成分分析和判别分析来区分 6 种群中华绒螯蟹头胸甲,最后利用薄板样条分析和网格变形将头胸甲形态变异矢量可视化。结果表明:(1)主成分散点图显示各群体之间虽有部分重叠,但大体可以形成较为集中的区域;(2)网格变形图显示各群体头胸甲的形态差异主要为额刺和侧刺长度;(3)逐步判别分析中各群体的判别准确率为 80%~96%,存在一定的错判风险;(4)聚类分析将 6 群体中华绒螯蟹聚为两支,其中长江、黄河、瓯江和闽江个体被聚为一支,辽河和图们江个体被聚为另外一支。综上,以头胸甲为研究对象的地标点几何形态测量法是区分不同水系野生中华绒螯蟹的有效手段,但仍需要结合传统形态学测量方及遗传结构分析加以辅助证实。     

基于椭圆傅里叶变换的鱼类矢耳石和听沟形态识别

为了解鱼类矢耳石和听沟的形态特征,根据2014年3-5月采自我国南海东沙群岛海域103尾圆鲹属鱼类(长体圆鲹Decapterus macrosoma、泰勃圆鲹D.tabl、无斑圆鲹D.kurroides)的矢耳石,进行椭圆傅里叶变换分析。耳石整体形态和听沟形态轮廓经图像处理后解析为椭圆傅里叶描述子,并对耳石整体形态轮廓和听沟形态轮廓重建得到20个谐次。从圆鲹属鱼类的耳石整体形态和听沟形态轮廓分别提取77个椭圆傅里叶描述子系数来进行主成分分析和判别分析。耳石整体形态主成分分析显示,第1主成分和第2主成分分别解释了总变异的41.3%和12.4%;而听沟形态的第1主成分和第2主成分分别解释了总变异的33.8%和30.1%。3种圆鲹属鱼类耳石整体形态的交互检验判别分析成功率为100%、95.7%、100%,听沟形态的交互检验判别分析成功率为96.4%、95.7%、95.8%。研究结果表明,椭圆傅里叶变换分析对圆鲹属鱼类耳石整体形态和听沟形态识别效果显著。     

不同群体中华鳖的形态多样性分析

对长江口、太湖和洪泽湖3个不同区域的中华鳖野生群体的16项生物形态特征进行测量,利用多元统计分析方法对其进行形态多样性差异的比较研究。聚类结果显示,长江口群体和太湖群体首先聚类,再与洪泽湖群体聚合;主成分分析中,共得到了3个主成分,其贡献率分别为56.208%、10.894%和7.165%,累积贡献率为74.267%,其种间形态差异主要取决于头部的一些形态特征;判别分析中,洪泽湖群体、太湖群体和长江口群体的判别准确率分别为100%、100%和93.3%,平均为97.8%。试验结果表明,在3个中华鳖群体中,长江口群体与洪泽湖群体之间分类水平已经达到亚种以上,而长江口群体和太湖群体还未达到亚种水平,说明采用形态差异多元分析进行中华鳖种间遗传多样性研究的可行性,同时也为种质保护和遗传育种提供了一定的理论基础。     

河川沙塘鳢4个不同地理群体的形态差异分析

运用聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析3种多元分析方法,对河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)4个不同地理群体的15项形态比例参数进行比较分析。聚类分析结果表明,河川沙塘鳢射阳群体(SY)和太湖群体(DXS)的形态最接近,与当涂群体(DT)、建德群体(JD)趋异程度较大。主成分分析构建了5个主成分,对不同群体间总变异方差的贡献率分别为18.070%、16.717%、11.374%、9.504%、7.182%,累积贡献率为62.847%。主成分分析结果表明,4个河川沙塘鳢群体在形态上的差别主要体现在体长、头长、眼后头长、体高和体厚这5个形态性状上。判别分析中采用8个不同的变量,分别建立了河川沙塘鳢4个群体的判别函数,判别准确率P1为62.0%~100.0%,判别准确率P2为62.0%~98.0%,综合判别准确率为77.0%。     

中国沿海6个花鲈群体的形态差异分析

通过聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析等多元分析方法,对东港、绥中、秦皇岛、青岛、舟山以及珠海等6个花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)地理群体的8个形态比例性状进行了研究。聚类分析和主成分分析表明,6个花鲈群体可被分为两支:来自黄海、渤海海域的东港、秦皇岛、绥中和青岛群体为一支(北方群体);东海海域的舟山群体和南海海域的珠海群体为另一支(南方群体)。南北群体间有一定程度的形态分化,和舟山群体相比,珠海群体和北方群体的亲缘关系更近。主成分分析获得的3个主成分方差贡献率分别为31.726%、27.744%和14.075%,累计贡献率为73.545%。利用8个变量构建的6个地理种群的判别公式,判别准确率在63.6%~84.4%之间,综合判别准确率72.7%。本研究结果为花鲈地理种群判别、种质资源评价以及良种选育等提供了基础资料。     

7个不同翘嘴红鲌群体的形态差异分析

应用聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析三种多元分析方法,比较研究了翘嘴红鲌(Erythroculter ilishaefor-mis)7个不同群体间的形态差异。聚类分析结果表明,7个群体分为三支,南湾、兴凯湖、太湖和养殖群体之间的形态最为接近,首先聚为一支,梁子湖和三溪口群体聚为另一支,而浮桥河群体则相对独立为一支。三个分支中浮桥河群体与其他群体的亲缘关系相对较远。主成分分析显示,可量数据和框架数据等31项形态特征中头部和尾部的长度对各群体间的差异贡献率最大,其中,太湖、梁子湖和三溪口群体间的差异最为显著。以判别分析建立的判别函数,对7个不同群体的综合判别率为90%。分析结果显示翘嘴红鲌7个不同群体在形态上已产生一定程度的差异,应用三种多元分析方法可以将各群体有效地区分开来。     

黄海、东海近海七个棘头梅童鱼地理群体的形态差异分析

对2013年采自连云港、大丰、崇明、舟山、宁德、厦门和温州的7个棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)群体共238个个体进行形态学比较研究,运用单因素方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和判别分析等多元统计分析方法对13项可量性状以及20项框架参数进行形态差异分析。单因素方差分析结果显示,7个地理群体之间确实存在显著性差异;主成分分析得到的4个主成分对不同群体间总差异的贡献率分别为53.131%、9.328%、4.249%和3.406%,累积贡献率为70.113%,躯干部最能用以区分不同的地理种群;主成分分析和聚类分析结果基本一致,认为7个棘头梅童鱼地理群体在形态上不存在明显的南北分化现象;通过判别分析得到14个比例变量并构建判别函数,将7个群体的数据代入函数,得到群体的综合判别率为85.3%,判别准确率P1为62.5%~96.7%(群体判别正确的尾数/群体的实际尾数),P2为78.1%~90.6%(判别正确的尾数/判入该群体的尾数),舟山群体由于其特殊的地理因素,判别准确率较低(P1=62.5%,P2=78.1%)。本研究为棘头梅童鱼地理种群判别、种质资源保护以及良种选育等提供了基础的形态学数据。     

AFLP and microsatellites as genetic tags to identify cultured gilthead seabream escapees: data from a simulated floating cage breaking event

Genetic discrimination using DNA fingerprinting is rapidly developing for cultured stock and wild fish populations. Microsatellites and AFLPs are being widely used in aquaculture to assign fish or processed fish products, to their claimed origin, paternity or strain. In the present study, 147 AFLP and 4 microsatellite markers were used as genetic tags in gilthead seabream, Sparus auratus. Specimens from two different hatchery broodstocks (one of Atlantic and one of Mediterranean origin) and wild fishes from a natural population were fingerprinted. Putative offspring from these broodstocks were computer-generated, and the confidence in the parentage assignment of their genetic profiles to the hatchery broodstock assessed. The virtual offspring were then mixed with specimens from a natural population to simulate an accidental escape from a floating cage. The risk of false paternity inclusion was evaluated to test the ability to identify either Atlantic or Mediterranean hatchery offspring among wild fish. The method proved to be reliable, and could therefore be used to forecast the impact of fish farm escapees.     

Identification of differential broodstock contribution affecting genetic variability in hatchery stocks of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Supportive breeding of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is commonly employed to maintain numbers of fish where the species has become locally endangered. Increasingly, one of the main aims of population management is the preservation of natural genetic diversity. If the stocks employed in supportive breeding exhibit reduced variation they can alter the natural pattern of genetic variation observed in wild populations. In northern Spain, wild adult salmon are caught every year from local rivers and artificially crossed in order to create supportive stocks. The offspring are hatchery reared until the juvenile stage, then released into the same river where their parents were caught. In the current study, our findings demonstrate that although adult broodstock exhibit a pattern of variation similar to the wild populations, variability at microsatellite loci was drastically reduced in the juveniles released into one of three rivers analyzed. The contribution of broodstock to this juvenile stock was examined by pedigree analysis. A restricted number of females contributing to the hatchery stock was identified as the main cause of loss in genetic variation, possibly due to overmaturity of some multi-sea-winter females. We suggest that better monitoring and control of parental contribution will help in solving the problem of loss of genetic diversity in hatchery populations.     

Validity of fluctuating asymmetry as a gauge of genetic stress in ayu stocks

An increasing demand for stocking of hatchery-reared ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, has aroused concerns about their genetic status which has an effect on their post-stocking performance and the conservation of native biodiversity. Instead of costly analysis, fluctuating asymmetry (FA) was examined to test its suitability as an indirect measure of genetic diversity. Two bilateral traits, pectoral and pelvic fin rays, were targeted, and two wild and four hatchery populations of ayu were sampled for comparison. Frequency of FA in soft-rays was not similar between specimens in both pelvic and pectoral fins. The wild populations did not show FA incidences lower than the hatchery populations, suggesting a considerable degree of environmental stress operating in the wild populations. Comparison between the hatchery populations showed overall increasing FA incidence with the decrease in genetic diversity, although the correlation was not complete in detail. In conclusion, FA can be used as a convenient tool to compare genetic status, but quantified evaluation is rather limited to monitoring changes in the genetic variation within a hatchery population.     

Genetic diversity and population history of Tanichthys albonubes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae): Implications for conservation

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非离子态氨对转红色荧光蛋白基因唐鱼的毒性研究

水体中氨氮是影响鱼类生存的重要环境胁迫因子。利用静水法测定水体中非离子态氨对转红色荧光蛋白基因唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)和野生唐鱼的急性毒性和慢性效应。急性毒性实验结果显示,转基因唐鱼的非离子态氨24、48、72、96 h半数致死浓度(LC50)(2.43、2.12、1.82、1.72 mg·L-1)分别比野生唐鱼相应时间的半数致死浓度(LC50)(2.40、2.10、1.76、1.67 mg·L-1)略高,但无显著性差异;慢性毒性实验结果显示,在不同浓度非离子态氨(0.02、0.18、0.35、0.53、0.70 mg·L-1)胁迫下,转基因唐鱼和野生唐鱼的死亡率无显著差异。研究结果可为评价转红色荧光蛋白基因唐鱼潜在生态风险提供参考依据。     

Maintenance of genetic variation in hatchery stocks of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.: experiences from the River Bush, Northern Ireland

Abstract. An examination of biochemical-genetic variation at seven polymorphic loci was carried out among five year classes of wild Atlantic salmon, Salar L., in the R. Bush and in a hatchery strain derived from the wild population. Within some of the year classes, gene frequencies at several loci differed significantly between wild and artificially reared salmon. Highly significant temporal variation in gene frequencies was detected among successive year classes of the hatchery strain, while this was less significant among the wild salmon. Samples of wild salmon taken as 0+ and 1 + parr in the river showed no significant temporal variability in allelic frequencies. Heterozygosity levels among the wild and hatchery-reared salmon were comparable, averaging 0·185 and 0·176 respectively. The genetic variability of the artificially reared salmon is discussed in relation to numbers of broodstock and breeding regime used at the hatchery.     

长江流域10个不同水域克氏原螯虾野生群体形态差异分析

运用T检验和3种多元统计方法对长江流域10个不同水域克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)野生群体的形态差异进行分析。T检验结果表明,体重、头胸甲长、宽和腹节总长是引起雌雄形态差异的主要因素。聚类分析显示,江苏高邮和江苏洪泽2个克氏原螯虾群体之间的形态差异最小;重庆忠县、江西湖口、湖北荆州和湖北洪湖群体与江苏高邮、江苏洪泽、上海崇明和四川宜宾群体形态差异较大。主成分分析结果显示,10个不同水域克氏原螯虾群体4个主成分的累积贡献率为84.003%,其中第1和第2主成分是克氏原螯虾的腹节因子,贡献率最大;10个不同水域的克氏原螯虾的形态差异主要集中在腹节上。判别分析中,雌性综合判别率为64.7%,雄性综合判别率为65.6%,判别率较低。变异系数检验分析结果表明,10个不同水域克氏原螯虾群体产生了一定程度的形态差异,但这些差异并没有使它们分化到亚种水平。     

Survival and growth of hatchery and wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) parr in three Austrian headwater streams

Brown trout populations of three headwater streams in the Northern Limestone Alps of Austria were supplemented by three‐month‐old hatchery‐reared parr from a wild and locally adapted strain and a nonresident domesticated hatchery strain. Growth and survival were monitored with three surveys over a period of 16 months after stocking. Fish descending from the wild reared origin strain demonstrated higher survival rates than the hatchery strain. Differences in growth were found among the investigated streams but not among the investigated strains. The differing temperature regimes of the streams were considered as the primary factor causing those disparities. We conclude that stocking measures had little or no additive effect on successful natural reproduction, as the resident wild brown trout performed significantly better than the stocked fish.     

Morphological variability among three geographically distinct Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) populations reared in a common hatchery environment

Abstract –  The morphology of three lake-resident Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus , populations was studied at two life-history stages in a common-garden experiment. The fish of the same year class were reared under standard hatchery conditions, and 27 morphometric variables (a truss network) were measured from the sampled individuals. Most of the total variation was explained by the overall body robustness, dimensions of the head and caudal peduncle length. After controlling for a body size, significant heterogeneity in body shape was found among populations at both ages. Independent of age, the populations were morphologically highly distinct, although some integration of characters could be found as the fish reached sexual maturity. Sexual divergence accounted for a large part of the within-population shape variation, the mature males having more robust bodies, larger head dimensions and longer pectoral fins compared with the mature females/immature fish. Although the cultured fish may not be totally representative of their wild counterparts, it is reasonable to expect that the observed morphological differences have a genetic basis, presumably reflecting adaptation to local environmental conditions experienced by the charr in their original habitat.